lec 11- tropical parasitic diseases Flashcards by M Batool

how much of the world is at risk for tropical parasitic diseases?

more than half

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where are tropical parasitic diseases most prevalent?

Especially prevalent in areas of poverty, war and conflicts
zones, refugee camps, etc

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tropical parasitic infection results in __.

blindness, disfigurement, severe
disability, death

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neglected tropical parasitic diseases cause Affects economic development, education, cognitive
development, productivity T/F?

TRUE

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what percent of new drugs are made for neglected tropical diseases?

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neglected tropical disease Endemicity overlaps with ___ ___.

impoverished settings

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Drug development not profitable T/F?
* Drugs used today were developed ages ago

TRUE

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Side effects affect __ of patients

PATIENT COMPLIANCE

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Goal to eradicate 4 diseases by 2020:

guinea worm, sleeping
sickness, leprosy, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis

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delivery of drugs to
endemic countries via mass drug
administration (MDA) is what drug?

USAIDs

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vouchers and incentives
for new drug development in the US are via the __

FDA

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who is making medical history for neglected patients

Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)

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tsetse fly bite and neurological impact is in __ disease

sleeping sickness

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causes heart and vital organ damage after bite by blood sucking fly

chagas disease

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disfiguring and long lasting scars happen in which disease?

cutaneous leishmanieisis

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eukaryotic organism that lives on or in another host
organism in a way that harms or is of no advantage to
the host

parasite

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Protozoan parasite is categorized how?

single celled eukaryote

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the intermediate for african sleeping sickness is ?

blood, lymph, and spinal fluid in humans

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the reservoir for african sleeping sicknessis?

livestock, savannah antelope

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which parasite causes sleeping sickness?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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where do tse tse flies live (what type of climate?)

moist savanna and woodlands

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how many at risk for african sleeping sickness?

70 million people

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how many cases in 2021 of sleeping sickness?

less than 1000

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Early stages, parasites of sleeping sickness are where in the body?

lymph and blood

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Early stages symptoms of sleeping sickness? *

Swollen lymph nodes * Fever, Anemia * Joint Pain

Once the disease has crossed the blood-brain barrier, the treatment options are limited T/F?

TRUE

Later stages, parasite goes where in the body?

crosses blood brain barrier

Later stages, african sleeping sickness symptoms are?

Later stages, parasite causes * Confusion, poor coordination, abnormal behavior * Coma * Daytime sleepiness/night insomnia

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for _% of reported cases.

West and Central africa; 98%

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for -% of cases.

east and south africa; 2

only Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is fatal when advanced, T/F?

FALSE- BOTH ARE FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED

Malaria Toxoplasma Cryptosporidiosis are which category of parasites?

Apicomplexans

Giardiasis Amebic Dysentery are which category of parasite?

Amitochondriates

which type of parasite category are these: Leishmaniasis African Sleeping Sickness Chagas Disease

Kinetoplastids

kinetoplastids use what for motility?

flagellum

kinetoplastids have a drug target T/F?

FALSE

what organelles do kinetoplastids contain?

All have one large mitochondrion and an organelle called a kinetoplast,

the kinetoplast organelle stores waht?

multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA

Leishmaniasis have how many new cases per year?

1 million

Leishmaniasis causes how many deaths per year?

30,000/year

the host of Leishmaniasis is?

sandfly

the reservoir(s) of Leishmaniasis is:

mammals; rats, dogs, foxes

the intermediate host forLeishmaniasis is?

humans

Leishmaniasis causes what in humans?

White BloodCell Infection Visceral and tissue specific migration

the most common form ofLeishmaniasis is?

Cutaneous disease

how long after infection do Leishmaniasis symptoms occur?

Can take months or years for symptoms to appear

Leishmaniasis major symptoms can heal by themselves, T/F?

TRUE

Aleppo boil Biskra button Kandahar sore Delhi boil and Bhagdad boil are all other names for ?

Cutaneous form of leishmaniasis

90 % of Leishmania braziliensis cases happen where?

Bolivia, Brazil, Peru

Chagas Disease is caused by which parasite?

Trypanosoma cruzi

how many people in US are currently affected by chagas disease?

300,000 infected individuals in US currently

deaths per year from chagas worldwide are?

Deaths: 10,000/year

what is the definitive host of t/cruzi parasite?

Reduviid bug

Mice, opossums, armadillos, dogs are reservours for?

t.cruzi which causes chagas disease

Giardiasis is also called __

Giardiasis = “beaver fever”

giardiasis is caused by which parasite?

Giardia duodenalis

Giardia duodenalis is aflagellate T/F?

FALSE

G. lamblia, G. intestinalis are forms of

the Giardia duodenalis parasite

Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S.

Giardia duodenalis parasite

Protozoan parasite - identify (# cells and eukaryote/prokaryote)

Protozoan parasite - single celled eukaryote

protozoan parasite reproduces how

both sexually and asexually`

multicelled eukaryote containing nervous tissue, muscle fibers and reproductive tract Sexual reproduction

Metazoan parasite

What kind of disfigurement does Mucocutaneous Disease lead to?

Destruction of naso-oropharyngeal mucosa

Leishmania donovani is the most severe form of ___ disease

visceral organs disease

visceral organs disease is also called

kala-azar

visceral organs disease is __% fatal if untreated

almost 100%

kala-azar causes

Infection and enlargement of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow

post-kala azar disease is called

Leishmania donovani

post-kala azar disease causes ___

dermal leishmaniasis and is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis

kala-azar is curable T/F?

true

post kala azar happens how long after visceral organs disease?

months or years later

Tsetse fly becomes infected with trypomastigotes when doing what?

Tsetse fly becomes infected with trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on infected mammalian host

Parasites reach the tse tse fly’s __ glands as infectious particles

salivary

infected tsetse fly injects ____ parasite into skin tissue. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the bloodstream. they are carried into other sites where they reach:

trypomastigotes; other body fluids

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Disease develops rapidly and invades the __

CNS

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is chronic?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

treatment of sleeping sickness includes drugs that are very __

toxic

the new african sleeping sickness drug is __. how is it different?

fexinidazole which works at both first and second stage diseases

Treatment in the second stage of sleeping sickness depends on drugs that do this ____.

cross the Blood brain barrier

nagana is a disease in __

cattle

nagana also causes disease in humans T/F?

FALSE

nagana is caused by a parasite that is related to __

t.brucei

in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed chronically?

Slow Growing Tissue Cysts (Chronic)

in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed acutely?

Bursting cells cause local inflammatory response (Acute)

transmission of reduviid is done how?

bug eats blood at night and feces enters host bite or mucosa

Other Transmission Methods(More likely in US/Non-endemic areas) of reduviid are?

Blood transfusion* Organ transplant Congenital (mother to baby) Food and drink

the acute phase of chagas is most severe for which people and how long?

under 5yr, 2 months

Many parasites in bloodstream *Fever, chills, muscle pain, malaise *Death can occur within weeks

acute phase of chagas

T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance * causing what symptoms?

T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance * Swelling, itching, redness, muscle pain

chronic chagas is asymptomatic, true or false?

true

how long does chronic chagas last? what does it usually cause a need for?

up to 20 years, a need for a heart transplant

Once disease reaches chronic phase, how is chagas treated?

drugs given to slow progress, but can't cure. modify diet to slow heart and digestive complications

Amitochondriate Protozoa are typically found where? what do they cause?

intestinal tract; diarhhea

Amitochondriate Protozoa life cycle is described as? what do they lack?

extracellular life cycle. mitochondria

describe the structure of giardiasis:

twin nuclei and sucking disk

the typical fecal oral life cycle includes

a cyst passed in feces becoming a trophozoite feeds and becomes a cyst again

how is Giardia transmission/ distribution done?

Unwashed fruit and vegetables * Endemic to many wilderness areas; * Hikers, lake swimmers * Day care centers, travelers, sexual contact, pets

Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S. is the?

Giardia duodenalis

Giardia duodenalisInfection can be prevented by;

* Treating drinking water with a biofilter * Wash fruits and vegetables * Wash hands after potential fecal exposure

Giardia cysts can survive several months in __. int he small intestine they are__.

water; motile

*Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar cause __

Amebic dysentery