Integumentary System Test Flashcards
1
Q
A deficiency of a skin protein called __________ sets the stage for developing allergies
A
filaggrin
2
Q
filaggrin is a large _______ that binds to __________ that fill the __________ that make up the outermost layer of the skin, the _________.
A
protein, keratin proteins, scaly cells, epidermis
3
Q
In healthy skin, filaggrin is broken down, releasing, ________ that rise to the __________ of the skin
A
amino acids, surface
4
Q
When amino acids rise to the surface, they block ______ from leaving so it keeps the skin _________
A
water, moist
5
Q
The wetness and tight packing of the epidermal cells keeps out __________, ___________, and __________________
A
irritants, disease causing organisms, substances that trigger allergic reactions
6
Q
When the epidermis is dry and cracked due to deficient filaggrin, ________ can enter and reach __________
A
allergens, deeper skin layers
7
Q
In deeper skin layers, allergens encounter and activate
A
immune system cells
8
Q
signal inflammation
A
immune system cells
9
Q
inflammation signaled by immune system cells may result in
A
eczema
10
Q
Inhaling the same allergens that once crossed the broken skin provokes an _____________ in the airways, causing _________
A
immune response, asthma
11
Q
Even those who don have a dry skin type can experience those telltale effects of _________, _______, and _________.
A
irritation, flakes, redness
12
Q
the winter weather brings with it a natural lack of ________ in the air due to __________ levels falling.
A
moisture, humidity
13
Q
dryness and flakes can also come from _________
A
indoor heating
14
Q
To stay moisturized, we should choose skin products that promote a strong ________
A
skin barrier
15
Q
The skin barrier is what keeps __________ in and things like __________ out
A
moisture, free radicals and pollutants
16
Q
when the skin barrier is weakened from the ______________ in the air, it becomes harder for you to maintain that ________________
A
dryness, natural hydration
17
Q
Hydrating ingredients include…
A
avocado oil
coconut oil
Shea butter
18
Q
Avocado oil, Coconut oil, and Shea butter all have _______ and _______ properties
A
hydrating
antioxidant
19
Q
Avocado oil, Coconut oil, and Shea butter work to __________ and __________ the appearance of the skin
A
nourish, soften
20
Q
you should moisturize your face, hands, lips how often?
A
daily: morning and night, hands more often
21
Q
What does washing our hands do?
A
dries them out
22
Q
You should ________ to stay hydrated.
A
drink water
23
Q
What is something you can use to stay hydrated?
A
a humidifier
24
Q
What is something you should limit to stay better hydrated?
A
hot shower time
25
when outside in cold, dry, windy weather, wear a ________ with _________
sunscreen, moisturizer
26
Always choose a sunscreen that has an SPF of _________, is ___________, and is ____________
15 or higher, broad spectrum, water/sweat resistant
27
broad spectrum means...
protects from both UVA and UVB rays
28
Reapply sunscreen every _____ hours
2
29
How soon before going into the sun should you apply sunscreen?
30 mins
30
sunscreens also help _________ and ____________ growths
premature aging, pre-cancerous
31
lips have no 1) ______, 2) ______, 3) ______, so they _______ and _______ easily
Melanin, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, dry out, sunburn
32
sunscreen is a __________ formulated with unique chemical components to absorb __________
lotion, UV light
33
when sunscreen is applied, the chemical molecules form an ____, ________ on the skin that protects from _________
invisible, protective layer, penetrating UV rays
34
all sunscreens protect from _____ but only ___________ protect from _______ and _______
UVB rays, "broad spectrum", UVA and UVB
35
UVB rays affect ____________ and are responsible for __________
top layers of skin, burning
36
UVA rays affect ____________ and are responsible for __________
lower layers of skin, aging
37
SPF stands for
sun protection factor
38
SPF was developed to describe the _______________ that a sunscreen provides
amount of protection
39
No sunscreen can protect your skin from _________ but a higher SPF number indicates protection from _______
all UV rays, more rays
40
The __________ tells you how much longer you can stay outside without burning while wearing sunscreen product as opposed to not wearing any sun protection product
SPF number
41
SPF measure "_________"
time to burn
42
SPF number X time to burn w/o sun protection =
time to burn with wearing sunscreen
43
SPF values __________ be added
cannot
44
reapplication only ensures that you have your ________ outside
original time
45
environmental factors that increase the intensity of UV rays and put you at a greater risk for skin damage
higher altitudes
low altitudes
clear, sunny days
mid-day sunshine (10am-3pm)
46
If you have sensitive skin look for sunscreens that are...
PABA free
noncomedogenic/oil free
sprays, lotions, gels
47
by week ____ a developing fetus has all of the baby's hair follicle formed
22
48
When a developing fetus is 22 weeks all of the baby's hair follicles are formed. At this stage there are _______ hair follicles on the body.
5 million
49
We do not _______anytime during the course of our lives
generate new hair follicles
50
our scalp _______ as we grow
expands
51
hair has 2 distinct structure:
follicle
shaft
52
resides in the skin
follicle
53
visible above the scalp
shaft
54
the hair follicle is a tunnel-like segment of the ______ that extends down into the __________
epidermis, dermis
55
base of the follicle
papilla
56
the papilla contains __________, or ______, that nourish the cells
capillaries, tiny blood vessels
57
the living part of the hair is the very bottom part surrounding the ______, called the _______
papilla, bulb
58
the cells of the bulb divide every ___-____ hours, which is faster than ___________
23-72, any other cell in the body
59
how many sheaths surround the hair follicle?
2
60
What are the sheaths called the surround the follicle?
inner sheath, outer sheath
61
The sheaths _________ and ________ the growing hair shaft
protect, form
62
the inner sheath follows the hair shaft and ends below the opening of a _________ and sometimes an _________.
sebaceous gland, apocrine gland
63
the outer sheath continues all the way up to the _______
gland
64
what is attached below the gland to a fibrous layer around the outer sheath?
arrector pili muscle
65
When the arrector pili muscle contracts, it causes the hair to stand up which also causes the ______________ to secrete oil.
sebaceous glands
66
When the _____________ contracts, it causes the hair to stand up which also causes the sebaceous glands to secrete oil.
arrector pili muscle
67
The sebaceous gland is vital because it produces _____ which ______ the hair and skin
sebum, conditions
68
after puberty, our body produces _______ _____ but as we age we begin to make ________ __________
more sebum, less sebum
69
________ have far less sebum production than ____ do as they age
women, men
70
The hair shaft is made of hard protein called _________ and is made in _________
keratin, three layers
71
Keratin is actually _________ so the hair that you see is not a __________.
dead, living structure
72
What are the 3 layers of the hair?
medulla
cortex
cuticle
73
the ______ makes up the majority of the hair shaft
cortex
74
the ______ is a tightly formed structure made of shingle-like overlapping scales
cuticle
75
The _______ and _______ hold the hairs pigment
medulla, cortex
76
The medulla and cortex hold the hairs __________
pigment
77
Hair grows ____-_____ mm per day and ______ in per year?
.3-.4, 6
78
hair growth or shedding is not dependent upon _______ or _______
season, cyclical
79
three stages of growth and shedding
anagen
catogen
telogen
80
anagen is the _________ phase of the hair
active
81
during the anagen phase, the cells in the root of the hair are dividing ________
rapidly
82
during the anagen phase, new hair is formed and pushes the ________ (a hair that has stopped growing or is no longer in the anagen phase) up the follicle and the club hair will eventually ________
club hair, fall out
83
hair stopped growing and not in anagen phase anymore
club hair
84
some people have a difficulty growing their hair beyond a certain length because they have a ________________
short active phase of growth
85
people with long hair have a _____________
long active phase of growth
86
hair on _____, _______, _______ and _______ have a short active phase of growth
arms
legs
eyebrow
eyelashes
87
hair on the arms, legs, eyebrows, and eyelashes, all have ____ - ____ days of growth
30-45
88
catagen stage is the ___________ where about ___ of hairs are in this phase at a time
transition, 3%
89
the catagen stage lasts for how many weeks?
2-3
90
In the catagen stage, growth stops and the outer root sheath shrinks and attaches to the root of the hair. This is the formation of what is known as __________-
club hair
91
_______ is the resting phase of hair growth
telogen
92
The telogen phase usually accounts for what percent of all hairs?
6% to 8%
93
The telogen phase lasts for about _____ days for hairs o the scalp and longer for hairs on the _______, _______, ________, and _________.
100, arms, legs, eyebrows, eyelashes
94
During the telogen phase, the _________ is completely at rest and the _________ is completely formed.
hair follicle, club hair
95
Pulling out a hair in the telogen phase will reveal a ____, ____, ____, _____ material at the root.
solid, hard, dry white
96
About ____ to ____ telogen hairs are shed normally each day.
25 to 100
97
Human hair grows everywhere on the body except for the __________ and the __________, the _______ and the ________ apart from __________.
soles of the feet, palms of the hands, lips, eyelids, eyelashes
98
Like skin, hair is a _________ _______, _________ Epithelium made of multi-layeres, flat cells with overlying _______ (a protein), whose rope-like ________ provide structure and strength to the hair shaft.
stratified squamous, keratinized, keratin, filaments
99
The body has different types of hair, including ________ and _________, each with its own type of cellular construction.
vellus hair, androgenic hair
100
The different cellular construction in hair gives the hair its own unique characteristics, serving specific purposes, mainly ________ and ________.
warmth, protection
101
___________ is a short, fine, light-colored, and barely noticeable hair that develops on most of a person's body from his/her childhood.
vellus hair
102
When does vellus hair start developing on a person's body?
childhood
103
Exceptions to the growth of vellus hair includes the ___, the back of the ____, the palm of the _____, the sole of the ____, some external _____ areas, the ______ and _____ tissue.
lips, ear, hand, foot, genital, navel, scar
104
The density of hair - the number of _________ per ______ of skin - varies from person to person.
hair follicles, area
105
Each strand of vellus hair is usually less than ____ mm (1/13 inch) long and the ________ is not connected to a sebaceous gland.
2, follicle
106
Vellus hair is most easily observed on ________ and _________.
children, adult women
107
Vellus hair is most easily observed on children and adult women because...
they generally have less terminal hair to obscure it
108
Vellus hair is not _________ hair.
lanugo
109
a much thicker type of hair that, in human forms, normally grows only on fetuses
lanugo hair
110
Vellus hair is differentiated from the more visible _________ or __________ hair.
terminal, adrogenic
111
When does terminal and adrogenic hair usually develop?
only during and after puberty, usually to a greater extent on men than it does on women
112
Vellus hair replaces ________________ on a human fetus at 36 to 40 weeks of ____________.
lanugo hair, gestation
113
The growth cycle of vellus hair is different from the growth cycle of ________________.
terminal hair.
114
At puberty, the ________ causes much of the vellus hair to turn into terminal hair and stimulates the growth of new hair in the armpit and the pubic area.
androgen hormone
115
In men, the change in vellus hair during puberty occurs where?
on the face and the body
116
Vellus hair can also grow in single or in small patches that usually grown ___ to ___ cm and like to persist how long?
2, 4, throughout a lifetime
117
the terminal hair that grows during and after puberty
androgenic hair
118
the growth of androgenic hair is related tot he level of ________ in the individual
androgens
119
what are androgens?
male hormones
120
______ have more androgenic hair than ________
men, women
121
what is terminal hair?
thick, long, and dark hair
122
during puberty, the increase in adrogenic hormone levels cause vellus hair to be replaces with ________ in certain parts of the body.
terminal hair
123
The parts of the body that were originally vellus hair and are replaced with terminal hair during puberty, will have different lives of sensitivity to androgens, primarily of the _________ family.
testosterone
124
The pubic area is particularly sensitive to such hormones, as are the armpits which will develop __________
axillary hair
125
Pubic and axillary hair will develop on both men and women, to the extent that such hair qualifies as ____________, although males will develop terminal hair in more areas.
secondary sex characteristic
126
This includes ___________, ___________, and _____ and ________, and __________. Human females on the other hand can be expected to retain more of the vellus hair.
facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg and arm hair, foot air
127
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): hair follicles DO regenerate throughout our lives.
False, DON"T
128
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The hair follicle can be found in both the dermis and EPIDERMIS.
True
129
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): By week TWENTY TWO, a developing fetus has all of its hair follicles.
True
130
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct):The hair shaft is made of a hard protein called MELANIN.
False, KERATIN
131
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The hair you see on your head or arms IS A living structure.
False, ISN"T A
132
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): There are about 5 MILLION hair follicles on the human body.
True
133
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The scalp on our head EXPANDS as we age.
True
134
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair is actually in 3 LAYERS with the inner portion being called the medulla.
True
135
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): At the base of the hair follicle there is a layer called the LAMELLAE which contained capillaries that nourish the cells that make up hair.
False, PAPILLA
136
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair cells in the bulb of the hair REPLICATE faster than any other cell in the body.
True
137
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Terminal hairs are thick, long, and dark compared to VELLUS HAIR.
True
138
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Men tend to have LESS adrogenic hair than women.
False, MORE
139
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): ANDROGENIC HAIR is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty.
True
140
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Vellus hair IS lunago
False, ISN'T
141
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Human hair DOES NOT grow on the soles of your feet and lips.
True
142
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair is composed of keratinized SIMPLE squamous epithelium.
STRATIFIED
143
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The living part of hair is in the BULB.
True
144
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): SEBUM moistens and conditions your hair and skin.
True
145
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): CATAGEN is the active phase of hair and hair growth.
False, ANAGEN
146
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair growth in humans IS seasonal.
False, IS NOT
147
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair in all areas of your body grows the SAME lengths.
False, DIFFERENT
148
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): About THREE HUNDRED telogen hairs are shed each day.
False, 25-100
149
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): In the TELOGEN phase, growth of hair begins to stop and club hair starts to form.
False, CATAGEN
150
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Hair on the arms, legs, and eyebrows have VERY LONG anagen phases.
False, VERY SHORT
151
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Scalp hair stays in the ANAGEN phase around 2-6 years.
True
152
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): Every person's hair stays in the anagen phase THE SAME amount of time.
False, A DIFFERENT
153
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): The ANDROGEN HORMONE causes much of the vellus to turn into terminal hair.
True
154
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): There are 2 structures attached to the hair follicle, A SEBACEOUS GLAND and an arrector pili muscle.
True
155
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): MEN tend to have more adrogenic hair than women.
True
156
TRUE OR FALSE (and correct): TELOGEN is the resting phase of hair.
True
157
Skin cancer can arise from _____________ or from _________
non-pigmented epithelial cells, melanocytes
158
__ in ____ people develop skin cancers
1 in 5
159
_______ are the most common type of skin cancer and they tend to grow very _______
cutaneous carcinomas, slowly
160
carcinomas come from ________ that are exposed to __________
epithelial cells, sunlight
161
carcinomas most likely affect what type of people?
light-skinned over 40
162
cutaneous carcinomas can be treated by
radiation treatment
surgical removal
163
carcinomas are _______, _____, _______ growths that are __ and _____ on the skin
hard, dry, scaly, flat, raised
164
melanoma is pigmented with ______
melanin
165
melanoma comes from _______ and ________ types of radiation, which are different wavelengths of _______ and cause ________
UVA, UVB, energy, mutations
166
melanomas arise from what types of exposure times?
short, intermittent
167
melanomas affects people of what age?
any age
168
melanomas can be seen where on the body?
back or limbs
169
where do melanomas arise from?
normal appearing skin or from a mole
170
Melanomas eventually may thicken and grow deeper, invading _______
tissues
171
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancer can arise from non-pigmented epithelial cells or from melanocytes.
True
172
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancers originating from epithelial cells are called cutaneous melanomas.
False
173
TRUE OR FALSE: Statistically, 1 in 3 people in the US will develop skin cancer.
False
174
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous carcinomas are the most common type of skin cancer, and they tend to grow very rapidly.
False
175
TRUE OR FALSE: Light-skinned people over the age of 40 who are regularly exposed to sunlight are more prone to developing cutaneous melanomas.
False
176
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous melanomas are pigmented with melanin.
True
177
TRUE OR FALSE: Melanomas usually have irregular rather than smooth outlines and may feel bumpy.
True
178
TRUE OR FALSE: People of any age may develop cutaneous melanomas.
True
179
TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous melanomas are caused by short, intermittent exposure to high intensity sunlight.
True
180
TRUE OR FALSE: The lesion of cutaneous carcinomas spreads horizontally through the skin, but eventually may thicken and grow downward, invading deeper tissues.
False
181
TRUE OR FALSE: UV is an abbreviation for ultraviolet radiation that is released by the sun
True
182
TRUE OR FALSE: Both UVA and UVB radiation can trigger skin cancers.
True
183
TRUE OR FALSE: Once The lesion of a cutaneous melanomas thickens and deepens in the skin, it becomes difficult to treat, and the survival rate is low.
True
184
TRUE OR FALSE: Skin cancers originating from melanocytes are called cutaneous melanomas.
True
185
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ contained melanocytes
A) Epidermis
186
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ vascular
B), C), Dermis and Subcutaneous Layer
187
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ mostly epithelial tissue
A) Epidermis
188
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
____ contains fibroblast
B) Dermis
189
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
___ arrector pili muscle
B) Dermis
190
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous Layer
____ contains adipose tissue
B), C), Dermis and Subcutaenous Layer
191
what are 2 ways to increase thermal energy of an object or area?
1) add energy using a heating system
2) do work on area or object
192
What is eczema related to?
asthma
193
How are eczema and asthma related to one another?
Eczema and asthma are linked to inflammation often caused by a strong reaction to environmental allergens. In fact, eczema is a risk factor for developing asthma later in life.
194
The integumentary system is a __________ that have many structures.
system of organs
195
What structures are included in the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicle, and arrector pili muscle
196
_____ is the major portion of the integumentary system.
Skin
197
The skin is in 2 layers:
epidermis and dermis
198
What is the 3rd layer of the skin called?
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
199
What can the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer sometimes be referred to as rather than a layer of the skin?
a layer beneath the skin
200
The skin contains some of all four tissues of tissue but the majority of the skin is _____ and _____ tissue.
epithelial and connective
201
"derm" and "cutaneous" both mean
skin
202
Your skin is considered an _______.
organ
203
Skin is sometimes referred to as _________.
cutaneous membrane
204
what is the body's largest organ by weight
skin
205
The thickness of skin varies from ____mm to ____mm depending on the part of the body the skin covers, age of a person, and a person's sex.
.5 mm to 4 mm
206
Where do you think the skin is the thinnest and the thickest?
The skin is the thinnest on the eyelids and the thickest and the palms of hands and soles of feet.
207
organ
an organ is a group of tissues that perform specific function(s)
208
dermatology
the study involved with the diagnosing and treatment of skin disorders
209
biopsy
a biopsy is the removal of tissue from the body for examination
210
epidermal derivatives
structure/organs that develop from the epidermis
211
examples of epidermal derivatives
hair, nails, glands
212
and part of the skin that has more ________ applied to it will grow/develop thicker skin.
pressure
213
what is the physiology of the integumentary system?
to protect the body by acting as a barrier against external factors and elements
214
What type of barrier(s) does the integumentary system act as?
physical barrier, pathogen barrier, environmental barrier (UV radiation, wind)
215
What is a second reasoning behind the physiology of the integumentary system?
Helps regulate body temperature - sweat glands, adipose, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, shivering (voluntary muscles)
216
What are more reasoning behind the physiology of the integumentary system?
prevents water loss
contains (houses) nerve receptors to sense stimuli like touch, pain, temperature
synthesize Vit D when certain cells are exposed to UV radiation
Excrete waste through sweat
Immune response (there are cells in your skin that help you fight infections)
217
the thickness of skin depends on...
part of body it covers
age of person
person's sex
218
Anatomy of Skin:
Epidermis (most superficial layer)
Dermis
Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
219
not a true layer of your skin but often mentioned with the other 2 layers of the skin
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
220
Epidermis is composed mostly of __________ but contains other tissues as well.
epithelial tissue
221
Most cells are _________ and epidermis is _________
squamous, stratified
222
Thickness of the epidermis varies:
a. Only _____mm thick on the eyelids
b. ____ - ____ mm thick on the palms and the soles of the feet
.5 mm, 1.5-2.3 mm
223
superficial cells in epidermis - _______ ________ __________ epitheal cells
keratinized stratified squamous
224
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
225
epidermis has nerve endings sensitive to __________
pressure/touch
226
Cells in the lower layers of the epidermis are living because those cells receive more ______ from __________
nutrients, blood diffusing from dermis to lower epidermis.
227
Functions of the epidermis include:
a. Prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
b. Keeps out pathogens and allergens
c. Protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics)
d. Produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
e. Touch sensations
228
Epidermis can have how many distinct individual layers?
5, although most areas are only 4 layers
229
What are the 5 layers of epidermis? And which four are the most common?
most common:
1. stratum corneum - most superficial layer
2. stratum germinativum (basale)- deepest layer and cells can reproduce
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
extra:
5. stratum lucidium ---- mostly absent but is found in areas of thicker skin
230
Important cells in the epidermis:
a. Keratinocytes
b. Melanocytes
c. Langerhans cells
d. Merkel cells
231
cells that produce keratin
keratinocytes
232
What percent of epidermis is keratinocytes
90%
233
cells that produce melanin
melanocytes
234
what percent of epidermis is melanocytes
8%
235
cells that aid immune system for skin and are easily damaged by UV radiation
Langerhans cells
236
mechanoreceptors that sense touch
Merkel cells
237
Merkel cells are
mechanoreceptors
238
The dermis contains all 4 types of tissues, but is composed mostly of _________ tissue.
connective
239
Connective tissues that makes up the dermis is dense connective tissue that includes _________ and ______.
tough collagen fibers, elastic fibers
240
Factors that affect the color of your skin
genetics, environmental factors, nutrition, disease or disorders, blood circulation
241
How do genetics affect the color of your skin?
the type and amount of melanin you make (eumelanin or pheomelanin)
242
How do environmental factors affect the color of your skin?
(Weather), UV, cold, wind
243
How does nutrition affect the color of your skin?
B-carotene, a chemical pigment found in some yellow vegetables, that can give the skin and orange to yellow color
244
How do diseases/disorders affect the color of your skin?
Jaundice, Albinism, and Vitiligo
245
a condition in which a yellowish color to skin is caused by the release of bilirubin in the epidermis
jaundice
246
the inherited inability to produce melanin
albinism
247
a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of the sin resulting in irregular white spots/patches.
vitiligo
248
How does blood circulation affect the color of your skin?
Cyanosis, reddish to pinkish skin color caused in lighter complexion skin due to oxygen rich blood which is red showing through epidermis
249
a condition in which a bluish skin color is caused by poor oxygen amounts in blood
cyanosis
250
a pigment you produce that gives your skin, hair, and iris of the eye color
melanin
251
What is melanin produced by?
cells called melanocytes inside organelles called melanosomes.
252
Everyone, no matter the darkness of their skin have approximately the same amount of __________ in their epidermis.
melanocytes
253
Some people's melanocytes simply produce more melanin to make their skin _____________.
darker
254
Melanin is produced in response to the skin's exposure to __________
UV rays
255
What is produced to protect us from the UV rays?
Melanin
256
How many types of melanin do people produce?
2
257
Eumelanin
brown to black pigment
258
Pheomelanin
reddish to yellow pigment
259
What type of melanin do tanner or darker people produce?
eumelanin
260
What type of melanin do fair or lighter people produce?
pheomelanin
261
Melanin is a ________!
protein
262
Everyone has the same amount of melanin in their skin, some people just ___________.
produce more
263
During most of the year, _______ per week in the sunlight with the hands, arms, and face exposed meets the body's needs for production of vitamin D.
an hour
264
During most of the year, an hour per week is the sunlight with the hands, arms, and face exposed meets the body's needs for production of ______________
vitamin D
265
Acute overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is called a ____________
sunburn
266
Sunburns can be ___ or ___ degree burns.
1st, 2nd
267
hard keratinized epidermal cells over surface of fingers and toes
nails
268
Nails are what type of epithelial cells?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
269
What is the function of hair?
protection and insulation
270
What is hair composed of?
dead keratinized epidermal cells, but the cells were once living cells in the hair root.
a) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
271
Location of hair
Hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle, hair bulge
272
Hair stem cells originate in the hair bulge and then hair develops and grows from a group of _____________ at bottom the hair follicle.
epidermal (epithelial) cells
273
__________ at the base provides much of the nutrients
capillary
274
Color of hair is primarily due to _________
melanin
275
a tube-like depression in the skin from which hair develops
hair follicle
276
Function of glands
secrete various substances
277
what is the scientific name for oil gland
sebaceous gland
278
Sebaceous glands are :
connected to hair follicles
absent in palms and soles
produce sebum that moistens hair, waterproofs and softens skin, and inhibits bacterial growth.
279
What is the scientific name for sweat gland
sudoriferous gland
280
Sudoriferous glands...
produce sweat to regulate body temperature, and carry wastes to the surface of skin
281
What is the different between apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands?
Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin's surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin.
282
_______ and _________ are specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete milk and ear wax (cerumen).
Mammary glands, ceruminous glands
283
Mammary glands and ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands that ___________ and __________
secrete milk, ear wax (cerumen)
284
Does sweat itself stink? If so, why? If not, what is the cause behind the smell?
Sweat itself doesn't stink! Rather, the bacteria on your skin metabolizes and produces a smell.
285
Most numerous sweat gland, activated when there is elevated body temperature caused by environmental heat or physical exercise.
Eccrine sweat gland
286
Where are eccrine sweat glands common?
in the forehead, neck, and back
287
Sweat is mostly ________ carried to the surface through a duct to a pore.
water
288
initially activated later in life due to increased hormones at puberty
apocrine sweat glands
289
When do apocrine sweat glands produce sweat?
when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain (also when you're hot)
290
Where are apocrine sweat glands most numerous?
in the groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
291
Apocrine sweat glands have a higher composition of ______.
fat
292
ridges on the superficial surface of the skin of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes.
epidermal ridges (reason for your fingerprints)
293
Epidermal ridges are created by a layer in the dermis called the ________ _________.
dermal papillae
294
____________ are small in size, but they collect very accurate information when touched.
receptors
295
Receptors may sense ________, _________, _________, ________, or _________.
pain, temperature, pressure, friction, stretch
296
____________- respond to each kind of information . This helps provide the body with a full picture of what is touching the skin.
unique receptors
297
sense temperature. They do this by changing their level of activity
thermoreceptors
298
If the temperature becomes colder, thermoreceptors that sense cold will be ____________. The ones that sense heat will be ___________.
more active, less active
299
sense pain, but maybe not pain in the way a person normally thinks about it. We think of different types of pain related to a cut or burn, but these can't tell one from the other. They only detect damage to skin cells.
Nociceptors
300
While a person might think about pain as being different for a burn versus a cut, ________ get similar information in both cases.
nociceptors
301
sense contact with the skin. These receptors are mechanical, which means they feel physical change. The change could be when an object presses firmly or just brushed against the skin.
mechanoreceptors
302
thermo
heat
303
noci
to harm
304
ceptor
receptor
305
mechano
machine
306
___________ Is the only layer that can go through mitosis
stratum basale
307
In most areas of your body, the epidermis does not have the ______________ layer.
stratum lucidiu
308
The ____________ separates the epidermis from the dermis.
basement membrane
309
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