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Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What is menopause?

A

The permanent cessation of menstruation

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2
Q

What is menopause due to?

A

The loss of follicular activity

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3
Q

What happens to the ovaries during menopause?

A

They begin to fail causing oestradiol levels to fall

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4
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of menopause?

A

When a woman hasn’t had a period for 12 months

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5
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

Get menopause symptoms 3-5 years before menopause while still menstruating

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6
Q

What is premature menopause?

A

Last ever period at 40 years or younger

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7
Q

What happens to the FSH levels during menopause?

A

The level of FSH rises

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8
Q

What is the symptomatic period before menopause called?

A

The climacteric period

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9
Q

What are the symptoms in the climacteric period due to?

A

Ovarian function starting to fail

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10
Q

When is it recommended to use effective contraception in women over 50?

A

12 months after their last period

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11
Q

When is it recommended to use effective contraception in women younger than 50?

A

24 months after their last period

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12
Q

How long do symptoms of menopause usually last?

A

7 years

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13
Q

What are the symptoms in the climacteric period due to?

A

Reduced levels of hormones specially oestrogen

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14
Q

What period changes are there in the climacteric period?

A

Change in length of menstrual cycle

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

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15
Q

What vasomotor symptoms occur in the climacteric period?

A

Hot flushes

Night sweats

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16
Q

What sexual dysfunction occurs during menopause?

A

Vaginal dryness and atrophy
Urinary frequency
Reduced libido

17
Q

What psychological symptoms can occur during the climacteric period?

A

Anxiety
Depression
Mood swings

18
Q

What are long term complications of menopause?

A

Osteoporosis

Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease

19
Q

How does menopause cause osteoporosis?

A

Changes in oestrogen cause a decrease in bone density

20
Q

What are the 3 categories of treatment for menopause?

A

Lifestyle modifications
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Non-hormone replacement therapy

21
Q

What are some lifestyle modifications in the management of hot flushes?

A

Regular exercise
Weight loss
Reduce stress

22
Q

How can sleep disturbance be managed?

A

Avoid late evening exercise

Maintain good sleep hygiene

23
Q

How can mood be managed in menopause?

A

Sleep
Regular exercise
Relaxation

24
Q

How can cognitive symptoms be managed in menopause?

A

Regular exercise

Good sleep hygiene

25
Q

What are the 2 forms of hormone replacement?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

26
Q

What is oestrogen used for?

A

To overcome oestrogen deficiency

27
Q

What is progesterone used for?

A

Endometrial protection

28
Q

When is combined HRT given cyclically?

A

In peri-menopausal women who are still menstruating

29
Q

When is combined HRT given continuously?

A

In post-menopausal women who aren’t having menstrual periods

30
Q

What are the benefits of HRT?

A

Relief of vasomotor symptoms
Relief of urogenital symptoms
Reduced risk of osteoporosis

31
Q

What are contraindications of HRT?

A

Current or past breast cancer
Any oestrogen-sensitive cancer
Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
Untreated endometrial hyperplasia

32
Q

What are the risks of using HRT?

A 
Venous thromboembolism 
Stroke
Coronary heart disease
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
33
Q

How are vasomotor symptoms managed?

A

Fluoxetine
Citalopram
Venlafaxine

34
Q

How is vaginal dryness managed?

A

Vaginal lubricant or moisturiser

35
Q

How are psychological symptoms managed?

A

Self-help groups
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Antidepressants

36
Q

What is the management of urogenital atrophy?

A

Vaginal oestrogen

37
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

DEXA scan

38
Q

How is osteoporosis managed?

A

Bisphosphonates

39
Q

How is it advised a patient stops HRT?

A

By gradually reducing it

Reproduction (88 decks)

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