Skeletal System Flashcards
The skeletal system is composed of ________, _________, _________, and _______________.
bone, bone marrow, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Bone tissue is often called
osseous tissue
List 3 functions of the skeletal system - you cannot use protection and support
a) mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
b) energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
c) blood cell production (red bone marrow)
List 3 factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair:
nutrition (vit D and calcium)
hormone secretion
exercise
List 3 functions of calcium in the body other than for strong bones and teeth:
blood clotting
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
List 3 structures that are associated with the skeletal system other than bones
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
This is found covering the ends of long bones
articular cartilage
carpals and tarsals are classified as this type of bone
short
which bone cell functions to break down bone
osteoclasts
the shaft of a long bone is referred to as
diaphysis
the femur, radius, metatarsals, and humerus are all classified as __________
long bones
the inside of flat bones ad inside the ends of long bones contain
spongy bone with red bone marrow inside
the term used to describe the formation of bone is
ossification
which bone cell can undergo mitosis to create new bone cells
osteoprogenitors
the term used to describe a hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit is
foramen
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
bones that form from cartilage form by this process
endochondral ossification
TRUE OR FALSE: the outer lining of long bones is called periosteum and it contains osteoblasts
true
TRUE OR FALSE: if blood calcium gets too high the thyroid gland detects the deviation and produces calcitonin which will stimulate osteoblast activity to decrease the blood calcium
true
TRUE OR FALSE: bone is avascular
false
TRUE OR FALSE: growth plates, while active, are composed of cartilage
true
TRUE OR FALSE: cranial bones form by the process of endochondral ossification
false
***SHORT ANSWER: What happens when blood calcium gets too high?
The thyroid gland detects the deviation and produces calcitonin which will stimulate osteoblast activity to decrease the blood calcium.
What vital signs are checked before surgery can begin?
temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, pulse oximetry
What is the typical range of motion (ROM) of the knee?
0 degrees to 130 degrees
What is an anesthesiologist?
An anesthesiologist is a medical doctor specializing in anesthesia, pain management, and critical care medicine, ensuring patient safety and comfort during and after procedures, including surgeries.
Bones are classified by their ________
shapes
examples of long bones
femur, humerus, radius, metacarpals, phalanxes
examples of short bones
carpals and tarsals
examples of flat bones
bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, ribs
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
examples of sesamoid bones
patella
examples of wormian bones (sutural bones)
bones b/w or w/in the sutures
________ ave 3 distinct areas/regions
long bones
shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves
diaphysis
ends, contains red bone marrow
epiphysis
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis usually where growth plates are found
metaphysis
shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves
diaphysis
ends, contains red bone marrow
epiphysis
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis usually where growth plates are found
metaphysis
____________ covers each end of long bone (epiphysis)
articular cartilage
articular cartilage provides __________ and reduces __________ in joint
protection, friction
What covers bones?
periosteum
periosteum contains ___________
osteoblasts
what aids bones growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition?
periosteum
periosteum serves as points of attachments for __________- and ___________
tendons, ligaments
another name for marrow cavity
medullary cavity
marrow cavity contains what three things?
yellow bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves
lining of medullary cavity
endosteum
endosteum contains ___________ and _____________
osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells
bone is considered what tissue
connective
Bone is considered connective tissue.
1) vascular or avascular
2) contains more less cells compared to matrix?
3) has a ________ supply
vascular, less cells, nerve
________________ within bone give strength along with the minerals ____________ and ____________.
collagen fibers, calcium (ca), phosphorus (p)
intercellular material generally needed for strength
matrix
bone matrix is composed of
a)
b)
c)
25% water
25% protein fibers
50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus)
four types of cells found in bone:
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
can undergo mitosis
eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
make collagen and elastin protein fibers
will mature and turn into osteocytes
osteoblasts
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanged nutrients with blood)
osteocytes
bone cells that breaks down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
osteoclasts
another name for compact bone
cortical bone
does compact bone of a lot of spaces in it or not
no
another name for spongy bone
cancellous bone
does spongy bone have a lot of spaces in it or not
yes
dense bone found covering all bones
diaphysis of long bones all this type
function is to support, strengthen, and protect
compact bone
consists of numerous bony plates called trabeculae, spaces between bony plates help reduce bone’s weight and gives place for red bone marrow
spongy bone found in epiphysis area of long bones
red bone marrow function —– hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
spongy bone is covered on outside with compact bone
spongy bone
bone formation
ossification
the hardening of bone
calcification (mineralization)
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the bone
foramen
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
any break in a bone
fracture
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
another name for bone formation
ossification
ossification begins in what week of embryonic life?
6th/7th
bones of an infant are soft and then begin to ______ as bones absorb calcium
calcify
bone forms either from cartilage called ____________ (which is most common) or from fibrous tissue which is called ___________________.
endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossifcation
example of intramembranous ossifcation
cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle
endochondral ossification examples
all other bones in the body
inside cartilage
endochondral
growth in length of bones stops about what age and growth of diameter stops when?
18-25, may continue throughout lifetime
factors that influence bone growth include:
1)
2)
3)
nutrition (calcium and vitamin d)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
_____________ is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate
growth in diameter of bone is controlled by the _______
periosteum
hormones that control growth throughout your life:
1)
2)
3)
hGH (human growth hormone)
estrogen and testosterone
thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
which hormone is responsible for growth of all your issues from the day you are born?
hGH (human growth hormone)
is bone repair fast or slow
slow
why is bone repair slow?
bone cells reproduce and grow slowly
there are fewer bone cells within bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus needed to repair, harden , and strengthen the bone is deposited into bone slowly
slow healing b/c blood supply Is decreased during injury due to inflammation
why are cartilage, tendons, and ligaments even harder to heal than bones?
because they are avascular tissues and have slow cell replication rates
_____________ help increase strength through increased deposition of minerals and production of collagen fibers
bone stresses
without _________ normal bone remodeling slows down
exercise
without exercise, what declines?
bone density
exercise (walking, jogging, weightlifting) help build and retain ________________
bone mass/density
loss of minerals from matrix
demineralization
demineralization mainly begins due to decrease in
sex hormones
what age does aging and bone tissue loss begin in women, in men
20, 50s to 60s
demineralization leads to _____________-
osteoporosis
bones store more than _____ of all calcium in the body
99%
too much calcium in the blood can __________ and too little can cause ___________
stop the heart, breathing to stop
blood calcium too high —- _______——_______—-________
thyroid gland, calcitonin, osteoblasts
blood calcium too low —-________—-_______—-_____-
parathyroid gland, PTH, osteoclasts
calcium’s functions in the body
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
strengthen bones
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
blood clotting
serve as co-enzymes
scientific study of joints
arthrology
pain in joint
arthralgia
joint inflammation usually associated with pain
arthritis
the study of the motion of the human body
kinesiology
surgical replacements of joints
arthroplasty
displacement of the bone from the joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule
luxation (dislocation)
partial or incomplete dislocation
subluxation
saclike fluid-filled structures line with synovial membranes near a joint that secrete synovial fluid
bursae
branch of medicine that deals with the skeletal and muscular systems and their problems
orthopedics
a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope
arthroscopy (arthroscopic surgery)
a thin flexible fiberoptic scope which is introduced into a joint space through a small incision in order to carry out diagnostic and treatment procedures within the joint. An arthroscope is about the diameter of a drinking straw. it is fitted with a miniature camera, a light source and precision tools at the end of flexible tubes. an arthroscope can be used not only for diagnostic procedures but a wide range of surgical repairs, such as debridement, or cleaning, of a joint to remove bits of torn cartilage, ligament Reconstruction, and synovectomy (removal of the joint lining)
arthroscope
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
flexion
example of flexion
bending the knee
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
extension
example of extension
straightening the knee
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
dorsiflexion
dorsiflexion example
rocking back on one’s heels
movement at the ankle that moves the foot farther from the shin
plantar flexion
example of plantar flexion
walking or standing on one’s toes
a term sometimes used to describe the extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position; often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
hyperextension
example of hyperextension
bending the head back beyond the upright position
moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the lib.
abduction
example of abduction
spreading the fingers or toes
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
adduction
example of adduction
moving the fingers and toes closer together
moving a part around an axis
rotation
example of rotation
twisting the head from side to side
moving a part so that its end follows a circular parth
circumduction
circumduction example
moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
pronation
refers to body lying face down
pronation
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
supination
refers to the body lying face up
supine/supination
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
moving a part backward
retraction
retraction example
pulling the head backward
moving a part forward
protraction
protraction example
thrusting the head forward
raising a part
elevation
elevation example
shrugging the shoulders
lowering a part
depression
depression example
drooping the shoulders
movement of joint in one plane
monaxial
movement of joint in two planes
biaxial
movement of joint in three planes
triaxial
Bones are too rigid to bend without being damaged so _______ are needed for our bodies to move
joints
The scientific term for joint is
articulation
connective tissue form joints that hold bones together and allow movement (___________,___________,__________)
cartilage, ligaments, tendons
some joints do not allow movement
sutures
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing for movement
articulations (joints)
articulations are considered________ between bone and bone, cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bone.
points of contact
tightly fitted joints are usually stronger joints but those joints usually have _______________
restricted movements
loosely fitted joints are usually not as strong a joint, more movement but higher risk of ____________
dislocation
what is the loosest fitting joint in the body?
shoulder
factors that affect joint movement (LISTING QUESTION):
precise manner articulating bones fit together (tightness and shapes)
flexibility of the tissues that bind the bones together (muscles)
arrangement and position of the ligaments and tendons attaching to he bones
strength and tension of the joint ligaments
apposition of soft parts
carved out places in bones are called
knotches
ROM stands for
range of motion
what are structural classifications based on
anatomical characteristics
based on the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones that is called synovial (joint) cavity and the type of connective tissue that binds the bone together
structural classification of joints
functional classification of joints is based on
type of movement they permit
no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue —– (sutures)
fibrous
no synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage (intervertebral joints)
cartilaginous
synovial cavity present and bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments
synovial
fibrous joints example
sutures (#1 example basically only in the head)
cartilaginous joints example
intervertebral joints
synovial joints example
knee, elbow
structural joints:
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
functional classifcation
joint function.ability to move
no movement by joints
synarthrosis jionts
slightly moveable joints
amphiarthrosis joints
freely movable joints
diarthrosis joints
the name for the special cartilage in the knee
meniscus
LISTING ON TEST: FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: of joints
a) synarthrosis joints — no movement by joints
b) amphiarthrosis joints —- slightly movable joint
c) diarthrosis joints —- freely movable joints
synarthroses joints motion ability
immovable
a fibrous joint in which there is fusion
sutures
complete fusion of a joint (frontal bones)
synostosis
a fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (teeth)
gomphosisa
fibrous joint (also a case of synostosis)
epiphyseal plate
examples of synarthroses joints
sutures, gomphosis, epiphyseal plate
amphiarthrosis joints motion ability
slightly movable joints
examples of amphiarthrosis joints
distal articulation b/w tibia and fibula
joint between ribs and sternum
joints between vertebrae
joint between pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
diarthroses motion ability
freely movable joints
space that separates articulating bones
synovial cavity
reduces friction and helps absorb shock
articular cartilage (hyaline)
surround dirathrosis, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones
articular capsule
Articular capsule examples
fibrous capsule - outer layer - ligaments holds bones to bones, synovial membrane - inner layer - secretes synovial fluid
cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly
articular discs
True or False: articular discs are found in all diarthroses joints
false
Articular discs are found in knee (_________), hip (_______), and shoulder (________).
meniscus, acetabular labrum, glenoid labrum
Examples of diarthroses joints:
knee, shoulder hip, elbow, interphalangeal
What are the 6 types of diarthroses joints?
gliding/plane
hinge joint
pivot joint
condyloid joint
saddle joint
ball-and-socket joint
articulating surfaces of bones are usually flat
gliding/plane joint
movement is side to side and back and forth motion
gliding/plant joint
examples of gliding/plant joint
intercarpal and interarsal joints – b/w tarsals and carpals
sternocostal joints — b/w ribs and vertebra
sacroiliac joint - b/w sacrum and ilium of hip
convex curve of one bone fits the concave curve of the other
hinge joint
movement is primarily in a single plane – flexion, extension, hyperextension
hinge joint
examples of hinge joints
knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal jionts
a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulats within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament
pivot joint (trochoid)
primary movement is rotation
pivot joint
pivot joint 2 eamples
between atlas and axis
between head of radius and ulna
oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal joint)
movement is side to side and back and forth - flexions, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
condyloid joint
condyloid joint examples
radiocarpal joint - between radius and scaphoid
metacarpophalangeal joints - b/w metacarpals and proximal phalanx
one bone saddle-shaped and the other fits over like legs o a person over saddle
saddle joint
movements are side to side and back and forth
saddle joint
example of saddle joints (3)
b/w trapezium and 1st metacarpal
sternoclavicular joint - b/w sternum and clavicle
calcaneocuboid joint - b/w calcaneus and cuboid
ball-like and cuplike bones fit together
ball-and-socket-joint (spheroid)
movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and curcumduction
ball-and-socket joint
examples of ball and socket joints (2)
shoulder
hip joint
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
compact bone is dense and strong, forming the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and light-weight, located in the inner part of bones and containing red bone marrow
what are the four sinuses?
frontal sinus
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus
where is the maxillary sinus
a maxillary sinus in each cheek
where are ethmoid sinuses
between 6 and 12 ethmoid sinuses on each side of the nose between the eyes
location of frontal sinus
a frontal sinus on each side in the forehead
location of sphenoid sinuses
a pair of sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoid sinuses
The main function of the sinuses is to produce a ________ that moisturizes the inside of the ______.
mucus, nose
each sinus has an opening, called what
ostium
the ostium of the sinus connects it to the
nose
tiny hair cells in the trachea called _______ move the layer of mucus slowly backward into the throat, where it is swallowed
cilia
four sections of vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral region
how many vertebrae in cervical
7
how many vertebrae in thoracic
12
what are the two main types of arthritis?
osteoarthritis and rhumatoid arthritis
how many vertebrae in lumbar
5
TRUE OR FALSE: both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are joint disorders
true
TRUE OR FALSE: both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis involve pain and stiffness in joints and can lead to decreased mobility
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rhumatoid arthritis is a degenerative joint disease, often due to aging,
false, osteoarthritis is
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis affects cartilage and is typically in place like the hips or knees
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joins causing inflammation and potential deformity
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis typically affects one side of the body
false, typically affects symmetrically
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis is relatively rapid, over weeks to months
true
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis is typically rapid
false, slow over years
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis: joints are painful swollen and stiff
true
TRUE OR FALSE:osteoarthritis joints ache and may be tender but have little to no swelling
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid morning stiffness lasts less than 1 hour
false, longer
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis morning stiffness lasts less than 1 hour, returns at end of day of after period of activity
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis frequent energy bursts but feeling ill
false, frequent FATIGUE , but yes often feel ill
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis, whole body symptoms are not present
true
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis often affects small and large joints on both sides of body (symmetrical), such as both hands/wrists
true
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis affects symmetrically
false, often begins on 1 side of body and may spread to other side, symptoms begin gradually
what age does rheumatoid arthritis begin
any time in life
what age does osteoarthritis begin
usually begins later in life
when “bursae” swells it becomes
bursitis
bursa keeps your tendons from _______
ripping
where is bursa found
between tendon and bone
bursae - plural - reduce the _________ between the tendon and bone
friction
what ingredient is likely listed in milk, even if milk doesn’t advertise that i’s been fortified with it
vitamin D
the reason for fortifying milk with vit D dates back to the _
1900s
childhood bone disorder that can lead to weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and sometimes skeletal deformities
rickets
what percent of children in Boston suffered from rickets at the turn of the century
80%
the cause of rickets is a ______________
deficiency in vitamin d or calcium
vitamin D is synthesized in our bodies when our skin takes in the _____
sun
our bodies need Vit D to be able to absorb
calcium
why did so many children get tickets in the 1900s
they were not exposed to sun, they were working long hours in factories
what food has the highest level of vit D
cod liver
what few food have a lot of vitamin d
cod liver, fatty fish like tuna, swordfish, and salmon
what is the recommended amount of fish a week
7 oz
does eating 7 oz, the recommended amount of fish a week, provide one with enough Vit D
no
the recommended daily intake of vit D is _______ International units for people between the ages of 1 and 79
600
once cup of milk contains how many IUs of vit d
100
The fortification of milk with vitamin D beginning in the 1930s has made _________ a rare disease in the US
rickets
what type of bone marrow is in spongy bone
red bone marrow
what does peri mean
lining
what does osteum mean
bone
structural classification of sutures
fibrous
functional classification of sutures
synarthrosis
structural classification of vertebral joints
cartilaginous
functional classification of vertebral joints
amphiarthroses
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: ball and socket
triaxial
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: hinge
monaxial
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: pivot
monaxial
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: condylar (ellipsoidal)
biaxial
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: saddle
biaxial
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: plane(gliding)
moaxial
2 examples of ball and socket
shoulder
hip joint
3 example of hinge joints
knee
elbow
interphalangeal joints
2 examples of pivot joint
between atlas and axis
between head of radius and ulna
2 examples of condylar joint
radiocarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
3 examples of saddle jiont
between trapezium and 1st metacarpal*****
sternoclavicular joint
calcaneocuboid joint
3 examples of plane (gliding joint)
intercarpal and interarsal joints
sternocostal joints
sacroiliac joint
What is the definition of joint?
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing for movement
what kind of membrane lines the cavity of a diarthrotic joint?
synovial membrane
what is the function of the synovial membrane, the membrane that lines the cavity of the diarthrotic joint?
synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction in the joint
the strong cord-like connective tissue that hold bones together at joints are called
ligaments
what 2 structures serve as protective cushions in some jionts?
articular disc
fat pads
List all the movements possible at the following joint: SHOULDER
flexion, extension, abdcution, adduction, circumduction, elevation, depression, rotation
List all the movements possible at the following joint: ELBOW
flexion, extension
List all the movements possible at the following joint: KNEE
flexion, extension
List all the movements possible at the following joint: HIP
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
What are bursa and where specifically are bursa located?
Bursa are sac-like fluid-filled structured lined with synovial membranes hear a joint that secrete synovial fluid. Found between tendons and bones
inflammation of bursa is called
bursitis
which function classification of joint has the greatest freedom of movement
the diarthrosis
which structural classification of joint has the greatest freedom of movement?
synovial
which type of diarthrotic joint has the greatest freedom of movement and list 2 examples of this specific type of joint in the body
the ball-and-socket joint: shoulder joint and hip joint
what type of tissue is found between the articlating bones of: synarthrosis joints
fibrous connective tissue (will calcify when milk is consumed)
what type of tissue is found between the articlating bones of: most amphiarthrotic joints
cartilaginous
