Lecture 19- Drug resistance Flashcards
The host evolves to identify and combat a parasite and parasites evolve to avoid/overcome host in what theory?
Red queen hypothesis
What becomes antibiotic resistant in drug resistance?
Bactera become antibiotic resistant
MDR class means
resistant to 3 or more drug classes
XDR class means that
resistant to extensively most drugs and potent drugs
PDR means that youre resistant to
all classes
FUndamental mechanisms of antimicroobial resistance
drug is destroyed, can’t get into cell, or don’t inibit the target
How are resistance mechansms introduced ?
plasmids or mutations
Humans and animals have plasmids, T/F?
FALSE
Plasmids have what type of genes? They allow acquisition of
Drug resistant genes; a whole new trait instead of mutating one already here
Why is plasmid made resistance worrisome?
Because it is transferable between species
The method using a pillus is using what type of plasmid transfer?
Bacterial sex aka plasmid conjugation
Viral piggybacking is accidental T/F? Another name for this mechanism is __
TRUE; plasmid transduction
Free DNA in the environment coming from a degraded species etc is called__
naked DNA; transformation
Rank mutational resistance from most to least: viroids, lower and higher eykarya, dsDNA vrus, RNA virus, bacteria, ssDNA
viroids, RNA virus, ssDNA virus, dsDNA, bacteria, lower eukaryotes, higher eukaryotes
The rate of mutational resistance depends on:
the drug, organism, and infection load
Reistance to two or more agents is the produc of the risks f develpoing resistance to each seraparately.. this is called
combintion therapy
Drugs select for __
cells with mutations or resistance genes
Drugs cause resistance T/F?
FALSE, drugs SELECT for resistant genes
Plasmids are transferred by
horizontal or vertical transmision
Selection of resistance in a paitent arises how
Noncompliance or overuse of drugs, improper prescription, hospital transmission, agricultural antibiotic overuise
Name human behaviors selcting for resistance microbes
patient, medical, agricultual
Reducing catheter use can help prevent infections true or false?
TRUE
Name an example of drug resistance
Typhoid fever is resistant to multiple drugs XDR
Which bacteria rapidly spreads carbapenemase resistance gene to other microbes?
Acinetobacter
Which fungus is resistant to antifungal medicines MDR and PDR? where does this happen location wise
candida auris; hospital and nursing homes
Which bacteria causes lifdethreatening diarrhea when antibiotics wipe out gut flora and it takes over?
C. diff
What is the cloistridium difficule mortality rate?
50% and it spreads easily
