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Anatomy Honors > First Semester Biology Final > Flashcards

First Semester Biology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?

A

There is no nuclei or membrane-bound organelles in a prokaryotic cell.

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3
Q

What cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains and stores DNA

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm surround and suspends the nucleus.

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6
Q

What organelles breaks down other organelles and other cells?

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

What plant organelle stores salt and water?

A

Vacuole

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8
Q

What structure makes proteins and where are these made?

A

Ribosomes make protein. They are made in the nucleus.

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9
Q

What organelle modifies and sorts and packages protein?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q

What organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Which two organelles are involved in energy conversion?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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12
Q

How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is flexible while the cell wall is rigid.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

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14
Q

Where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?

A

Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. Most of the are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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15
Q

What is the largest structure in a plant cell?

A

Vacuole

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16
Q

The movement of materials across the cell membrane WITHOUT using cellular energy

A

passive transport

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17
Q

the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high concentration of that substance to areas of low concentration

A

diffusion

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18
Q

molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules).

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

A

osmosis

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20
Q

the concentration of solute molecules is the same inside the cell and in the solution

A

isotonic solution

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21
Q

the solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypertonic solution

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22
Q

the solution has a lower solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypotonic solution

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23
Q

the movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low to high concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY

A

active transport

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24
Q

a vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food, or complete cells can be surrounded by, and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell (Bulk Transport)

A

Endocytosis

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25
Q

the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles

A

Exocytosis

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26
Q

large solids are taken into the cell

A

Phagocytosis

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27
Q

large liquids are taken into the cell

A

Pinocytosis

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28
Q

group of similar cells that perform a similar function

A

tissue

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29
Q

group of tissues that work together

A

organ

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30
Q

group of organs that work together to complete the system

A

organ system

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31
Q

to respond, a cell must have ________ that the signal binds to.

A

receptor

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32
Q

what must be true for diffusion to occur?

A
  1. Equilibrium must be reached
  2. Permeability - molecules can pass through
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33
Q

what term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?

34
Q

the compound used by cells to store and release energy in order for the cell to do mechanical functions

A

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

35
Q

What does ATP consist of?

A
  1. an adenine
  2. a 5 carbon sugar called ribose
  3. 3 phosphate groups
36
Q

light absorbing molecules

A

photosynthetic pigments

37
Q

photosynthetic organelles

A

chloroplasts

38
Q

chlorophyll pigments are located where

A

the thylakoid membranes

39
Q

how do electrons become energized

A

chlorophyll absorbs light energy

40
Q

a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule

A

electron carrier - (NADP+)

41
Q

uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen (products).

A

photosynthesis

42
Q

Photosynthesis Balanced Equation:

A

6CO2+6H2O using the energy from sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll —–> C6H12O6+6O2

43
Q

first set of reactions, takes place in the thylakoid membranes

A

light dependent reactions

44
Q

uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP & NADPH.

A

Light Dependent Reaction

45
Q

movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.

A

Chemiosmosis

46
Q

ATP and NADPH from LDR is used to create high-energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast. Known as the Calvin Cycle.

A

Light Independent Reactions

47
Q

Where do organisms get the energy the need?

48
Q

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

49
Q

How do cells prefer to us energy?

A

Cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to produce other compounds like ATP.

50
Q

Cellular Respiration Formula:

A

C6H12O6+6O2—–>6CO2+6H2O+ATP (energy)

51
Q

Stages of cellular respiration in order:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
52
Q

pathways that require oxygen (in air)

A

aerobic pathways

53
Q

glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

54
Q

What is the ATP net gain from glycolysis?

55
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, and 2 NADH

56
Q

pyruvic acid is broken down in to carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps; oxygen must be present

A

Krebs Cycle

57
Q

Every time the electrons move, H+ ions move. Thus, ATP is created by ____________.

A

ATP synthase

58
Q

What is the total amount of ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?

A

ATP = 38% total energy in glucose
1. 2 from glycolysis
2. 2 from Krebs Cycle
3. 34 from Electron Transport Chain

59
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

fermentation

60
Q

_____ is regenerated so glycolysis can continue

61
Q

What are the two forms of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
  2. Alcoholic Fermentation
62
Q

The larger a cell become, there’s a greater demand on the _____.

63
Q

As a cell becomes larger, the volume increases _______ than the surface area.

64
Q

If it becomes too large the cell membrane can’t get rid of ______ or bring in enough materials like _____.

A

waste; food

65
Q

Cell division solves the problem of getting too big because the cell divides into ____ ___________ ______.

A

two daughter cells

66
Q

The cell copies our _____ so each cell has the exact same amount of original _____.

67
Q

the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent; no exchange of DNA information so no genetic diversity

A

asexual reproduction

68
Q

provides genetic diversity for the continuation of a species

A

sexual reproduction

69
Q

List the 3 phases of Interphase:

A
  1. G1 Phase - Cell Growth
  2. S Phase - DNA Reproduction
  3. G2 Phase - Preparing for Cell Division (mitosis)
69
Q

List the 3 phases of Interphase:

A
  1. G1 Phase - Cell Growth
  2. S Phase - DNA Reproduction
  3. G2 Phase - Preparing for Cell Division (mitosis)
70
Q

Cells increase in Growth, centrioles are duplicated

71
Q

new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes replicate

72
Q

This is the process of mitosis, chromosomes are now visible

A

M Phase: Cell Division

73
Q

Mitosis - Phases in order:

A
  1. Prophase - longest phase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
74
Q

longest phase of mitosis, duplicated strands attach at the center, the centrioles begin to move same or similar chromosomes to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubules) connect between them

75
Q

the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres

76
Q

the spindle helps the sister chromatids separate the centromere

77
Q

the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible

78
Q

Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts

A

Animal cells

79
Q

Cytokinesis: a cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall

A

Plant Cells

80
Q

STUDY THE DIAGRAMS AND DRAW THEM OUT

A

YOU ARE DOING AWESOME

Anatomy Honors (39 decks)

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