lec 12- malaria Flashcards
about __ people are are at risk for malaria today
3 Billion- half the world population
the highest burden of malaria deaths are in
sub saharan africa
malaria is the number one killer of which types of people?
Number one killer of children under 2 years of age (80% all malaria deaths are kids)
One of top killer infectious diseases along with TB and HIV caused by a SIGNLE infectious agent is __
malaria
malaria is what type of protozoan pathogen (tropical parasitic group)?
malaria is an apicomplexan
the drug target for malaria is __
the apicoplast. malaria can’t survive without it
This structure’s function is to facilitate penetration of host cells. cluster of microtubules and organelles
located in the apex of cells
apical complex
malaria is caused by two types of bacterium
Plasmodium falciparum (97%)
Plasmodium vivax (3%)
the ___definitive host transmits malaria to the intermediate, humans
anopheles mosquito
two stages of infection of malaria in humans are?
liver infection and blood infection
most prevalent malaria parasite on the
African continent (99% of cases). Responsible for most malaria-related
deaths globally.
- Plasmodium falciparum
dominant malaria parasite in the Americas (75%)
p. vivax
Anopheles mosquito is Plasmodium definitive host. where does the plasmodium (asexual/sexual) cycle happen in the host?
sexual- mosquito gut
erythrocytic schizonts rupture to release parasite and toxins, giving peole which symptoms?
fever, chills, anemia
Once Plasmodium make their way to the liver, they seek this thing out, dividing and maturing into
hepatic cell- hepatic schizont
why do schizonts burst in malaria?
the parasite takes over our hepatic cells and steals their oxygen
the easiest method of confirming malaria is?
blood test/smear
who is especially susceptible to malaria besides children?
Pregnant women are especially susceptible to malaria
suppresive therapy for pregnant women for malaria is?
prenatal care and getting 3 vaccine doses 1 month apart
every __ minutes, childhood malarial death occurs
2 :(
Parasites attach to the __ (not present in non-pregnant women), causing
* Maternal severe anemia
* Maternal death
* Low birthweight, premature delivery
* Miscarriage
placenta
Parasites attach to the placenta (not present in non-pregnant women), causing which symptoms?
- Maternal severe anemia
- Maternal death
- Low birthweight, premature delivery
- Miscarriage
with No immunity,
* Rapid progression of malaria in children can become fatal in __ malaria and __ malaria.
cerebral and severe
severe malaria causes destruction of _ and __ growth.
RBCs and stunted
the new malaria vax for children is 4 dose and is called __
mosquitrix
Sickle Cell Malaria is due to a mutation in __ gene called HbS
hemoglobin A gene
the HBs allele is highly prevalent in which location?
sub-saharan Africa
What type of Individuals are protected from cerebral malaria?
Individuals with one copy of the mutated Hbs gene are protected from cerebral malaria
This blood group is not common in subsaharan africa. instead, which type of evolved bloof group __ population is protected from P. vivax malaria??
Duffy receptor-negative population protected from P. vivax malaria. This is because the receptor is needed for p vivax to go into an RBC. Africans have the receptor, so it is easier to get malaria
symptoms of malaria in order to diagnose it are:
anemia, fatigue, cyclic fever, neurologic signs
in the lab, what two things are used for malaria diagnosis?
blood smear to stain the parasite, or an antigen detection dipstick test
monotherapy drugs are usually useful for how long of time period (years)?
10-15 years
both vivax and falciform had ____ that were used as a monotherapy for malaria, but now we see a LOT of resistance. now we recommoend ___.
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) ; combination therapies
How can we control malaria? killing it directly-wise
We can remove the vector by insecticides like DDT. (but DDT causes environmental deaths). :(
DEET is an alternative.
HUmans can use protective barriers against malaria via
bed nets (treated with insectisides) and window screens
we can control malaria by
surveillance, treatments, infection prophylaxis (vaccines/drugs), human protective barriers
a problem
for malaria control in the highest burden areas of the world is
vector (mosquito) resistance
New vector species emerging
Anopheles stephensi is different how?
thrives and adapts to different environemtns
malaria declines in what season? (climate-wise)
dry season
The issue in using bed nets for malaria prevention is? Leading to people not being compliant with using them
Bed nets have to be replaced often- they are not very durable and the insecticide on them wears off
The anopheles mosquito comes by at what time of day? People should be more cautious of malaria at this time.
It comes by at nights- thus we use bed nets
