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Anatomy Honors > Anatomy Quiz: Skeletal System + Long Bone > Flashcards

Anatomy Quiz: Skeletal System + Long Bone Flashcards

1
Q

The __________ is composed of bone, bone marrow, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of?

A

bone, bone marrow, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

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3
Q

Bone tissue is often called

A

ossecous tissue

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4
Q

Functions of bone include:

A

support and protection for the body and body organs
gives the body a framework
mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
blood cell production (red one marrow) —- hematopoiesis
energy storage (yellow bone marrow)

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5
Q

Bones are classified by their ______

A

shapes

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6
Q

what are 5 examples of long bones?

A

femur, humerus, radius, metacarpals, phalanxes

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7
Q

these bones are what type? femur, humerus, radius, metacarpals, phalanxes

A

long bones

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8
Q

what are 2 examples of short bones?

A

carpals and tarsals

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9
Q

carpals and tarsals are what types of bones

A

short bones

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10
Q

what are 5 examples of flat bones?

A

bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, ribs

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11
Q

Bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, and ribs are examples of what types of bone?

A

flat bones

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12
Q

what are 2 examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial bones

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13
Q

vertebrae and facial bones are examples of what bones

A

irregular bones

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14
Q

what is 1 example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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15
Q

patella is what type of bone

A

sesamoid

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16
Q

what are examples of wormian/sutural bones

A

bones between or within the sutures

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17
Q

bones between or within the sutures are what types of bones

A

wormian/sutural bones

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18
Q

long bones have how many distinct areas/regions

A

3

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19
Q

shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves

A

diaphysis

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20
Q

Diaphysis -

A

shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves

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21
Q

ends, contains red bone marrow

A

epiphysis

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22
Q

Epiphysis -

A

ends, contains red bone marrow

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23
Q

small area between epiphysis and diaphysis, usually where growth plates are found

A

metaphysis

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24
Q

Metaphysis -

A

small area between epiphysis and diaphysis, usually where growth plates are found

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25
Q

_______________ covers each end of long bones (epiphysis)

A

articular cartilage

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26
Q

Articular cartilage provides _____________________.

A

protection and reduces friction in joint

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27
Q

_____________ covers the bone

A

Periosteum

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28
Q

Periosteum contains

A

osteoblasts

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29
Q

Periosteum aids ___________ in diameter, repair, and nutrition

A

bones growth

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30
Q

Periosteum are points of attachments for ________ and ________.

A

tendons, ligaments

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31
Q

another name for marrow cavity

A

medullary cavity

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32
Q

Marrow/Medullary cavity contains ___________, __________, and ___________.

A

yellow bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves

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33
Q

lining of medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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34
Q

Endosteum contains _______________ and ________________.

A

osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells

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35
Q

what contains osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells?

A

endosteum

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36
Q

Bone is considered what type of tissue?

A

connective

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37
Q

Bone is considered connective tissue. What are some characteristics of this?

A

1) Vascular
2) Contains fewer cells compared to matrix
3) Has a nerve supply
4) Collagen fibers within bone give strength along with the minerals Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

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38
Q

What makes bones hard?

A

calcium and phosphorus

39
Q

intercellular material generally needed for strength.

40
Q

Bone matrix is composed of:

A

a) 25% water
b) 25% protein fibers
c) 50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus)

41
Q

Four types of cells found in boneL

A
  1. osteoprogenitor cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
42
Q

osteoprogenitor cells:

A

a. unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
b. can undergo mitosis
c. eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts

43
Q

osteoblasts:

A

a. bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
b. make collagen and elastin protein fibers
c. will mature and turn into osteocytes

44
Q

osteocytes:

A

a. referred to as mature bone cells
b. maintains bone tissue (exchanges nutrients with blood)

45
Q

osteoclasts:

A

a. bone cells that breaks down bone (reabsorption of bone)
b. functions in remodeling and repair of bone

46
Q

another name for compact bone

A

cortical bone

47
Q

Compact bone (Cortical bone):

A

a. dense bone found covering all bones
b. diaphysis of long bones all this type
c. function is to support, strengthen, and protect

48
Q

another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

49
Q

Spongy bone (Cancellous bone) consists of what?

A

numerous bony plates called trabeculae

50
Q

___________ between bony plates help reduce bone’s weight and gives place for red bone marrow

51
Q

___________ found in epiphysis area of long bones

A

Spongy bone

52
Q

Red bone marrow function ——

A

Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)

53
Q

Spongy bone is covered on outside with ___________

A

compact bone

54
Q

does compact bone have a lot of spaces in it?

55
Q

does spongy bone have a lot of spaces in it?

56
Q

bone formation

A

ossification

57
Q

the hardening of bone

A

calcification (mineralization)

58
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

59
Q

the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place

A

remodeling

60
Q

hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone

61
Q

a bone disorder in which bone density decreases

A

osteoporosis

62
Q

any break in a bone

63
Q

an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bones that turns to bone and allows bones to lengthen

A

growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

64
Q

another name for bone formation

A

ossification

65
Q

Ossification begins in what week of embryonic life?

A

6th or 7th

66
Q

Bones of an infant are soft and then begins to calcify as bones absorb __________

67
Q

Bone forms either from cartilage called ____________ (which is most common) or from fibrous tissue which is called ________________________.

A

endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification

68
Q

Examples of intramembranous ossification

A

cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle

69
Q

examples of endochondral ossification

A

all other bones in body

70
Q

endochondral means

A

insides cartilage

71
Q

growth in length stops about the age of ______ of but growth in diameter may continue how long?

A

18-25, throughout your life

72
Q

Factors that influence growth include: (3)

A

1) Nutrition (calcium and vitamin D)
2) Hormone secretions
3) Physical exercise

73
Q

___________ is the only mechanism for bones to lenthen

A

epiphyseal plate

74
Q

Growth in diameter of bones is controlled by the ________

A

periosteum

75
Q

Hormones that control growth throughout your life: (3)

A

1) hGH (Human growth hormone)
2) Estrogen and testosterone
3) Thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones

76
Q

what hormone is responsible for growth of all your tissues from the day you are born?

A

hGH (Human growth hormone)

77
Q

Is bone repair fast or slow

78
Q

what is bone repair slow?

A

bone cells reproduce and grow slowly, there are fewer bone cells within bone tissue, calcium and phosphorus needed to repair harden and strengthen the bone is deposited into bone slowly, and slow healing b/c blood supply is decreased during injury due to inflammation

79
Q

Cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are even harder to heal because they are _________ tissues and have ________ cell replication rates.

A

avascular, slow

80
Q

_________________ (weight bearing activities) help increase strength through increased deposition of minerals and production of collagen fibers

A

bone stresses

81
Q

without ________ normal bone remodeling slows down

82
Q

without exercise ___________ declines

A

bone density

83
Q

Exercise (walking, jogging, weightlifting) help build and retain _____________

A

bone mass/density

84
Q

Loss of minerals from matrix

A

demineralization

85
Q

Demineralization mainly begins due to decrease in _____________

A

sex hormones

86
Q

Aging and bone tissue ages per sex:

A

Women - 30; Men - 50s to 60s

87
Q

what does demineralization lead to

A

osteoporosis

88
Q

Bone stores more than _____ of all calcium in the body

89
Q

Too much calcium in the body can ___________ and too little can _____________.

A

stop the heart, cause breathing to stop

90
Q

Blood calcium too high —–___________——-_________—–_______.

A

thyroid gland, calcitonin, osteoblasts

91
Q

Blood calcium too low ——-________——_______——______

A

Parathyroid gland, PTH, osteoclasts

92
Q

Calcium’s functions in the body: (5)

A

1) Strengthen bones
2) Muscle contraction
3) Nerve impulses
4) Blood clotting
5) Serve as co-enzymes

Anatomy Honors (39 decks)

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