Lecture 18- Drug Developmetn

Question 1

Streptococcus and staphylococcus are gram negative/gram positive?

Answer 1

Gram positive

Question 2

E. coli and salmonella are gram negative/gram positive?

Answer 2

Gram negative

Question 3

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spirochetes are ___ bacteria.

Answer 3

non-staining

Question 4

Name two eukaryote parasites”

Answer 4

plasmodium which causes malaria, toxoplasma in cats

Question 5

Name two eukaryotic fungi and molds

Answer 5

Candida and pneumocystis which causes pneumonia

Question 6

Hep B and Herpes are which type of virus?

Answer 6

DNA virus

Question 7

Hantavirus, polio, and the flu are which type of virus?

Answer 7

RNA virus

Question 8

HIV iswhat type of virus?

Answer 8

retrovirus

Question 9

Antibacterial drugs target what?

Answer 9

Antibacterial drugs target DNA replicationand unwinding.

Question 10

The job of quinolones is to

Answer 10

Inhibit DNA from unwinding

Question 11

The job of metronizadole is to

Answer 11

Bind and distort DNA

Question 12

Which type of drugs target bacteria, yeasts, parasites,
living cells, but are usually not viral

Answer 12

Antibiotics

Question 13

Is penicilin natural or synthetic? What about quinolones?

Answer 13

Penicilin is from common bread mold (natural), while quinolones are made (synthetic)

Question 14

THe best activity against human cells is __x to __x above human activity against the pathogen.

Answer 14

100x to 1000x

Question 15

Activity of drug against pathogen
versus
Activity of drug against human cells desribes the_____

Answer 15

Therapeutic index

Question 16

You cannot use static and cidal drugs at the same time, T/F?

Answer 16

TRUE- one would inhibit and the other wouldn’t work

Question 17

What are two ways drugs could be administered?

Answer 17

Oral or IV

Question 18

Basic research in the __ stage is done with small molecules, genes, assays, drug targets

Answer 18

Drug discovery

Question 19

Where is the ‘valley of death’ in drug development? How long of a stage is this?

Answer 19

Preclinical trials; 5-10 years

Question 20

What is the issue with COVID drugs/trials?

Answer 20

time- becasuse existing drugs need to have later phases but we need them soon

Question 21

Generic drugs can be cheap because… And where is the intended market?

Answer 21

Their patent expired; USA

Question 22

Describe a human eukaryotic cell

Answer 22

Has a nucleus and other organelles in the cell

Question 23

Some antimicrobials are __

Answer 23

Antibiotic

Question 24

Which type of pathogen are drugs hardest to develop from?

Answer 24

Eukaryotic pathogens

Question 25

Neuranimidase inhibitors are used for which pathogen drugs?

Answer 25

Flu drugs

Question 26

Rifampiciin binds to an RNA polymerase which targets what stage?

Answer 26

Transcription (RNA produced from DNA)

Question 27

When a cell membrane is targeted, what structures are important?

Answer 27

Lipids and polymyxins such as detergent

Question 28

Vancomycin (last line of defense) interferes with ___

Answer 28

Cell wall integrity

Question 29

Penicillin Cephalosporins Cephamycins interfere with

Answer 29

Cell wall synthesis

Question 30

Low cost, low toxicity, low drug/drug interactions, broad spectrum are the:

Answer 30

Macrolides, penicillins, tetracyclines

Question 31

In vitro is grown in a

Answer 31

test tube

Question 32

n vivo is grown in

Answer 32

Humans or animals

Question 33

if a drug doesn’t work in vitro, unlikely to be useful in vivo T/F?

Answer 33

True

Question 34

TO understand a disease like cancer we need tyo consider at least two things:

Answer 34

Genetics and environment

Question 35

Once we identify a target (which is usually?), we need to __ it.

Answer 35

A gene or protein target; validate (prove that inhibition will stop disease)

Question 36

List 3 types of assays

Answer 36

enzyme, whole cell, fluorescent

Question 37

High throughput screening (HTP) Biotechnology is used to find a __ compound. What type of therapeutic index does ithave?

Answer 37

Lead; good

Question 38

To improve a drug, we start with lead compound, and modify chemically how

Answer 38

Structure activity relation, stability, absorption, therapeutic index, pathogen penetration

Question 39

What occurs inthe preclinical development stage?

Answer 39

Animal models, drug metabolism ,safety assessment, pharmacy, process chem

Question 40

GxP protocols include

Answer 40

good lab practice, manufacturing practice, clinical and regulatory practice

Question 41

Early tests ADMA/Tox stands for

Answer 41

Absorption, distribution to site, metabolism into active state, excretion, non toxic

Question 42

Dose, dosing interval, infusion rate, serum concentration fall under what category?

Answer 42

Pharmacokinetics

Question 43

COVID animal testing was on which animals?

Answer 43

mice/rats, golden jhamster, ferret/mink, pigs, monkeuy

Question 44

How long is a patent good for ?>

Answer 44

20 years

Question 45

A drug needs o generate profit of how much above the cost of making and marketing?

Answer 45

$1 billion

Question 46

There has been no new __ since the 1970s

Answer 46

avatar

Question 47

Vioxx has a lawsuit. What did it seek to treat?

Answer 47

Arthitis

Question 48

Torcetrapib was to treat what? It was a pfizer lawsuit.

Answer 48

Cholesterol