lec 12- malaria

Question 1

about __ people are are at risk for malaria today

Answer 1

3 Billion- half the world population

Question 2

the highest burden of malaria deaths are in

Answer 2

sub saharan africa

Question 3

malaria is the number one killer of which types of people?

Answer 3

Number one killer of children under 2 years of age (80% all malaria deaths are kids)

Question 4

One of top killer infectious diseases along with TB and HIV caused by a SIGNLE infectious agent is __

Answer 4

malaria

Question 5

malaria is what type of protozoan pathogen (tropical parasitic group)?

Answer 5

malaria is an apicomplexan

Question 6

the drug target for malaria is __

Answer 6

the apicoplast. malaria can’t survive without it

Question 7

This structure’s function is to facilitate penetration of host cells. cluster of microtubules and organelles
located in the apex of cells

Answer 7

apical complex

Question 8

malaria is caused by two types of bacterium

Answer 8

Plasmodium falciparum (97%)
Plasmodium vivax (3%)

Question 9

the ___definitive host transmits malaria to the intermediate, humans

Answer 9

anopheles mosquito

Question 10

two stages of infection of malaria in humans are?

Answer 10

liver infection and blood infection

Question 11

most prevalent malaria parasite on the
African continent (99% of cases). Responsible for most malaria-related
deaths globally.

Answer 11

• Plasmodium falciparum

Question 12

dominant malaria parasite in the Americas (75%)

Answer 12

p. vivax

Question 13

Anopheles mosquito is Plasmodium definitive host. where does the plasmodium (asexual/sexual) cycle happen in the host?

Answer 13

sexual- mosquito gut

Question 14

erythrocytic schizonts rupture to release parasite and toxins, giving peole which symptoms?

Answer 14

fever, chills, anemia

Question 15

Once Plasmodium make their way to the liver, they seek this thing out, dividing and maturing into

Answer 15

hepatic cell- hepatic schizont

Question 16

why do schizonts burst in malaria?

Answer 16

the parasite takes over our hepatic cells and steals their oxygen

Question 17

the easiest method of confirming malaria is?

Answer 17

blood test/smear

Question 18

who is especially susceptible to malaria besides children?

Answer 18

Pregnant women are especially susceptible to malaria

Question 19

suppresive therapy for pregnant women for malaria is?

Answer 19

prenatal care and getting 3 vaccine doses 1 month apart

Question 20

every __ minutes, childhood malarial death occurs

Answer 20

2 :(

Question 21

Parasites attach to the __ (not present in non-pregnant women), causing
* Maternal severe anemia
* Maternal death
* Low birthweight, premature delivery
* Miscarriage

Answer 21

placenta

Question 22

Parasites attach to the placenta (not present in non-pregnant women), causing which symptoms?

Answer 22

• Maternal severe anemia
• Maternal death
• Low birthweight, premature delivery
• Miscarriage

Question 23

with No immunity,
* Rapid progression of malaria in children can become fatal in __ malaria and __ malaria.

Answer 23

cerebral and severe

Question 24

severe malaria causes destruction of _ and __ growth.

Answer 24

RBCs and stunted

Question 25

the new malaria vax for children is 4 dose and is called __

Answer 25

mosquitrix

Question 26

Sickle Cell Malaria is due to a mutation in __ gene called HbS

Answer 26

hemoglobin A gene

Question 27

the HBs allele is highly prevalent in which location?

Answer 27

sub-saharan Africa

Question 28

What type of Individuals are protected from cerebral malaria?

Answer 28

Individuals with one copy of the mutated Hbs gene are protected from cerebral malaria

Question 29

This blood group is not common in subsaharan africa. instead, which type of evolved bloof group __ population is protected from P. vivax malaria??

Answer 29

Duffy receptor-negative population protected from P. vivax malaria. This is because the receptor is needed for p vivax to go into an RBC. Africans have the receptor, so it is easier to get malaria

Question 30

symptoms of malaria in order to diagnose it are:

Answer 30

anemia, fatigue, cyclic fever, neurologic signs

Question 31

in the lab, what two things are used for malaria diagnosis?

Answer 31

blood smear to stain the parasite, or an antigen detection dipstick test

Question 32

monotherapy drugs are usually useful for how long of time period (years)?

Answer 32

10-15 years

Question 33

both vivax and falciform had ____ that were used as a monotherapy for malaria, but now we see a LOT of resistance. now we recommoend ___.

Answer 33

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) ; combination therapies

Question 34

How can we control malaria? killing it directly-wise

Answer 34

We can remove the vector by insecticides like DDT. (but DDT causes environmental deaths). :(
DEET is an alternative.

Question 35

HUmans can use protective barriers against malaria via

Answer 35

bed nets (treated with insectisides) and window screens

Question 36

we can control malaria by

Answer 36

surveillance, treatments, infection prophylaxis (vaccines/drugs), human protective barriers

Question 37

a problem
for malaria control in the highest burden areas of the world is

Answer 37

vector (mosquito) resistance

Question 38

New vector species emerging
Anopheles stephensi is different how?

Answer 38

thrives and adapts to different environemtns

Question 39

malaria declines in what season? (climate-wise)

Answer 39

dry season

Question 40

The issue in using bed nets for malaria prevention is? Leading to people not being compliant with using them

Answer 40

Bed nets have to be replaced often- they are not very durable and the insecticide on them wears off

Question 41

The anopheles mosquito comes by at what time of day? People should be more cautious of malaria at this time.

Answer 41

It comes by at nights- thus we use bed nets