lec 12- malaria Flashcards

1
Q

about __ people are are at risk for malaria today

A

3 Billion- half the world population

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2
Q

the highest burden of malaria deaths are in

A

sub saharan africa

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3
Q

malaria is the number one killer of which types of people?

A

Number one killer of children under 2 years of age (80% all malaria deaths are kids)

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4
Q

One of top killer infectious diseases along with TB and HIV caused by a SIGNLE infectious agent is __

A

malaria

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5
Q

malaria is what type of protozoan pathogen (tropical parasitic group)?

A

malaria is an apicomplexan

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6
Q

the drug target for malaria is __

A

the apicoplast. malaria can’t survive without it

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7
Q

This structure’s function is to facilitate penetration of host cells. cluster of microtubules and organelles
located in the apex of cells

A

apical complex

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8
Q

malaria is caused by two types of bacterium

A

Plasmodium falciparum (97%)
Plasmodium vivax (3%)

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9
Q

the ___definitive host transmits malaria to the intermediate, humans

A

anopheles mosquito

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10
Q

two stages of infection of malaria in humans are?

A

liver infection and blood infection

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11
Q

most prevalent malaria parasite on the
African continent (99% of cases). Responsible for most malaria-related
deaths globally.

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum
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12
Q

dominant malaria parasite in the Americas (75%)

A

p. vivax

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13
Q

Anopheles mosquito is Plasmodium definitive host. where does the plasmodium (asexual/sexual) cycle happen in the host?

A

sexual- mosquito gut

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14
Q

erythrocytic schizonts rupture to release parasite and toxins, giving peole which symptoms?

A

fever, chills, anemia

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15
Q

Once Plasmodium make their way to the liver, they seek this thing out, dividing and maturing into

A

hepatic cell- hepatic schizont

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16
Q

why do schizonts burst in malaria?

A

the parasite takes over our hepatic cells and steals their oxygen

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17
Q

the easiest method of confirming malaria is?

A

blood test/smear

18
Q

who is especially susceptible to malaria besides children?

A

Pregnant women are especially susceptible to malaria

19
Q

suppresive therapy for pregnant women for malaria is?

A

prenatal care and getting 3 vaccine doses 1 month apart

20
Q

every __ minutes, childhood malarial death occurs

21
Q

Parasites attach to the __ (not present in non-pregnant women), causing
* Maternal severe anemia
* Maternal death
* Low birthweight, premature delivery
* Miscarriage

22
Q

Parasites attach to the placenta (not present in non-pregnant women), causing which symptoms?

A
  • Maternal severe anemia
  • Maternal death
  • Low birthweight, premature delivery
  • Miscarriage
23
Q

with No immunity,
* Rapid progression of malaria in children can become fatal in __ malaria and __ malaria.

A

cerebral and severe

24
Q

severe malaria causes destruction of _ and __ growth.

A

RBCs and stunted

25
the new malaria vax for children is 4 dose and is called __
mosquitrix
26
Sickle Cell Malaria is due to a mutation in __ gene called HbS
hemoglobin A gene
27
the HBs allele is highly prevalent in which location?
sub-saharan Africa
28
What type of Individuals are protected from cerebral malaria?
Individuals with one copy of the mutated Hbs gene are protected from cerebral malaria
29
This blood group is not common in subsaharan africa. instead, which type of evolved bloof group __ population is protected from P. vivax malaria??
Duffy receptor-negative population protected from P. vivax malaria. This is because the receptor is needed for p vivax to go into an RBC. Africans have the receptor, so it is easier to get malaria
30
symptoms of malaria in order to diagnose it are:
anemia, fatigue, cyclic fever, neurologic signs
31
in the lab, what two things are used for malaria diagnosis?
blood smear to stain the parasite, or an antigen detection dipstick test
32
monotherapy drugs are usually useful for how long of time period (years)?
10-15 years
33
both vivax and falciform had ____ that were used as a monotherapy for malaria, but now we see a LOT of resistance. now we recommoend ___.
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) ; combination therapies
34
How can we control malaria? killing it directly-wise
We can remove the vector by insecticides like DDT. (but DDT causes environmental deaths). :( DEET is an alternative.
35
HUmans can use protective barriers against malaria via
bed nets (treated with insectisides) and window screens
36
we can control malaria by
surveillance, treatments, infection prophylaxis (vaccines/drugs), human protective barriers
37
a problem for malaria control in the highest burden areas of the world is
vector (mosquito) resistance
38
New vector species emerging Anopheles stephensi is different how?
thrives and adapts to different environemtns
39
malaria declines in what season? (climate-wise)
dry season
40
The issue in using bed nets for malaria prevention is? Leading to people not being compliant with using them
Bed nets have to be replaced often- they are not very durable and the insecticide on them wears off
41
The anopheles mosquito comes by at what time of day? People should be more cautious of malaria at this time.
It comes by at nights- thus we use bed nets