Lec 26 toxins

Question 1

What is the difference btw g neg and g pos cells?

Answer 1

G pos have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan, g neg has a thicker outer liposaccharide membrane

Question 2

Endotoxin is recoignized by __ immunity

Answer 2

innate

Question 3

Where do endotoxins come from?

Answer 3

they are fragments of g neg bacteria broken off

Question 4

LPS disease symptoms

Answer 4

fever vomit tiredness

Question 5

Excessive inflammatory response leads to what for LPS?

Answer 5

Septic shock because of host response

Question 6

C tetani makes

Answer 6

tetanus toxin

Question 7

C botulinum makes

Answer 7

botulism toxin

Question 8

The 4 exotoxin groups are

Answer 8

poreforming, AB, superantigens, seconday metabolites

Question 9

How are pore forming toxins formed?

Answer 9

They start off with a monomer binding to a host receptor, and then it oligomerizes

Question 10

What disease is formed by listeriolysin O?

Answer 10

food brone systemic illness

Question 11

S aureus alpha hemolysin targets include

Answer 11

monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, plateles, endothelial cells and more

Question 12

What can we use in lab to detect hemolytic activity?

Answer 12

Blood agar plates. lighter zones mean lysis zone

Question 13

Where does LLO (listeriolysin O) replicate and make pores?

Answer 13

Inside of the cell (cytosol)

Question 14

What part of the AB exotoxin is active?

Answer 14

A is active and enzymatic; B does binding/attachment

Question 15

What is the target for AB botulinism? how

Answer 15

neuronmuscularjunctions via interrupting acetyl coA signaling

Question 16

The most potent AB toxin is

Answer 16

c botulism

Question 17

Botulism causes what symptom?

Answer 17

flaccid paralysis (loose muscles)

Question 18

BoNT can be used in which medical procedures?

Answer 18

botox

Question 19

How does tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) work?

Answer 19

Cleaves signaling protein in nerve cells

Question 20

What is the symptom of TeNT?

Answer 20

spastic paralysis (flexed/clenched muscles)

Question 21

What are the AB EXOtoxin diseases?

Answer 21

botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, anthrax,

Question 22

Diptheria forms a membrane which causes __

Answer 22

host cell death and suffocation

Question 23

What location in an area is anthrax common in? How else is it from?

Answer 23

agricultural areas, animals; inhaled, injected

Question 24

How many subunits in anthrax toxin? Which binds? Which active

Answer 24

3; B binds; A active

Question 25

What does cholera (CT) cause in our cells?

Answer 25

Massive water out of our cells

Question 26

Antigen Presenting Cells activate which cell? what does this lead to?

Answer 26

T cells, leading to inflammatory response

Question 27

What issues can super-antigens cause?

Answer 27

An overactive immune response: TSS, scalded skin , strep (scarlet fever), food poisonings

Question 28

Alternative synthesis pathways are caused by

Answer 28

secondary metabolites

Question 29

What type of protein is penicillin?

Answer 29

an NR protein

Question 30

Polyketides are made of? They are made by?

Answer 30

2-4 Carbon molecules, PK synthase

Question 31

Aflatoxin can cause __ via ___

Answer 31

liver and DNA damage; polyketide synthesis

Question 32

Which vaccines use toxoids?

Answer 32

diptheria, tetanus, anthrax

Question 33

Which vaccines use toxoids?

Answer 33

diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax

Question 34

Anthrax vaccine is available to the general public, T/F?

Answer 34

FALSE- it is given to high exposure people (ie lab workers)

Question 35

What is the only endotoxin we are expected to know?

Answer 35

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 36

Which exotoxin is cytolytic?

Answer 36

Pore forming exotoxin

Question 37

What exotoxin is enzymatic?

Answer 37

AB exotoxin

Question 38

Where do toxins come from?

Answer 38

Defense for plants, venom from animals, bacteria/fungi

Question 39

A toxoid is a __based toxin used as an antigen in a vaccine.

Answer 39

protein

Question 40

What toxin group is secreted soluble proteins?

Answer 40

Exotoxins

Question 41

LPS is composed of?

Answer 41

lipids and sugars

Question 42

By heat, chemicals, or recombination, you can ___ exotoxins.

Answer 42

detoxify

Question 43

Exotoxins are only g pos, T/F?

Answer 43

FALSE, both g neg and g pos can be exo

Question 44

Corynebacterium diptheriae can make

Answer 44

diphtheria toxin

Question 45

The toxin can cause disease, not bacteria, T/F?

Answer 45

TRUE; presence of toxin increases virulence

Question 46

Listeriolysin O LLO is present in?

Answer 46

Undercooked meat/contaminated foods

Question 47

How do we internalize the AB exotoxin?

Answer 47

binding to cell receptors, endocytosis, release of chain = poison

Question 48

How is food borne botulism treated?

Answer 48

anti toxin and supportive care

Question 49

Spores germinate in what type of botulism?

Answer 49

Wound/injectons

Question 50

What is infant botulism caused by usually?

Answer 50

honey and corn syrup

Question 51

What do vibrio cholerae and e coli have in common?

Answer 51

They both permeate intestinal cells which causes diarrhea