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Meningitis Flashcards

1
Q

What form of meningitis is Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Bacteria, gram-negative diplococci

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2
Q

What is the most common modes of transmission for Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Droplet contact

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3
Q

What is the virulence factors for Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease

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4
Q

How is Neisseria meningitidis culture and diagnosed?

A

Gram stain/culture of CSF, blood, rapid antigenic tests, oxidase test, PCR

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5
Q

How can you prevent being infected by Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Conjugated vaccine;

ciprofloxacin. rifampin, ceftriaxone used to protect contacts

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6
Q

What is the treatment method for Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Ceftriaxone

penicillinn

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7
Q

What is the distinctive features of Neisseria meningitids?

A

Petechiae
Meningococcemia
Rapid decline

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8
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

United States: 14% of bacterial meningitis;

Meningitis belt: 1,000 cases per 100,000 annually

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9
Q

What form of meningitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Bacteria, gram-positive

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10
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Droplet contact

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11
Q

What are the virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Capsule, induction of apoptosis, hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide production

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12
Q

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae culture/diagnosed?

A

Gram stain/culture of CSF

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13
Q

How do you prevent infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Two vaccines:
Prevnar (children and adults)
Pneumovax (adults)

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14
Q

How do you treat Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Vancomycin + ceftriaxone or cefotaxime;

resistant S. pneumoniae is categorized by the CDC as a Serious Threat

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15
Q

What are the distinctive factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Serious, acute, most common meningitis in adults

without Petchiae

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16
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in United States (58% of cases)

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17
Q

What form of meningitis is Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative coccobacillus

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18
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Droplet contact

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19
Q

What are the virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Capsule

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20
Q

How is Haemophilus influenzae cultured/diagnosed?

A

Culture on a chocolate agar

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21
Q

How do you prevent being infected by Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Hib vaccine, cirprofloxacin, rifampin, or ceftriaxone

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22
Q

How do you treat Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

Ceftriaxone

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23
Q

What are the distinctive features of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Serious, acute, less common since vaccine became available

24
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Hia now becoming common in North America; before Hib vaccine, 300,000-400,000 deaths worldwide per year from b serotype

25
What form of meningitis is Listeria monocytogenes?
Bacterial, gram-positive | bacillus to long filament
26
What are the most common modes of transmission for Listeria monocytogenes?
Vehicle (food)
27
What are the virulence factors for Listeria monocytogenes?
Intracellular growth
28
How do you culture/diagosis Listeria monocytogenes?
Cold enrichment, rapid methods
29
How do you prevent being infected by Listeria monocytogenes?
Cooking food, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products
30
How do you treat Listeria monocytogenes?
Ampicillin + gentamicin
31
What are the distinctive features of Listeria monocytogenes?
Asymptomatic in healthy adults; meningitis in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised
32
What are the epidemiological features of Listeria monocytogenes??
Mortality as high as 33% in symptomatic cases
33
What form of meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans?
Fungus
34
What are the most common modes of transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Vehicle (air, dust)
35
What are the virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Capsule, melanin production
36
How do you culture/diagnose Cryptococcus neoformans?
Negative staining, biochemical tests, DNA probes, cryptococcal antigen test
37
How do you prevent infection by Cryptococcus neoformans?
No prevent
38
How do you treat Cryptococcus neoformans infection?
Amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by fluconazole
39
What are the distinctive features of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Acute or chronic, most common in AIDS patients
40
What are the epidemiological features of Cryptococcus neoformans?
In United States, mainly a concern for HIV+ patients. 90% drop in incidence in the 1990s due to better management of AIDS; worldwide: 1 million new cases per year
41
What form of meningitis is Coccidiodies?
Fungus
42
What are the most common modes of transmission for Coccidiodies?
Vehicle (air, dust, soil)
43
What are the virulence factors for Coccidiodies?
Granuloma (spherule) formation
44
How do you culture/diagnose Coccidiodies?
Identification of spherules, cultivation on Sabouraud's agar
45
How do you prevent infection by Coccidiodies?
Avoiding airborne endospores
46
How do you treat Coccidiodies?
Fluconazole or ampthotericin B
47
What are the distinctive factors of Coccidiodies?
Almost exclusively in endemic regions
48
What are the epidemiological features of Coccidiodies?
Incidence in endemic areas: 200-300 annually
49
What form of meningitis viruses?
Viral
50
What are the most common modes of transmission for Viruses?
Droplet contact
51
What are the virulence factors of Viruses?
Lytic infection of host cells
52
How do you culture/diagnose Viruses meningitis?
Initially, absence of bacteria/fungi/protozoa, followed by viral culture or antigen tests
53
How do you prevent from being infected by Viruses?
No prevention
54
How do you treat viruses that cause meningitis?
Usually none (unless specific viruses identified and specific antiviral exits)
55
What are the distinctive features of Viruses (meningitis)?
Generally milder than bacterial or fungal
56
What are the epidemiological features of Viruses (meningitis)?
In the United States, 4 of 5 meningitis cases caused by viruses; 26,000-42,000 hospitalizations/year

Microbiology (47 decks)

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