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Microbiology > Acute Diarrhea (With or Without Vomiting) > Flashcards

Acute Diarrhea (With or Without Vomiting) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causative organisms of Acute Diarrhea (With or Without Vomiting)?

A 
Bacterial Causes
Salmonella
Shigella
Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (O157:H7 and others)
Other E. coli (non-shiga-toxin-producing)
Campylobacter
Clostridiodies difficile
Vibrio cholerae
Non-cholera Vibro species

Non-Bacterial Causes
Cryptospordium
Rotavirus
Norovirus

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2
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Samonella?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

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3
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Vehicle (food, beverage), fecal-oral

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4
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Adhesins, endotoxin

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5
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Stool culture, not usually necessary

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6
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Food hygiene and personal hygiene

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7
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Rehydration; no antibiotic for uncomplicated diseases; in complicated disease ciprofloxacin; resistant Salmonella is considered a Serious Threat by the CDC

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8
Q

Is fever present for Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Usually

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9
Q

Is there blood in the stool for Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Sometimes

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10
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

Often associated with chickens, reptiles

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11
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

United States: +/- 1.2 million cases/yr; 20% of all cases require hospitalization; death rate of 0.6%;

Category B Bioterriorism Agent

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11
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Salmonella)?

A

United States: +/- 1.2 million cases/yr; 20% of all cases require hospitalization; death rate of 0.6%;

Category B Bioterrorism Agent

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12
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Shigella?

A

Bacterial; gram-negative

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13
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Fecal-oral, direct contact

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14
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Endotoxin, enterotoxin, shiga toxins in some strains

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15
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Stool culture; antigen testing for shiga toxin

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16
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Food hygiene and personal hygiene

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17
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Ciprofloxacin; drug-resistant Shigella is in the CDC’s Serious Threat category

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18
Q

is fever present with Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Often

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19
Q

Is there blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Often

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20
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

Very low ID50

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21
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Shigella)?

A

United States: estimated 450,000 cases per year; internationally: 165 million cases per year;

Category B Bioterriorism agent

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22
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (O157:H7 and others)?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

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23
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Vehicle (food, beverage), fecal-oral

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24
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Shiga toxins; proteins for attachment, secretion, effacement

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25
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Stool culture, antigen testing for shiga toxin

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26
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Avoid live E. coli (cook meat and clean vegetables); stay aware of food recalls

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27
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Antibiotics contraindicated, supportive measures

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28
Q

Is fever present with Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Often

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29
Q

Is blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Usually

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30
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

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31
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli)?

A

Internationally: causes HUS in 10% of patients; 25% of HUS patients suffer neurological complications, 50% have chronic renal sequelae;

Category B Bioterrorism Agent

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32
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Other E. coli (non-shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

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33
Q

What are the most common form of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Other E. coli- non-shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Vehicle, fecal-oral

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34
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Various: proteins for attachment, secretion, effacement; heat-labile and/or heat-stable exotoxins; invasiveness

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35
Q

How do you culture/diagnose (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Stool culture not usually necessary in absence of blood, fever

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36
Q

How do you prevent (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Food and personal hygiene

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37
Q

How do you teat (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Rehydration, antimotility agent

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38
Q

is fever present with (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Sometimes

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39
Q

Is there blood in the stool with (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

Sometimes

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40
Q

What are the distinctive features of (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A

ETEC, EIEC, EPEC, DAEC, EAEC

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41
Q

What are the epidemiological features of fever, abdominal cramps, and bloody diarrhea (Other E. coli- non-Shiga-toxin-producing)?

A
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42
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Campylobacter?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

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43
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Vehicle (food, water), fecal-oral

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44
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Adhesins, exotoxin, induction of autoimmunity

45
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Stool culture not usually necessary; dark-field microscopy

46
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Food and personal hygiene

47
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Rehydration; azithromycin in severe cases (antibiotic resistance rising; resistant Campylobacter is in CDC’s Serious Threat category)

48
Q

Is there a fever present with Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

49
Q

Is there blood in the stool with Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

50
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

Gullian-Barre syndrome

51
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Campylobacter)?

A

United States: 1.3 million cases per year; internationally: 400 million cases per year

52
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Clostridiodes difficile?

A

Bacterial, gram-positive

53
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Endogenous (normal biota)

54
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Enterotoxins A and B

55
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Stool culture, PCR, ELISA demonstration of toxins in stool

56
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

57
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Metronidazole in mild cases; vancomycinn for severe; fecal transplants; resistant strains are in the CDC’s Urgent Threat category

58
Q

Is there a fever with Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

59
Q

Is there blood in the stool with Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Not usually; mucus prominent

60
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

Associated with disruption of normal biota

61
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Clostridiodies difficile)?

A

United States: 500,000 cases per year

62
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Vibrio cholerae?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

63
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Vehicle (water and some foods), fecal-oral

64
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Cholera toxin (CT)

65
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Clinical diagnosis, microscopic techniques, serological detection of antitoxin

66
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Water and food hygiene

67
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Rehydration and possibly doxycycline

68
Q

is there a fever present with Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

69
Q

Is there blood in the stool with Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

70
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Rice-water stools

71
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae)?

A

Global estimate: 21,000 to 143,000 deaths annually

Category B Bioterrorism Agent

72
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Non-cholera Vibrio species?

A

Bacterial, gram-negative

73
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Vehicle (food or natural bodies of water)

74
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

75
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Culture of stool or blood

76
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Avoiding raw shellfish

77
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Doxycycline

78
Q

Is there a fever with Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

79
Q

Is there blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

80
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Sepsis can follow

81
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Non-cholera Vibro species)?

A

Cause 90% of seafood-related deaths in United States

82
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Cryptosporidium?

83
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Vehicle (water, food), fecal-oral

84
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Intracellular growth

85
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Acid-fast staining, ruling out bacteria

86
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Water treatment, proper food handling

87
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

None or nitazoxanide in immunocompetent patients

88
Q

Is there a fever associated with Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

89
Q

Is there blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Not usually

90
Q

What are the distictive features of Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

Resistant to chlorine disinfection

91
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Cryptosporidium)?

A

United States: estimated 748,000 cases per year; 30% seropositive;

Category B Bioterrorism Agent

92
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Rotavirus?

93
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

Fecal-oral, vehicle, formite

94
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

95
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

Rapid antigen test

96
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

Oral live-virus vaccines

97
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

Rehydration

98
Q

Is there a fever associated with Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

99
Q

Is there blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

100
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

Severe in infants

101
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Rotavirus)?

A

United States: 2 to 3 million cases per year; internationally: 125 million cases of infantile diarrhea annually

102
Q

What form of Acute Diarrhea is Norovirus?

103
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission for Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

Indirect, vehicle (food), direct contact

104
Q

What are the virulence factors for Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

Limited immunity to reinfection

105
Q

How do you culture/diagnose Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

Rapid antigen test

106
Q

How do you prevent Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

107
Q

How do you treat Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

Rehydration

108
Q

Is there a fever associated with Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

109
Q

Is there blood in stool with Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

110
Q

What are the distinctive features of Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

Resistant to disinfection

111
Q

What are the epidemiological features of Acute Diarrhea (Norovirus)?

A

United States: second most common cause of foodborne illness hospitalization

Microbiology (47 decks)

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