Integumentary System Test Flashcards
A deficiency of a skin protein called __________ sets the stage for developing allergies
filaggrin
filaggrin is a large _______ that binds to __________ that fill the __________ that make up the outermost layer of the skin, the _________.
protein, keratin proteins, scaly cells, epidermis
In healthy skin, filaggrin is broken down, releasing, ________ that rise to the __________ of the skin
amino acids, surface
When amino acids rise to the surface, they block ______ from leaving so it keeps the skin _________
water, moist
The wetness and tight packing of the epidermal cells keeps out __________, ___________, and __________________
irritants, disease causing organisms, substances that trigger allergic reactions
When the epidermis is dry and cracked due to deficient filaggrin, ________ can enter and reach __________
allergens, deeper skin layers
In deeper skin layers, allergens encounter and activate
immune system cells
signal inflammation
immune system cells
inflammation signaled by immune system cells may result in
eczema
Inhaling the same allergens that once crossed the broken skin provokes an _____________ in the airways, causing _________
immune response, asthma
Even those who don have a dry skin type can experience those telltale effects of _________, _______, and _________.
irritation, flakes, redness
the winter weather brings with it a natural lack of ________ in the air due to __________ levels falling.
moisture, humidity
dryness and flakes can also come from _________
indoor heating
To stay moisturized, we should choose skin products that promote a strong ________
skin barrier
The skin barrier is what keeps __________ in and things like __________ out
moisture, free radicals and pollutants
when the skin barrier is weakened from the ______________ in the air, it becomes harder for you to maintain that ________________
dryness, natural hydration
Hydrating ingredients include…
avocado oil
coconut oil
Shea butter
Avocado oil, Coconut oil, and Shea butter all have _______ and _______ properties
hydrating
antioxidant
Avocado oil, Coconut oil, and Shea butter work to __________ and __________ the appearance of the skin
nourish, soften
you should moisturize your face, hands, lips how often?
daily: morning and night, hands more often
What does washing our hands do?
dries them out
You should ________ to stay hydrated.
drink water
What is something you can use to stay hydrated?
a humidifier
What is something you should limit to stay better hydrated?
hot shower time
when outside in cold, dry, windy weather, wear a ________ with _________
sunscreen, moisturizer
Always choose a sunscreen that has an SPF of _________, is ___________, and is ____________
15 or higher, broad spectrum, water/sweat resistant
broad spectrum means…
protects from both UVA and UVB rays
Reapply sunscreen every _____ hours
2
How soon before going into the sun should you apply sunscreen?
30 mins
sunscreens also help _________ and ____________ growths
premature aging, pre-cancerous
lips have no 1) ______, 2) ______, 3) ______, so they _______ and _______ easily
Melanin, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, dry out, sunburn
sunscreen is a __________ formulated with unique chemical components to absorb __________
lotion, UV light
when sunscreen is applied, the chemical molecules form an ____, ________ on the skin that protects from _________
invisible, protective layer, penetrating UV rays
all sunscreens protect from _____ but only ___________ protect from _______ and _______
UVB rays, “broad spectrum”, UVA and UVB
UVB rays affect ____________ and are responsible for __________
top layers of skin, burning
UVA rays affect ____________ and are responsible for __________
lower layers of skin, aging
SPF stands for
sun protection factor
SPF was developed to describe the _______________ that a sunscreen provides
amount of protection
No sunscreen can protect your skin from _________ but a higher SPF number indicates protection from _______
all UV rays, more rays
The __________ tells you how much longer you can stay outside without burning while wearing sunscreen product as opposed to not wearing any sun protection product
SPF number
SPF measure “_________”
time to burn
SPF number X time to burn w/o sun protection =
time to burn with wearing sunscreen
SPF values __________ be added
cannot
reapplication only ensures that you have your ________ outside
original time
environmental factors that increase the intensity of UV rays and put you at a greater risk for skin damage
higher altitudes
low altitudes
clear, sunny days
mid-day sunshine (10am-3pm)
If you have sensitive skin look for sunscreens that are…
PABA free
noncomedogenic/oil free
sprays, lotions, gels
by week ____ a developing fetus has all of the baby’s hair follicle formed
22
When a developing fetus is 22 weeks all of the baby’s hair follicles are formed. At this stage there are _______ hair follicles on the body.
5 million
We do not _______anytime during the course of our lives
generate new hair follicles
our scalp _______ as we grow
expands
hair has 2 distinct structure:
follicle
shaft
resides in the skin
follicle
visible above the scalp
shaft
the hair follicle is a tunnel-like segment of the ______ that extends down into the __________
epidermis, dermis
base of the follicle
papilla
the papilla contains __________, or ______, that nourish the cells
capillaries, tiny blood vessels
the living part of the hair is the very bottom part surrounding the ______, called the _______
papilla, bulb
the cells of the bulb divide every ___-____ hours, which is faster than ___________
23-72, any other cell in the body
how many sheaths surround the hair follicle?
2
What are the sheaths called the surround the follicle?
inner sheath, outer sheath
The sheaths _________ and ________ the growing hair shaft
protect, form
the inner sheath follows the hair shaft and ends below the opening of a _________ and sometimes an _________.
sebaceous gland, apocrine gland
the outer sheath continues all the way up to the _______
gland
what is attached below the gland to a fibrous layer around the outer sheath?
arrector pili muscle
When the arrector pili muscle contracts, it causes the hair to stand up which also causes the ______________ to secrete oil.
sebaceous glands
When the _____________ contracts, it causes the hair to stand up which also causes the sebaceous glands to secrete oil.
arrector pili muscle
The sebaceous gland is vital because it produces _____ which ______ the hair and skin
sebum, conditions
after puberty, our body produces _______ _____ but as we age we begin to make ________ __________
more sebum, less sebum
________ have far less sebum production than ____ do as they age
women, men
The hair shaft is made of hard protein called _________ and is made in _________
keratin, three layers
Keratin is actually _________ so the hair that you see is not a __________.
dead, living structure
What are the 3 layers of the hair?
medulla
cortex
cuticle
the ______ makes up the majority of the hair shaft
cortex
the ______ is a tightly formed structure made of shingle-like overlapping scales
cuticle
The _______ and _______ hold the hairs pigment
medulla, cortex
The medulla and cortex hold the hairs __________
pigment
Hair grows ____-_____ mm per day and ______ in per year?
.3-.4, 6
hair growth or shedding is not dependent upon _______ or _______
season, cyclical
three stages of growth and shedding
anagen
catogen
telogen
anagen is the _________ phase of the hair
active
during the anagen phase, the cells in the root of the hair are dividing ________
rapidly
during the anagen phase, new hair is formed and pushes the ________ (a hair that has stopped growing or is no longer in the anagen phase) up the follicle and the club hair will eventually ________
club hair, fall out
hair stopped growing and not in anagen phase anymore
club hair
some people have a difficulty growing their hair beyond a certain length because they have a ________________
short active phase of growth
people with long hair have a _____________
long active phase of growth
hair on _____, _______, _______ and _______ have a short active phase of growth
arms
legs
eyebrow
eyelashes
hair on the arms, legs, eyebrows, and eyelashes, all have ____ - ____ days of growth
30-45
catagen stage is the ___________ where about ___ of hairs are in this phase at a time
transition, 3%
the catagen stage lasts for how many weeks?
2-3
In the catagen stage, growth stops and the outer root sheath shrinks and attaches to the root of the hair. This is the formation of what is known as __________-
club hair
_______ is the resting phase of hair growth
telogen
The telogen phase usually accounts for what percent of all hairs?
6% to 8%
The telogen phase lasts for about _____ days for hairs o the scalp and longer for hairs on the _______, _______, ________, and _________.
100, arms, legs, eyebrows, eyelashes
During the telogen phase, the _________ is completely at rest and the _________ is completely formed.
hair follicle, club hair
Pulling out a hair in the telogen phase will reveal a ____, ____, ____, _____ material at the root.
solid, hard, dry white
About ____ to ____ telogen hairs are shed normally each day.
25 to 100
Human hair grows everywhere on the body except for the __________ and the __________, the _______ and the ________ apart from __________.
soles of the feet, palms of the hands, lips, eyelids, eyelashes
Like skin, hair is a _________ _______, _________ Epithelium made of multi-layeres, flat cells with overlying _______ (a protein), whose rope-like ________ provide structure and strength to the hair shaft.
stratified squamous, keratinized, keratin, filaments
The body has different types of hair, including ________ and _________, each with its own type of cellular construction.
vellus hair, androgenic hair
The different cellular construction in hair gives the hair its own unique characteristics, serving specific purposes, mainly ________ and ________.
warmth, protection
___________ is a short, fine, light-colored, and barely noticeable hair that develops on most of a person’s body from his/her childhood.
vellus hair
When does vellus hair start developing on a person’s body?
childhood
Exceptions to the growth of vellus hair includes the ___, the back of the ____, the palm of the _____, the sole of the ____, some external _____ areas, the ______ and _____ tissue.
lips, ear, hand, foot, genital, navel, scar
The density of hair - the number of _________ per ______ of skin - varies from person to person.
hair follicles, area
Each strand of vellus hair is usually less than ____ mm (1/13 inch) long and the ________ is not connected to a sebaceous gland.
2, follicle
Vellus hair is most easily observed on ________ and _________.
children, adult women
Vellus hair is most easily observed on children and adult women because…
they generally have less terminal hair to obscure it
Vellus hair is not _________ hair.
lanugo
a much thicker type of hair that, in human forms, normally grows only on fetuses
lanugo hair
Vellus hair is differentiated from the more visible _________ or __________ hair.
terminal, adrogenic
When does terminal and adrogenic hair usually develop?
only during and after puberty, usually to a greater extent on men than it does on women
Vellus hair replaces ________________ on a human fetus at 36 to 40 weeks of ____________.
lanugo hair, gestation
The growth cycle of vellus hair is different from the growth cycle of ________________.
terminal hair.
At puberty, the ________ causes much of the vellus hair to turn into terminal hair and stimulates the growth of new hair in the armpit and the pubic area.
androgen hormone
In men, the change in vellus hair during puberty occurs where?
on the face and the body
Vellus hair can also grow in single or in small patches that usually grown ___ to ___ cm and like to persist how long?
2, 4, throughout a lifetime
the terminal hair that grows during and after puberty
androgenic hair
the growth of androgenic hair is related tot he level of ________ in the individual
androgens
what are androgens?
male hormones
______ have more androgenic hair than ________
men, women
what is terminal hair?
thick, long, and dark hair
during puberty, the increase in adrogenic hormone levels cause vellus hair to be replaces with ________ in certain parts of the body.
terminal hair
The parts of the body that were originally vellus hair and are replaced with terminal hair during puberty, will have different lives of sensitivity to androgens, primarily of the _________ family.
testosterone
The pubic area is particularly sensitive to such hormones, as are the armpits which will develop __________
axillary hair
Pubic and axillary hair will develop on both men and women, to the extent that such hair qualifies as ____________, although males will develop terminal hair in more areas.
secondary sex characteristic
This includes ___________, ___________, and _____ and ________, and __________. Human females on the other hand can be expected to retain more of the vellus hair.
facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg and arm hair, foot air
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): hair follicles DO regenerate throughout our lives.
False, DON”T
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The hair follicle can be found in both the dermis and EPIDERMIS.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): By week TWENTY TWO, a developing fetus has all of its hair follicles.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct):The hair shaft is made of a hard protein called MELANIN.
False, KERATIN
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The hair you see on your head or arms IS A living structure.
False, ISN”T A
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): There are about 5 MILLION hair follicles on the human body.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The scalp on our head EXPANDS as we age.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair is actually in 3 LAYERS with the inner portion being called the medulla.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): At the base of the hair follicle there is a layer called the LAMELLAE which contained capillaries that nourish the cells that make up hair.
False, PAPILLA
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair cells in the bulb of the hair REPLICATE faster than any other cell in the body.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Terminal hairs are thick, long, and dark compared to VELLUS HAIR.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Men tend to have LESS adrogenic hair than women.
False, MORE
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): ANDROGENIC HAIR is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Vellus hair IS lunago
False, ISN’T
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Human hair DOES NOT grow on the soles of your feet and lips.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair is composed of keratinized SIMPLE squamous epithelium.
STRATIFIED
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The living part of hair is in the BULB.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): SEBUM moistens and conditions your hair and skin.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): CATAGEN is the active phase of hair and hair growth.
False, ANAGEN
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair growth in humans IS seasonal.
False, IS NOT
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair in all areas of your body grows the SAME lengths.
False, DIFFERENT
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): About THREE HUNDRED telogen hairs are shed each day.
False, 25-100
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): In the TELOGEN phase, growth of hair begins to stop and club hair starts to form.
False, CATAGEN
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair on the arms, legs, and eyebrows have VERY LONG anagen phases.
False, VERY SHORT
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Scalp hair stays in the ANAGEN phase around 2-6 years.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Every person’s hair stays in the anagen phase THE SAME amount of time.
False, A DIFFERENT
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The ANDROGEN HORMONE causes much of the vellus to turn into terminal hair.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): There are 2 structures attached to the hair follicle, A SEBACEOUS GLAND and an arrector pili muscle.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): MEN tend to have more adrogenic hair than women.
True
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): TELOGEN is the resting phase of hair.
True
Skin cancer can arise from _____________ or from _________
non-pigmented epithelial cells, melanocytes
__ in ____ people develop skin cancers
1 in 5
_______ are the most common type of skin cancer and they tend to grow very _______
cutaneous carcinomas, slowly
carcinomas come from ________ that are exposed to __________
epithelial cells, sunlight
carcinomas most likely affect what type of people?
light-skinned over 40
cutaneous carcinomas can be treated by
radiation treatment
surgical removal
carcinomas are _______, _____, _______ growths that are __ and _____ on the skin
hard, dry, scaly, flat, raised
melanoma is pigmented with ______
melanin
melanoma comes from _______ and ________ types of radiation, which are different wavelengths of _______ and cause ________
UVA, UVB, energy, mutations
melanomas arise from what types of exposure times?
short, intermittent
melanomas affects people of what age?
any age
melanomas can be seen where on the body?
back or limbs
where do melanomas arise from?
normal appearing skin or from a mole
Melanomas eventually may thicken and grow deeper, invading _______
tissues
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancer can arise from non-pigmented epithelial cells or from melanocytes.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancers originating from epithelial cells are called cutaneous melanomas.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Statistically, 1 in 3 people in the US will develop skin cancer.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous carcinomas are the most common type of skin cancer, and they tend to grow very rapidly.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Light-skinned people over the age of 40 who are regularly exposed to sunlight are more prone to developing cutaneous melanomas.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous melanomas are pigmented with melanin.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Melanomas usually have irregular rather than smooth outlines and may feel bumpy.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: People of any age may develop cutaneous melanomas.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous melanomas are caused by short, intermittent exposure to high intensity sunlight.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The lesion of cutaneous carcinomas spreads horizontally through the skin, but eventually may thicken and grow downward, invading deeper tissues.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: UV is an abbreviation for ultraviolet radiation that is released by the sun
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Both UVA and UVB radiation can trigger skin cancers.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Once The lesion of a cutaneous melanomas thickens and deepens in the skin, it becomes difficult to treat, and the survival rate is low.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancers originating from melanocytes are called cutaneous melanomas.
True
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ contained melanocytes
A) Epidermis
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ vascular
B), C), Dermis and Subcutaneous Layer
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ mostly epithelial tissue
A) Epidermis
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
____ contains fibroblast
B) Dermis
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ arrector pili muscle
B) Dermis
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
____ contains adipose tissue
B), C), Dermis and Subcutaenous Layer
what are 2 ways to increase thermal energy of an object or area?
1) add energy using a heating system
2) do work on area or object
What is eczema related to?
asthma
How are eczema and asthma related to one another?
Eczema and asthma are linked to inflammation often caused by a strong reaction to environmental allergens. In fact, eczema is a risk factor for developing asthma later in life.
The integumentary system is a __________ that have many structures.
system of organs
What structures are included in the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicle, and arrector pili muscle
_____ is the major portion of the integumentary system.
Skin
The skin is in 2 layers:
epidermis and dermis
What is the 3rd layer of the skin called?
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
What can the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer sometimes be referred to as rather than a layer of the skin?
a layer beneath the skin
The skin contains some of all four tissues of tissue but the majority of the skin is _____ and _____ tissue.
epithelial and connective
“derm” and “cutaneous” both mean
skin
Your skin is considered an _______.
organ
Skin is sometimes referred to as _________.
cutaneous membrane
what is the body’s largest organ by weight
skin
The thickness of skin varies from ____mm to ____mm depending on the part of the body the skin covers, age of a person, and a person’s sex.
.5 mm to 4 mm
Where do you think the skin is the thinnest and the thickest?
The skin is the thinnest on the eyelids and the thickest and the palms of hands and soles of feet.
organ
an organ is a group of tissues that perform specific function(s)
dermatology
the study involved with the diagnosing and treatment of skin disorders
biopsy
a biopsy is the removal of tissue from the body for examination
epidermal derivatives
structure/organs that develop from the epidermis
examples of epidermal derivatives
hair, nails, glands
and part of the skin that has more ________ applied to it will grow/develop thicker skin.
pressure
what is the physiology of the integumentary system?
to protect the body by acting as a barrier against external factors and elements
What type of barrier(s) does the integumentary system act as?
physical barrier, pathogen barrier, environmental barrier (UV radiation, wind)
What is a second reasoning behind the physiology of the integumentary system?
Helps regulate body temperature - sweat glands, adipose, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, shivering (voluntary muscles)
What are more reasoning behind the physiology of the integumentary system?
prevents water loss
contains (houses) nerve receptors to sense stimuli like touch, pain, temperature
synthesize Vit D when certain cells are exposed to UV radiation
Excrete waste through sweat
Immune response (there are cells in your skin that help you fight infections)
the thickness of skin depends on…
part of body it covers
age of person
person’s sex
Anatomy of Skin:
Epidermis (most superficial layer)
Dermis
Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
not a true layer of your skin but often mentioned with the other 2 layers of the skin
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
Epidermis is composed mostly of __________ but contains other tissues as well.
epithelial tissue
Most cells are _________ and epidermis is _________
squamous, stratified
Thickness of the epidermis varies:
a. Only _____mm thick on the eyelids
b. ____ - ____ mm thick on the palms and the soles of the feet
.5 mm, 1.5-2.3 mm
superficial cells in epidermis - _______ ________ __________ epitheal cells
keratinized stratified squamous
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
epidermis has nerve endings sensitive to __________
pressure/touch
Cells in the lower layers of the epidermis are living because those cells receive more ______ from __________
nutrients, blood diffusing from dermis to lower epidermis.
Functions of the epidermis include:
a. Prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
b. Keeps out pathogens and allergens
c. Protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics)
d. Produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
e. Touch sensations
Epidermis can have how many distinct individual layers?
5, although most areas are only 4 layers
What are the 5 layers of epidermis? And which four are the most common?
most common:
1. stratum corneum - most superficial layer
2. stratum germinativum (basale)- deepest layer and cells can reproduce
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
extra:
5. stratum lucidium —- mostly absent but is found in areas of thicker skin
Important cells in the epidermis:
a. Keratinocytes
b. Melanocytes
c. Langerhans cells
d. Merkel cells
cells that produce keratin
keratinocytes
What percent of epidermis is keratinocytes
90%
cells that produce melanin
melanocytes
what percent of epidermis is melanocytes
8%
cells that aid immune system for skin and are easily damaged by UV radiation
Langerhans cells
mechanoreceptors that sense touch
Merkel cells
Merkel cells are
mechanoreceptors
The dermis contains all 4 types of tissues, but is composed mostly of _________ tissue.
connective
Connective tissues that makes up the dermis is dense connective tissue that includes _________ and ______.
tough collagen fibers, elastic fibers
Factors that affect the color of your skin
genetics, environmental factors, nutrition, disease or disorders, blood circulation
How do genetics affect the color of your skin?
the type and amount of melanin you make (eumelanin or pheomelanin)
How do environmental factors affect the color of your skin?
(Weather), UV, cold, wind
How does nutrition affect the color of your skin?
B-carotene, a chemical pigment found in some yellow vegetables, that can give the skin and orange to yellow color
How do diseases/disorders affect the color of your skin?
Jaundice, Albinism, and Vitiligo
a condition in which a yellowish color to skin is caused by the release of bilirubin in the epidermis
jaundice
the inherited inability to produce melanin
albinism
a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of the sin resulting in irregular white spots/patches.
vitiligo
How does blood circulation affect the color of your skin?
Cyanosis, reddish to pinkish skin color caused in lighter complexion skin due to oxygen rich blood which is red showing through epidermis
a condition in which a bluish skin color is caused by poor oxygen amounts in blood
cyanosis
a pigment you produce that gives your skin, hair, and iris of the eye color
melanin
What is melanin produced by?
cells called melanocytes inside organelles called melanosomes.
Everyone, no matter the darkness of their skin have approximately the same amount of __________ in their epidermis.
melanocytes
Some people’s melanocytes simply produce more melanin to make their skin _____________.
darker
Melanin is produced in response to the skin’s exposure to __________
UV rays
What is produced to protect us from the UV rays?
Melanin
How many types of melanin do people produce?
2
Eumelanin
brown to black pigment
Pheomelanin
reddish to yellow pigment
What type of melanin do tanner or darker people produce?
eumelanin
What type of melanin do fair or lighter people produce?
pheomelanin
Melanin is a ________!
protein
Everyone has the same amount of melanin in their skin, some people just ___________.
produce more
During most of the year, _______ per week in the sunlight with the hands, arms, and face exposed meets the body’s needs for production of vitamin D.
an hour
During most of the year, an hour per week is the sunlight with the hands, arms, and face exposed meets the body’s needs for production of ______________
vitamin D
Acute overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is called a ____________
sunburn
Sunburns can be ___ or ___ degree burns.
1st, 2nd
hard keratinized epidermal cells over surface of fingers and toes
nails
Nails are what type of epithelial cells?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
What is the function of hair?
protection and insulation
What is hair composed of?
dead keratinized epidermal cells, but the cells were once living cells in the hair root.
a) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
Location of hair
Hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle, hair bulge
Hair stem cells originate in the hair bulge and then hair develops and grows from a group of _____________ at bottom the hair follicle.
epidermal (epithelial) cells
__________ at the base provides much of the nutrients
capillary
Color of hair is primarily due to _________
melanin
a tube-like depression in the skin from which hair develops
hair follicle
Function of glands
secrete various substances
what is the scientific name for oil gland
sebaceous gland
Sebaceous glands are :
connected to hair follicles
absent in palms and soles
produce sebum that moistens hair, waterproofs and softens skin, and inhibits bacterial growth.
What is the scientific name for sweat gland
sudoriferous gland
Sudoriferous glands…
produce sweat to regulate body temperature, and carry wastes to the surface of skin
What is the different between apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands?
Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin.
_______ and _________ are specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete milk and ear wax (cerumen).
Mammary glands, ceruminous glands
Mammary glands and ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands that ___________ and __________
secrete milk, ear wax (cerumen)
Does sweat itself stink? If so, why? If not, what is the cause behind the smell?
Sweat itself doesn’t stink! Rather, the bacteria on your skin metabolizes and produces a smell.
Most numerous sweat gland, activated when there is elevated body temperature caused by environmental heat or physical exercise.
Eccrine sweat gland
Where are eccrine sweat glands common?
in the forehead, neck, and back
Sweat is mostly ________ carried to the surface through a duct to a pore.
water
initially activated later in life due to increased hormones at puberty
apocrine sweat glands
When do apocrine sweat glands produce sweat?
when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain (also when you’re hot)
Where are apocrine sweat glands most numerous?
in the groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
Apocrine sweat glands have a higher composition of ______.
fat
ridges on the superficial surface of the skin of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes.
epidermal ridges (reason for your fingerprints)
Epidermal ridges are created by a layer in the dermis called the ________ _________.
dermal papillae
____________ are small in size, but they collect very accurate information when touched.
receptors
Receptors may sense ________, _________, _________, ________, or _________.
pain, temperature, pressure, friction, stretch
____________- respond to each kind of information . This helps provide the body with a full picture of what is touching the skin.
unique receptors
sense temperature. They do this by changing their level of activity
thermoreceptors
If the temperature becomes colder, thermoreceptors that sense cold will be ____________. The ones that sense heat will be ___________.
more active, less active
sense pain, but maybe not pain in the way a person normally thinks about it. We think of different types of pain related to a cut or burn, but these can’t tell one from the other. They only detect damage to skin cells.
Nociceptors
While a person might think about pain as being different for a burn versus a cut, ________ get similar information in both cases.
nociceptors
sense contact with the skin. These receptors are mechanical, which means they feel physical change. The change could be when an object presses firmly or just brushed against the skin.
mechanoreceptors
thermo
heat
noci
to harm
ceptor
receptor
mechano
machine
___________ Is the only layer that can go through mitosis
stratum basale
In most areas of your body, the epidermis does not have the ______________ layer.
stratum lucidiu
The ____________ separates the epidermis from the dermis.
basement membrane
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