Lecture 18- Drug Developmetn Flashcards

1
Q

Streptococcus and staphylococcus are gram negative/gram positive?

A

Gram positive

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2
Q

E. coli and salmonella are gram negative/gram positive?

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spirochetes are ___ bacteria.

A

non-staining

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4
Q

Name two eukaryote parasites”

A

plasmodium which causes malaria, toxoplasma in cats

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5
Q

Name two eukaryotic fungi and molds

A

Candida and pneumocystis which causes pneumonia

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6
Q

Hep B and Herpes are which type of virus?

A

DNA virus

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7
Q

Hantavirus, polio, and the flu are which type of virus?

A

RNA virus

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8
Q

HIV iswhat type of virus?

A

retrovirus

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9
Q

Antibacterial drugs target what?

A

Antibacterial drugs target DNA replicationand unwinding.

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10
Q

The job of quinolones is to

A

Inhibit DNA from unwinding

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11
Q

The job of metronizadole is to

A

Bind and distort DNA

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12
Q

Which type of drugs target bacteria, yeasts, parasites,
living cells, but are usually not viral

A

Antibiotics

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13
Q

Is penicilin natural or synthetic? What about quinolones?

A

Penicilin is from common bread mold (natural), while quinolones are made (synthetic)

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14
Q

THe best activity against human cells is __x to __x above human activity against the pathogen.

A

100x to 1000x

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15
Q

Activity of drug against pathogen
versus
Activity of drug against human cells desribes the_____

A

Therapeutic index

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16
Q

You cannot use static and cidal drugs at the same time, T/F?

A

TRUE- one would inhibit and the other wouldn’t work

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17
Q

What are two ways drugs could be administered?

A

Oral or IV

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18
Q

Basic research in the __ stage is done with small molecules, genes, assays, drug targets

A

Drug discovery

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19
Q

Where is the ‘valley of death’ in drug development? How long of a stage is this?

A

Preclinical trials; 5-10 years

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20
Q

What is the issue with COVID drugs/trials?

A

time- becasuse existing drugs need to have later phases but we need them soon

21
Q

Generic drugs can be cheap because… And where is the intended market?

A

Their patent expired; USA

22
Q

Describe a human eukaryotic cell

A

Has a nucleus and other organelles in the cell

23
Q

Some antimicrobials are __

A

Antibiotic

24
Q

Which type of pathogen are drugs hardest to develop from?

A

Eukaryotic pathogens

25
Q

Neuranimidase inhibitors are used for which pathogen drugs?

A

Flu drugs

26
Q

Rifampiciin binds to an RNA polymerase which targets what stage?

A

Transcription (RNA produced from DNA)

27
Q

When a cell membrane is targeted, what structures are important?

A

Lipids and polymyxins such as detergent

28
Q

Vancomycin (last line of defense) interferes with ___

A

Cell wall integrity

29
Q

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Cephamycins interfere with

A

Cell wall synthesis

30
Q

Low cost, low toxicity, low drug/drug
interactions, broad spectrum are the:

A

Macrolides, penicillins, tetracyclines

31
Q

In vitro is grown in a

A

test tube

32
Q

n vivo is grown in

A

Humans or animals

33
Q

if a drug doesn’t work in vitro,
unlikely to be useful in vivo T/F?

A

True

34
Q

TO understand a disease like cancer we need tyo consider at least two things:

A

Genetics and environment

35
Q

Once we identify a target (which is usually?), we need to __ it.

A

A gene or protein target; validate (prove that inhibition will stop disease)

36
Q

List 3 types of assays

A

enzyme, whole cell, fluorescent

37
Q

High throughput screening (HTP)
Biotechnology is used to find a __ compound. What type of therapeutic index does ithave?

A

Lead; good

38
Q

To improve a drug, we start with lead compound, and modify chemically how

A

Structure activity relation, stability, absorption, therapeutic index, pathogen penetration

39
Q

What occurs inthe preclinical development stage?

A

Animal models, drug metabolism ,safety assessment, pharmacy, process chem

40
Q

GxP protocols include

A

good lab practice, manufacturing practice, clinical and regulatory practice

41
Q

Early tests ADMA/Tox stands for

A

Absorption, distribution to site, metabolism into active state, excretion, non toxic

42
Q

Dose, dosing interval, infusion rate, serum concentration fall under what category?

A

Pharmacokinetics

43
Q

COVID animal testing was on which animals?

A

mice/rats, golden jhamster, ferret/mink, pigs, monkeuy

44
Q

How long is a patent good for ?>

A

20 years

45
Q

A drug needs o generate profit of how much above the cost of making and marketing?

A

$1 billion

46
Q

There has been no new __ since the 1970s

A

avatar

47
Q

Vioxx has a lawsuit. What did it seek to treat?

A

Arthitis

48
Q

Torcetrapib was to treat what? It was a pfizer lawsuit.

A

Cholesterol