lec 11- tropical parasitic diseases Flashcards
how much of the world is at risk for tropical parasitic diseases?
more than half
where are tropical parasitic diseases most prevalent?
Especially prevalent in areas of poverty, war and conflicts
zones, refugee camps, etc
tropical parasitic infection results in __.
blindness, disfigurement, severe
disability, death
neglected tropical parasitic diseases cause Affects economic development, education, cognitive
development, productivity T/F?
TRUE
what percent of new drugs are made for neglected tropical diseases?
1%
neglected tropical disease Endemicity overlaps with ___ ___.
impoverished settings
Drug development not profitable T/F?
* Drugs used today were developed ages ago
TRUE
- Side effects affect __ of patients
PATIENT COMPLIANCE
Goal to eradicate 4 diseases by 2020:
guinea worm, sleeping
sickness, leprosy, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis
delivery of drugs to
endemic countries via mass drug
administration (MDA) is what drug?
USAIDs
vouchers and incentives
for new drug development in the US are via the __
FDA
who is making medical history for neglected patients
Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)
tsetse fly bite and neurological impact is in __ disease
sleeping sickness
causes heart and vital organ damage after bite by blood sucking fly
chagas disease
disfiguring and long lasting scars happen in which disease?
cutaneous leishmanieisis
eukaryotic organism that lives on or in another host
organism in a way that harms or is of no advantage to
the host
parasite
Protozoan parasite is categorized how?
single celled eukaryote
the intermediate for african sleeping sickness is ?
blood, lymph, and spinal fluid in humans
the reservoir for african sleeping sicknessis?
livestock, savannah antelope
which parasite causes sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
where do tse tse flies live (what type of climate?)
moist savanna and woodlands
how many at risk for african sleeping sickness?
70 million people
how many cases in 2021 of sleeping sickness?
less than 1000
Early stages, parasites of sleeping sickness are where in the body?
lymph and blood
Early stages symptoms of sleeping sickness?
*
Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever, Anemia
* Joint Pain
Once the disease has crossed the blood-brain
barrier, the treatment options are limited T/F?
TRUE
Later stages, parasite goes where in the body?
crosses blood brain barrier
Later stages, african sleeping sickness symptoms are?
Later stages, parasite causes
* Confusion, poor coordination, abnormal behavior
* Coma
* Daytime sleepiness/night insomnia
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for _% of reported cases.
West and Central africa; 98%
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for -% of cases.
east and south africa; 2
only Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is fatal when advanced, T/F?
FALSE- BOTH ARE FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidiosis are which category of parasites?
Apicomplexans
Giardiasis
Amebic Dysentery are which category of parasite?
Amitochondriates
which type of parasite category are these:
Leishmaniasis
African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease
Kinetoplastids
kinetoplastids use what for motility?
flagellum
kinetoplastids have a drug target T/F?
FALSE
what organelles do kinetoplastids contain?
All have one large mitochondrion and
an organelle called a kinetoplast,
the kinetoplast organelle stores waht?
multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA
Leishmaniasis have how many new cases per year?
1 million
Leishmaniasis causes how many deaths per year?
30,000/year
the host of Leishmaniasis is?
sandfly
the reservoir(s) of Leishmaniasis is:
mammals; rats,
dogs, foxes
the intermediate host forLeishmaniasis is?
humans
Leishmaniasis causes what in humans?
White
BloodCell
Infection
Visceral and tissue specific migration
the most common form ofLeishmaniasis is?
Cutaneous disease
how long after infection do Leishmaniasis symptoms occur?
Can take months or years for symptoms to appear
Leishmaniasis major symptoms can heal by themselves, T/F?
TRUE
Aleppo boil
Biskra button
Kandahar sore
Delhi boil and
Bhagdad boil are all other names for ?
Cutaneous form of leishmaniasis
90 % of Leishmania braziliensis cases happen where?
Bolivia, Brazil, Peru
Chagas Disease is caused by which parasite?
Trypanosoma cruzi
how many people in US are currently affected by chagas disease?
300,000 infected
individuals in US
currently
deaths per year from chagas worldwide are?
Deaths: 10,000/year
what is the definitive host of t/cruzi parasite?
Reduviid bug
Mice, opossums,
armadillos, dogs are reservours for?
t.cruzi which causes chagas disease
Giardiasis is also called __
Giardiasis = “beaver fever”
giardiasis is caused by which parasite?
Giardia duodenalis
Giardia duodenalis is aflagellate T/F?
FALSE
G. lamblia, G. intestinalis are forms of
the Giardia duodenalis parasite
Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S.
Giardia duodenalis parasite
Protozoan parasite - identify (# cells and eukaryote/prokaryote)
Protozoan parasite - single celled eukaryote
protozoan parasite reproduces how
both sexually and asexually`
multicelled eukaryote containing
nervous tissue, muscle fibers and reproductive tract
Sexual reproduction
Metazoan parasite
What kind of disfigurement does Mucocutaneous
Disease lead to?
Destruction of naso-oropharyngeal mucosa
Leishmania donovani is the most severe form of ___ disease
visceral organs disease
visceral organs disease is also called
kala-azar
visceral organs disease is __% fatal if untreated
almost 100%
kala-azar causes
Infection and enlargement of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
post-kala azar disease is called
Leishmania donovani
post-kala azar disease causes ___
dermal leishmaniasis and is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis
kala-azar is curable T/F?
true
post kala azar happens how long after visceral organs disease?
months or years later
Tsetse fly becomes infected with
trypomastigotes when doing what?
Tsetse fly becomes infected with
trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on
infected mammalian host
Parasites reach the tse tse fly’s __
glands as infectious particles
salivary
infected tsetse fly
injects ____ parasite into skin tissue.
The parasites enter the lymphatic system
and pass into the bloodstream. they are carried into other sites where they reach:
trypomastigotes; other body fluids
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Disease develops rapidly and invades the __
CNS
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense,
which is chronic?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
treatment of sleeping sickness includes drugs that are very __
toxic
the new african sleeping sickness drug is __. how is it different?
fexinidazole which works at both first and second stage diseases
Treatment in the second stage of sleeping sickness depends on drugs that
do this ____.
cross the Blood brain barrier
nagana is a disease in __
cattle
nagana also causes disease in humans T/F?
FALSE
nagana is caused by a parasite that is related to __
t.brucei
in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed chronically?
Slow Growing
Tissue Cysts
(Chronic)
in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed acutely?
Bursting cells
cause local
inflammatory
response
(Acute)
transmission of reduviid is done how?
bug eats blood at night and feces enters host bite or mucosa
Other Transmission Methods(More likely in US/Non-endemic areas) of reduviid are?
Blood transfusion*
Organ transplant
Congenital (mother to baby)
Food and drink
the acute phase of chagas is most severe for which people and how long?
under 5yr, 2 months
Many parasites in bloodstream
*Fever, chills, muscle pain, malaise
*Death can occur within weeks
acute phase of chagas
T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance
* causing what symptoms?
T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance
* Swelling, itching, redness, muscle pain
chronic chagas is asymptomatic, true or false?
true
how long does chronic chagas last? what does it usually cause a need for?
up to 20 years, a need for a heart transplant
Once disease reaches chronic phase, how is chagas treated?
drugs given to slow progress, but can’t cure. modify diet to slow heart and digestive complications
Amitochondriate Protozoa are typically found where? what do they cause?
intestinal tract; diarhhea
Amitochondriate Protozoa life cycle is described as? what do they lack?
extracellular life cycle. mitochondria
describe the structure of giardiasis:
twin nuclei and sucking disk
the typical fecal oral life cycle includes
a cyst passed in feces becoming a trophozoite feeds and becomes a cyst again
how is Giardia transmission/
distribution done?
Unwashed fruit and vegetables
* Endemic to many wilderness areas;
* Hikers, lake swimmers
* Day care centers, travelers, sexual contact, pets
Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S. is the?
Giardia duodenalis
Giardia duodenalisInfection can be prevented by;
- Treating drinking water with a biofilter
- Wash fruits and vegetables
- Wash hands after potential fecal exposure
Giardia cysts can survive several months in __. int he small intestine they are__.
water; motile
*Entamoeba histolytica and
Entamoeba dispar cause __
Amebic dysentery
