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Anatomy Honors > Anatomy Ch 4 Test > Flashcards

Anatomy Ch 4 Test Flashcards

1
Q

chemical element that shuts down metabolism if present in the body.

A

arsenic

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2
Q

gradual poisoning from contact with pesticides or environmental pollutants

A

arsenicosis

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3
Q

how does arsenic damage the body:

A

binding to bonds between sulfur atoms in proteins

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4
Q

the effects on metabolism largely stem from _____________________________ that helps the breakdown products of glucose enter the _____________

A

impairment of an enzyme, mitochondria

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5
Q

in the mitochondria, energy is __________ and cells ___________

A

extracted, run out of energy

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6
Q

exome

A

the part of the genome that encodes protein

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7
Q

exome is ___ of a genome

A

1.5%

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8
Q

example of exome:

A

autism (diagnostic odyssey)

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9
Q

replicating DNA is an __________ process

A

error-prone

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10
Q

cells can ____ newly replicated DNA, __________, and __ some of them

A

scan, detect mutations, correct

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11
Q

when DNA repair fails, health suffers with _______ because cells cannot ________, causing ________

A

cancer, remove it, mutations

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12
Q

when DNA repair fails, health suffers with cancer because cells cannot remove it causing mutations
EFFECTS:

A

recessive mutation
dominant mutation

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13
Q

recessive mutation:

A

present in both copies of effected genes to cause symptoms

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14
Q

dominant mutation:

A

present in only one gene copy

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15
Q

DNA replication is the process of…

A

making copies of DNA

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16
Q

WHEN does DNA replication happen

A

S phase of the cell cycle

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17
Q

WHERE does DNA replication happen

A

nucleus

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18
Q

WHY does DNA replication happen

A

each new cell produced at the end of the cell cycle has their own complete set of DNA

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19
Q

DNA…

A

a large molecule in the nucleus of a cell that contains all the genetic information of an organism

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20
Q

DNA is a…

A

double helix that has to be straightened out because it cannot be copied in double helix

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds help keep ___________

A

DNA in double helix shape

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22
Q

double helix means…

A

double stranded or twisted up DNA

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23
Q

DNA is in _______ that each have a _______.

A

segments, gene

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24
Q

DNA has _________-_____________ genes

A

20,000-30,000; SPECIFICALLY 20,500

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25
Q

genes are responsible for making specific _________

A

proteins

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26
Q

each ______ has the information to make _____ its whole life only when it needs to.

A

gene, one specific thing

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27
Q

when a gene is on it shows a ________

A

trait

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28
Q

can be turned on and off, can get turned on and off to make a ________

A

specific protein

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29
Q

we can be carriers of diseases but not reflect that _______

A

trait

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30
Q

DNA has ________(_______________)

A

sugar (backbone of DNA)

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31
Q

all information on our body is…

A

DNA

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32
Q

DNA stands for…

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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33
Q

How long does DNA Replication take

A

60-90 mins

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34
Q

DNA is copied at ________ times

A

different

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35
Q

genome:

A

entire genetic code/DNA strand

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36
Q

DNA is composed of smaller unites called ______________

A

nucleotides

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37
Q

there are ____ nucleotide pairs in cells

A

3 billion

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38
Q

the nucleotides in DNA cells contain _____

A

1 phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, 4 nitrogen bases

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39
Q

nitrogen bases (amino acids)

A

adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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40
Q

before DNA can be replicated, it first must _________ from its __________

A

unzip, double helix shape

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41
Q

5 enzymes that function in the process of DNA replication

A

helicase
primase
DNA polymerase
exonuclease
DNA ligase

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42
Q

breaks Hydrogen bonds and unzips DNA double helix

A

helicase

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43
Q

DNA is split into__________

A

2 individual strands

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44
Q

DNA template

A

the original strands of DNA that you build the new strand off of

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45
Q

after helicase unzips DNA, the formation is called…

A

replication fork

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46
Q

enzyme that sequences short RNA called primers

A

primase

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47
Q

primase binds to…

A

primer

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48
Q

primer(_____): _____________

A

RNA - starting point

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49
Q

binds to primer and makes the DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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50
Q

Primase tells ______ where to start DNA replication

A

polymerase

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51
Q

exonuclease:

A

removes primers (RNA) from both strands of DNA

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52
Q

polymerase comes back after________

A

exonuclease

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53
Q

ligase:

A

gives up all new segments

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54
Q

ligase ________ the strands

A

seals up

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55
Q

DNA can only be copied from _________ directions

A

5’ to 3’

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56
Q

5’ to 3’ determines how each strand of DNA is ___________

A

replicated

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57
Q

when DNA is made from 5’ to 3’

A

leading strand

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58
Q

DNA is _________ with ______

A

one new strand, one old strand

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59
Q

DNA is one new strand with one old strand.
This is called…

A

semi-conservative

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60
Q

has to be done in segments because of its opposite directions (3’ to 5’)

A

lagging strand

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61
Q

Lagging strand has to be done in segments because of this opposite directions (3’ to 5’)
what are these segments called?

A

okazki fragments

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62
Q

replication of lagging strand in segments from 5’ to 3’ and on a 3’ to 5’ strand

A

okaski fragments

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63
Q

complementary strand

A

wherever there’s an A, T, and a G, C

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64
Q

complementary strand is when an _________ is being __________

A

old strand, made with new

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65
Q

RNA:

A

much smaller molecule and contains the information of a single gene

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66
Q

RNA is a __________ molecule

A

single stranded

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67
Q

RNA is composed of smaller units called…

A

nucleotides

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68
Q

the nucleotides in RNA contain the nitrogen bases…

A

adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine

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69
Q

RNA comes in 3 forms, each with a different function…

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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70
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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71
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

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72
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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73
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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74
Q

DNA is ________ and RNA is ________

A

double stranded, single stranded

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75
Q

the strands of DNA are composed of the sugar _____________ but in RNA the strands are composed of the sugar ________

A

deoxyribose, ribose

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76
Q

DNA contains…
RNA contains…

A

all genetic info
info from only one gene on the DNA

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77
Q

the process of synthesizing proteins from information in the genes on your DNA

A

protein synthesis

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78
Q

Protein synthesis takes _______ from ___ to make _______ to make _______.

A

info, DNA, mRNA, proteins

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79
Q

proteins are different________

A

lengths

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80
Q

protein synthesis is the process of…

A

creating proteins

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81
Q

another word for protein synthesis

A

gene expression

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82
Q

Proteins are really responsible for your _______

A

traits

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83
Q

_______ are really responsible for your traits

A

proteins

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84
Q

no protein made…

A

no trait

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85
Q

how many proteins are in the body

A

more than 10,000

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86
Q

2 stages of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

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87
Q

when a gene is turned on it…

A

produces a protein

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88
Q

when a gene is turned on it produces a protein
this is called…

A

being expressed

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89
Q

when a gene is expressed, we will make that _________ and display that _______

A

protein, trait

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90
Q

when a gene is copied, it shows a trait for that gene

A

gene expression

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91
Q

you only show a trait if…

A

the gene makes the protein it codes for

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92
Q

your genetic traits are because of _______

A

proteins being made by genes

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93
Q

making a mRNA strand from a gene on the DNA in the nucleus

A

transcription

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94
Q

synthesizing a protein from info on the mRNA at the ribosome with the help of tRNA and rRNA

A

translation

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95
Q

transcription happens in the…

A

nucleus

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96
Q

translation happens in the…

A

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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97
Q

WHY does protein synthesis happen?

A

to make proteins: they get old, have to make new, have to grow to do reactions and fight diseases

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98
Q

WHEN does protein synthesis happen?

A

ALL THE TIME: interphase

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99
Q

in transcription, __________ is being made from a _________ on the DNA

A

mRNA, single gene

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100
Q

___________ breaks the H+ bonds between nucleotides to unzip the DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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101
Q

the RNA polymerase uncoils a _____ and only ______ is copied

A

little section, one side

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102
Q

Now, a new ________ is made by _______

A

mRNA strand, RNA polymerase

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103
Q

mRNA contains codes, which are…

A

instructions to assemble a specific protein

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104
Q

when mRNA is made, DNA…

A

winds back into double helix shape

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105
Q

Translation:

A

transfer of amino acids

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106
Q

translation: the mRNA _______ to _______

A

swam, ribosomes

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107
Q

the mRNA attach to a part made of _______

A

rRNA

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108
Q

mRNA leaves the ________ and binds to a ______ in the _______

A

nucleus, ribosome, cytoplams

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109
Q

mRNA builds a chain of _____ that make ________

A

amino acids, proteins

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110
Q

codon:

A

code for amino acid

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111
Q

first codon ____ is read by __________

A

AUG, tRNA’s, anticodon

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112
Q

tRNA is the molecule that…

A

carries amino acids

113
Q

anticodon:

A

exact opposite of codons

114
Q

anticodons fly in to attach to…

A

tRNA

115
Q

tRNA is made from _________ and is naturally in the _________

A

original DNA strands, cytoplasm

116
Q

the first codon drops off _____________ carried by ________

A

specific amino acid, tRNA

117
Q

the amino acids are dropped off at the ___________

A

ribosomes

118
Q

second codon is read ________ by another different _________ and another _________ is dropped off

A

AAC, tRNA, amino acid

119
Q

after dropped off and attached to ribosome, the amino acid forms a ___________ to hold them together

A

peptide bond

120
Q

concerning codons: 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc… are read until ______________

A

stop codon reached

121
Q

each codon represents an _____________ except for _______

A

amino acid, stop codon

122
Q

stop codons are special molecules that binds to ______ and tells molecules to _________

A

tRNA, detach from ribosomes

123
Q

________ reads stop codons

A

no tRNA

124
Q

stop codon is __ and translation of mRNA _________

A

read, stops

125
Q

protein is______

A

finished being assembled

126
Q

after the stop, the codon is _______________

A

chopped into original pieces

127
Q

start codon

A

AUG

128
Q

how many stop codons are there?

A

3

129
Q

what are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

130
Q

the smallest mRNA has ________ codons

A

50

131
Q

normal mRNA have ________ codons

A

200-500

132
Q

what is the range of the amount of codons that mRNA can have

A

50-2000

133
Q

codon:

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides

134
Q

gene is a code for _________

A

one protein

135
Q

amino acids bonded together in long chains to form a protein

A

polypeptide chains

136
Q

bonds formed between the amino acids holding them in proper sequence

A

peptide bond

137
Q

____________ encompasses the many chemical reactions occurring within a cell

A

cellular metabolism

138
Q

the many chemical reactions occurring with a cell store and release ________ used to carry out cellular functions

A

energy

139
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Enzymes are not consumed in their function to alter reactions

A

true

140
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: glycolysis is an aerobic stage of cellular respiration

A

false, anaerobic

141
Q

Enzymes have a ose suffix in their name

A

false, “ase”

142
Q

within a cell thousands of chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in homeostasis

A

true

143
Q

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers

A

true

144
Q

enzymes in the body become denatured at temperature around 35 C

A

False, 55 C

145
Q

all enzymes work at the same rate on their substrates

A

false

146
Q

a single specific enzyme can work on many different substrates

A

false, one

147
Q

glycolysis takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

false, cytoplasm

148
Q

in the electron transport chain stages of cellular respiration ADP is converted back into ATP with help of ATP synthase

A

True

149
Q

The production (making)o of proteins is a(n)

A

anabolic reaction

150
Q

a net gain of _________ ATP is produced as a result of glycolysis

A

2

151
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide (CO2) produced>

A

Kreb’s cycle

152
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced

A

Electron Transport chain

153
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration are pyruvic molecules produced

A

glycolysis

154
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration is heat and water produced

A

electron transport chain

155
Q

in which stage of cellular respiration is ATP produced

A

all of the above; glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain

156
Q

citric acid cycle is another name for which stage of cellular respiration

A

kreb’s cycle

157
Q

Enzymes function by lowering the ______________ energy of chemical reactions

A

activation energy

158
Q

a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions is called a ________

A

metabolic pathway

159
Q

an enzyme’s _____________ allows it to recognize its substrate

A

conformation

160
Q

a reaction that uses oxygen is called _______

A

aerobic

161
Q

any substance that binds to an enzyme is called a(n)

A

substrate

162
Q

list 3 circumstances/factors that may denature an enzyme:

A

a) exposure to heat
b) radiation
c) electricity

163
Q

Write the chemical equation that is used to explain cellular respiration below:

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —-> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat

164
Q

list the stages of the cell cycle and tell what happens at each stage:

A

G1 - Gap Stage 1 - Growth
S - Synthesis - DNA Replication
G2 - Gap Stage 2 - Growth/organelles duplicatory
M - Mitosis/Meiosis - separating chromosomes to create 2/4 nuclei
C - Cytokinesis - split cytoplasm to create 2/4 daughter cells

165
Q

The first 3 stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) are often referred to as

A

interphase

166
Q

List 3 cells in the body do not complete the cell cycle

A

skeletal muscle cells, neurons, red blood cells, also gametes

167
Q

List 3 possible outcomes for a cell that enters the cell cycle

A

a) the cell specializes (differentiation)
b) the cell dies (apoptosis)
c) continues through cell cycle

168
Q

split cytoplasm to create 2/4 daughter cells, (fifth stage of the cell cycle)

A

cytokinesis

169
Q

the new cells made at the end of the cell cycle

A

daughter cells

170
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Human cells continually divide forever

A

FALSE, because telomeres shorten until they can’t be used anymore

171
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All cells completely go through the Cell Cycle

A

FALSE, some die and some specialize

172
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the S phase of the Cell Cycle, the cytoplasm of the cell splits creating 2 new cells

A

FALSE

173
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If the cell cycle happens too fast cancer could possibly be a result

A

TRUE

174
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Groups of special proteins (enzymes) regulate the progression of the Cell Cycle at different times in the cell cycle called checkpoints

A

TRUE

175
Q

List the 4 stages of Mitosis in order

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

176
Q

In what stage do the chromosomes line up at the equator

A

metaphase

177
Q

in what stage to chromosomes first appear

A

prophase

178
Q

in what stage does the nuclear membrane disappear

A

prophase

179
Q

in which stage are 2 identical diploid nuclei produced

A

telophase

180
Q

at what stage are the sister chromatid ripped apart

A

anaphase

181
Q

what term is used to describe a human.nuclei cell have 2 sets of chromosomes

A

diploid (2n)

182
Q

the nucleus, in what type of cell, does mitosis happen

A

somatic cell

183
Q

as a result of mitosis in humans, the nuclei produced have how many chromomes

A

46

184
Q

what 3 things happen in meiosis that do not happen in mitosis? put them in the correct sequence they happen

A

a) synapsis
b) crossing over
c) skipping interphase/replication

185
Q

what is the name of the specific type of cell that undergoes meiosis

A

Germ cell

186
Q

the scientific name for sex cell is

A

gamete

187
Q

how many nuclei are produced as a result of meiosis

A

4

188
Q

how many chromosomes are in a nucleus produced as a result of meiosis

A

23

189
Q

as the result of meiosis the 4 nuclei produced only have one set of chromosomes. If a cell’s nucleus only has one set of chromosomes, that is referred to as

A

haploid

190
Q

as a result of ________, 36 ATP and other products are produced from one molecule of glucose and oxygen

A

cellular respiration

191
Q

The process that changes glucose into pyruvate is called

A

glycolysis

192
Q

as a result of fermentation, ________ and _______ are produced

A

2 ATP, lactic acid

193
Q

______________ are produced int he first 2 stages of cellular respiration and they are used to allow hydrogen ions to pass from inner membrane of the mitochondria to the outer membrane

A

electrons

194
Q

hydrogen ions need to pass through __________ to signal it to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP

A

ATP synthase

195
Q

what are the reactants of cellular respiration

A

glucose, oxygen

196
Q

what are the 2 electron carriers produced in the 2nd stage of cellular respiration

A

NADH, FADH2

197
Q

List the 3 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

198
Q

end products of glycolysis

A

(4) 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP net gain, H+ electrons, NADH

199
Q

end products of kreb’s

A

(6) 2 ATP, citric acid, electrons, NADH, FADH2, CO2

200
Q

end products of ETC

A

(3) 24-32 ATP, H2O, heat

201
Q

What is the final electron exceptor in the ETC/cellular respiration

A

O2/Oxygen

202
Q

When there is not enough oxygen, only 2 ATP and lactic acid are made

A

fermentation

203
Q

Lactic acid builds up in a (usually muscle) cell, we want it to get excreted, it’ll go to the liver, which turns it back into ________, can happen between ___ and ___ minutes

A

glucose, 60, 90

204
Q

The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA to go with the original DNA templates is called

A

DNA polymerase

205
Q

The nitrogen bases in DNA are

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

206
Q

The enzyme that removes the RNA primers form the newly created DNA strands is called

A

exonuclease

207
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The entire DNA is copied at the same time

A

FALSE, different times

208
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the bonds that hold the DNA in its double helix shape are peptide bonds

A

FALSE, hydrogen bonds

209
Q

When DNA is replicated the DNA Is unwound and the copied. Write the complimentary DNA strand to AATTAATTCCGG:

A

TTAATTAAGGCC

210
Q

Any strand with ‘T’ in it is automatically…

A

DNA

211
Q

Why does DNA replication have to happen in cells as they progress through the cell cycle

A

because the two new daughter cells have to have their own complete cells of DNA

212
Q

How does DNA polymerase know where to start?

A

the RNA primers

213
Q

what does the letter itself stand for on a DNA template

A

the letter itself is a nitrogen base

214
Q

what does the letter, strand, and dash stand for on a DNA template

A

the letter, strand, and dash is a phosphate group; deoxyribose

215
Q

How many nucleotide parties make up your DNA?

A

3 billion

216
Q

____________ on your DNA contain the information to make proteins

A

Genes

217
Q

Another name given for protein synthesis is

A

gene expression

218
Q

Protein synthesis in two steps: correct order and brief description!

A

Transcription - when a gene is copied into mRNA
Translation - tRNA reads mRNA to make a protein

219
Q

The enzyme ____________ breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA nucleotides which in turn unzips the DNA so mRNA can be made

A

RNA polymerase

220
Q

A sequence of 3 nucleotides such as (AAG) is called a

A

codon

221
Q

the building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

222
Q

where does protein synthesis take place?

A

transcription - nucleus
translation - at ribozomes in cytoplasm

223
Q

the started codon on mRNA for making a protein is

A

AUG

224
Q

the enzyme responsible for creating the mRNA strand is

A

RNA polymerase

225
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains the information to make a specific

A

protein

226
Q

The complementary RNA strand to AATTAATTCCGG is

A

UUAAUUAAGGCC

227
Q

Proteins are composed of long chains of

A

amino acids

228
Q

List 3 differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
DNA has ‘T’’s, RNA has ‘U’’s
DNA is your entire genome, RNA is a single gene
DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is ribose

229
Q

How many different amino acids make up our proteins?

A

20

230
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

GLYCOLYSIS

A

D) Cellular Respiration

231
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

SYNAPSIS

A

B) Meiosis

232
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

Citric Acid

A

D) Cellular Respiration

233
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

PROPHASE

A

A) Mitosis

234
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

EXONUCLEASE

A

C) DNA Replication

235
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

DIPLOID NUCLEI

A

A) Mitosis

236
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

AMINO ACIDS

A

E) Protein Synthesis

237
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

HELICASE

A

C) DNA Replication

238
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

RNA Polymerase

A

E) Protein Synthesis

239
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

GLUCOSE

A

D) Cellular Respiration

240
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

CROSSING OVER

A

B) Meiosis (PROPHASE I)

241
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

METAPHASE II

A

B) Meiosis

242
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

PYRUVIC ACID

A

D) Cellular Respiration

243
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

CODONS

A

E) Protein Synthesis

244
Q

In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis

tRNA

A

E) Protein Synthesis

245
Q

large molecules in the nucleus of a cell that contains all the genetic information of an organism

A

DNA

246
Q

much smaller molecules and contains the information of a single gene

A

RNA

247
Q

what are the bases of RNA

A

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

248
Q

is mRNA small enough to escape the nucleus or no?

A

yes. it leaves the nucleus and relays information to the ribosomes

249
Q

there are over ________ different proteins in the body

A

100,000

250
Q

a sequence of three nucleotides

A

codon

251
Q

a segment of DNA, code for one protein

A

gene

252
Q

A, T, G, C, ——- “U” replace “t” if RNA

A

nitrogen bases

253
Q

consists of a nitrogen base, sugar, and a phosphate group
A) 3 billion of these pairs compose the DNA strand

A

nucleotides

254
Q

bonds that hold nucleotides together and hold DNA in a double helix

A

hydrogen bonds

255
Q

example of an amino acid

A

CCG is proline

256
Q

amino acids bonded together in long chains to form proteins

A

polypeptide chains

257
Q

bonds formed between the amino acids holding them in proper sequence

A

peptide bonds

258
Q

a sequence of three nucleotides (codon) attached to a tRNA

A

anticodon

259
Q

DNA must ______ at one specific section (gene)

A

uncoil

260
Q

mRNA contains information to _________ a specific protein

A

assemble

261
Q

Whenn mRNA is made DNA winds back in ___________

A

double helix

262
Q

within a cell many thousands of chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in _____________. a constant supply of energy is needed for these reactions and enzymes to control the rate at which these reactions take place

A

homeostasix

263
Q

Examples of chemical reactions:

A

cellular respiration, protein synthesis, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, DNA replication

264
Q

the set of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in cells

A

cellular metabolism

265
Q

the energy for cellular metabolism comes from the _________ of nutrient molecules from the diet

A

chemical bonds

266
Q

build large molecules from small ones
dehydration synthesis is an example

A

anabolic reaction

267
Q

breakdown of larger molecules to small ones
hydrolysis is an example

A

catabolic reaction

268
Q

examples of anabolic reactions by dehydration synthesis

A

the production of glycogen (polysaccharide)
the production of triglycerides
the production of proteins
the production of nucleic acids

269
Q

examples of catabolic reactions by hydrolysis

A

breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides (digestion)
breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
breakdown of proteins into amino acids
breakdown of nucleic acids into sugar, phosphoric acid, and purine/pyrimidine

270
Q

splits DNA strand in half

A

Helicase

271
Q

single stranded binding proteins

A

SSB

272
Q

starts the process of DNA replication by making RNA

A

primase

273
Q

aDDS bases, can only be Fe added from 5” to 3”

A

DNA Polymerase

274
Q

seals up the fragments of DNA in both strands

A

ligase

275
Q

removes all the RNA primers from both strands of DNA

A

exonuclease

276
Q

Explain the DNA complementary strand

A

Since DNA has two strands, every DNA sequence has a complementary sequence running parallel. In the complementary sequence, Adenine (A) is always paired with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) is always paired with Guanine (G).

277
Q

Semi-conservative

A

each strand of DNA serves as a template to make a new, complementary strand

278
Q

provides the acetyl group for energy synthesis in the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

279
Q

Acetyl CoA is created by ____________during cellular respiration and subsequently enters the Krebs cycle

A

pyruvate

Anatomy Honors (30 decks)

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