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global health > lec 11- tropical parasitic diseases > Flashcards

lec 11- tropical parasitic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the world is at risk for tropical parasitic diseases?

A

more than half

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2
Q

where are tropical parasitic diseases most prevalent?

A

Especially prevalent in areas of poverty, war and conflicts
zones, refugee camps, etc

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3
Q

tropical parasitic infection results in __.

A

blindness, disfigurement, severe
disability, death

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4
Q

neglected tropical parasitic diseases cause Affects economic development, education, cognitive
development, productivity T/F?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

what percent of new drugs are made for neglected tropical diseases?

A

1%

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6
Q

neglected tropical disease Endemicity overlaps with ___ ___.

A

impoverished settings

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7
Q

Drug development not profitable T/F?
* Drugs used today were developed ages ago

A

TRUE

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8
Q
  • Side effects affect __ of patients
A

PATIENT COMPLIANCE

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9
Q

Goal to eradicate 4 diseases by 2020:

A

guinea worm, sleeping
sickness, leprosy, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis

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10
Q

delivery of drugs to
endemic countries via mass drug
administration (MDA) is what drug?

A

USAIDs

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11
Q

vouchers and incentives
for new drug development in the US are via the __

A

FDA

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12
Q

who is making medical history for neglected patients

A

Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)

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13
Q

tsetse fly bite and neurological impact is in __ disease

A

sleeping sickness

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14
Q

causes heart and vital organ damage after bite by blood sucking fly

A

chagas disease

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15
Q

disfiguring and long lasting scars happen in which disease?

A

cutaneous leishmanieisis

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16
Q

eukaryotic organism that lives on or in another host
organism in a way that harms or is of no advantage to
the host

A

parasite

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17
Q

Protozoan parasite is categorized how?

A

single celled eukaryote

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18
Q

the intermediate for african sleeping sickness is ?

A

blood, lymph, and spinal fluid in humans

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19
Q

the reservoir for african sleeping sicknessis?

A

livestock, savannah antelope

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20
Q

which parasite causes sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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21
Q

where do tse tse flies live (what type of climate?)

A

moist savanna and woodlands

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22
Q

how many at risk for african sleeping sickness?

A

70 million people

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23
Q

how many cases in 2021 of sleeping sickness?

A

less than 1000

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24
Q

Early stages, parasites of sleeping sickness are where in the body?

A

lymph and blood

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25
Q

Early stages symptoms of sleeping sickness?
*

A

Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever, Anemia
* Joint Pain

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26
Q

Once the disease has crossed the blood-brain
barrier, the treatment options are limited T/F?

A

TRUE

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27
Q

Later stages, parasite goes where in the body?

A

crosses blood brain barrier

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28
Q

Later stages, african sleeping sickness symptoms are?

A

Later stages, parasite causes
* Confusion, poor coordination, abnormal behavior
* Coma
* Daytime sleepiness/night insomnia

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29
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for _% of reported cases.

A

West and Central africa; 98%

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30
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is in which place in africa? it accounts for -% of cases.

A

east and south africa; 2

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31
Q

only Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is fatal when advanced, T/F?

A

FALSE- BOTH ARE FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED

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32
Q

Malaria
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidiosis are which category of parasites?

A

Apicomplexans

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33
Q

Giardiasis
Amebic Dysentery are which category of parasite?

A

Amitochondriates

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34
Q

which type of parasite category are these:
Leishmaniasis
African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease

A

Kinetoplastids

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35
Q

kinetoplastids use what for motility?

A

flagellum

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36
Q

kinetoplastids have a drug target T/F?

A

FALSE

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37
Q

what organelles do kinetoplastids contain?

A

All have one large mitochondrion and
an organelle called a kinetoplast,

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38
Q

the kinetoplast organelle stores waht?

A

multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA

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39
Q

Leishmaniasis have how many new cases per year?

A

1 million

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40
Q

Leishmaniasis causes how many deaths per year?

A

30,000/year

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41
Q

the host of Leishmaniasis is?

A

sandfly

42
Q

the reservoir(s) of Leishmaniasis is:

A

mammals; rats,
dogs, foxes

43
Q

the intermediate host forLeishmaniasis is?

A

humans

44
Q

Leishmaniasis causes what in humans?

A

White
BloodCell
Infection
Visceral and tissue specific migration

45
Q

the most common form ofLeishmaniasis is?

A

Cutaneous disease

46
Q

how long after infection do Leishmaniasis symptoms occur?

A

Can take months or years for symptoms to appear

47
Q

Leishmaniasis major symptoms can heal by themselves, T/F?

A

TRUE

48
Q

Aleppo boil
Biskra button
Kandahar sore
Delhi boil and
Bhagdad boil are all other names for ?

A

Cutaneous form of leishmaniasis

49
Q

90 % of Leishmania braziliensis cases happen where?

A

Bolivia, Brazil, Peru

50
Q

Chagas Disease is caused by which parasite?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

51
Q

how many people in US are currently affected by chagas disease?

A

300,000 infected
individuals in US
currently

52
Q

deaths per year from chagas worldwide are?

A

Deaths: 10,000/year

53
Q

what is the definitive host of t/cruzi parasite?

A

Reduviid bug

54
Q

Mice, opossums,
armadillos, dogs are reservours for?

A

t.cruzi which causes chagas disease

55
Q

Giardiasis is also called __

A

Giardiasis = “beaver fever”

56
Q

giardiasis is caused by which parasite?

A

Giardia duodenalis

57
Q

Giardia duodenalis is aflagellate T/F?

A

FALSE

58
Q

G. lamblia, G. intestinalis are forms of

A

the Giardia duodenalis parasite

59
Q

Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S.

A

Giardia duodenalis parasite

60
Q

Protozoan parasite - identify (# cells and eukaryote/prokaryote)

A

Protozoan parasite - single celled eukaryote

61
Q

protozoan parasite reproduces how

A

both sexually and asexually`

62
Q

multicelled eukaryote containing
nervous tissue, muscle fibers and reproductive tract
Sexual reproduction

A

Metazoan parasite

63
Q

What kind of disfigurement does Mucocutaneous
Disease lead to?

A

Destruction of naso-oropharyngeal mucosa

64
Q

Leishmania donovani is the most severe form of ___ disease

A

visceral organs disease

65
Q

visceral organs disease is also called

A

kala-azar

66
Q

visceral organs disease is __% fatal if untreated

A

almost 100%

67
Q

kala-azar causes

A

Infection and enlargement of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow

68
Q

post-kala azar disease is called

A

Leishmania donovani

69
Q

post-kala azar disease causes ___

A

dermal leishmaniasis and is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis

70
Q

kala-azar is curable T/F?

A

true

71
Q

post kala azar happens how long after visceral organs disease?

A

months or years later

72
Q

Tsetse fly becomes infected with
trypomastigotes when doing what?

A

Tsetse fly becomes infected with
trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on
infected mammalian host

73
Q

Parasites reach the tse tse fly’s __
glands as infectious particles

A

salivary

74
Q

infected tsetse fly
injects ____ parasite into skin tissue.
The parasites enter the lymphatic system
and pass into the bloodstream. they are carried into other sites where they reach:

A

trypomastigotes; other body fluids

75
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Disease develops rapidly and invades the __

A

CNS

76
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense,
which is chronic?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

77
Q

treatment of sleeping sickness includes drugs that are very __

A

toxic

78
Q

the new african sleeping sickness drug is __. how is it different?

A

fexinidazole which works at both first and second stage diseases

79
Q

Treatment in the second stage of sleeping sickness depends on drugs that
do this ____.

A

cross the Blood brain barrier

80
Q

nagana is a disease in __

A

cattle

81
Q

nagana also causes disease in humans T/F?

A

FALSE

82
Q

nagana is caused by a parasite that is related to __

A

t.brucei

83
Q

in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed chronically?

A

Slow Growing
Tissue Cysts
(Chronic)

84
Q

in the intermediate host of t.cruzi, what is formed acutely?

A

Bursting cells
cause local
inflammatory
response
(Acute)

85
Q

transmission of reduviid is done how?

A

bug eats blood at night and feces enters host bite or mucosa

86
Q

Other Transmission Methods(More likely in US/Non-endemic areas) of reduviid are?

A

Blood transfusion*
Organ transplant
Congenital (mother to baby)
Food and drink

87
Q

the acute phase of chagas is most severe for which people and how long?

A

under 5yr, 2 months

88
Q

Many parasites in bloodstream
*Fever, chills, muscle pain, malaise
*Death can occur within weeks

A

acute phase of chagas

89
Q

T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance
* causing what symptoms?

A

T. cruzi infect local tissue near scratch entrance
* Swelling, itching, redness, muscle pain

90
Q

chronic chagas is asymptomatic, true or false?

A

true

91
Q

how long does chronic chagas last? what does it usually cause a need for?

A

up to 20 years, a need for a heart transplant

92
Q

Once disease reaches chronic phase, how is chagas treated?

A

drugs given to slow progress, but can’t cure. modify diet to slow heart and digestive complications

93
Q

Amitochondriate Protozoa are typically found where? what do they cause?

A

intestinal tract; diarhhea

94
Q

Amitochondriate Protozoa life cycle is described as? what do they lack?

A

extracellular life cycle. mitochondria

95
Q

describe the structure of giardiasis:

A

twin nuclei and sucking disk

96
Q

the typical fecal oral life cycle includes

A

a cyst passed in feces becoming a trophozoite feeds and becomes a cyst again

97
Q

how is Giardia transmission/
distribution done?

A

Unwashed fruit and vegetables
* Endemic to many wilderness areas;
* Hikers, lake swimmers
* Day care centers, travelers, sexual contact, pets

98
Q

Most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the U.S. is the?

A

Giardia duodenalis

99
Q

Giardia duodenalisInfection can be prevented by;

A
  • Treating drinking water with a biofilter
  • Wash fruits and vegetables
  • Wash hands after potential fecal exposure
100
Q

Giardia cysts can survive several months in __. int he small intestine they are__.

A

water; motile

101
Q

*Entamoeba histolytica and
Entamoeba dispar cause __

A

Amebic dysentery

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