Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
The skeletal system is composed of ________, _________, _________, and _______________.
A
bone, bone marrow, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
2
Q
Bone tissue is often called
A
osseous tissue
3
Q
List 3 functions of the skeletal system - you cannot use protection and support
A
a) mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
b) energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
c) blood cell production (red bone marrow)
4
Q
List 3 factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair:
A
nutrition (vit D and calcium)
hormone secretion
exercise
5
Q
List 3 functions of calcium in the body other than for strong bones and teeth:
A
blood clotting
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
6
Q
List 3 structures that are associated with the skeletal system other than bones
A
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
7
Q
This is found covering the ends of long bones
A
articular cartilage
8
Q
carpals and tarsals are classified as this type of bone
A
short
9
Q
which bone cell functions to break down bone
A
osteoclasts
10
Q
the shaft of a long bone is referred to as
A
diaphysis
11
Q
the femur, radius, metatarsals, and humerus are all classified as __________
A
long bones
12
Q
the inside of flat bones ad inside the ends of long bones contain
A
spongy bone with red bone marrow inside
13
Q
the term used to describe the formation of bone is
A
ossification
14
Q
which bone cell can undergo mitosis to create new bone cells
A
osteoprogenitors
15
Q
the term used to describe a hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit is
A
foramen
16
Q
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
A
osteoporosis
17
Q
bones that form from cartilage form by this process
A
endochondral ossification
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: the outer lining of long bones is called periosteum and it contains osteoblasts
A
true
19
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: if blood calcium gets too high the thyroid gland detects the deviation and produces calcitonin which will stimulate osteoblast activity to decrease the blood calcium
A
true
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: bone is avascular
A
false
21
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: growth plates, while active, are composed of cartilage
A
true
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: cranial bones form by the process of endochondral ossification
A
false
23
Q
***SHORT ANSWER: What happens when blood calcium gets too high?
A
The thyroid gland detects the deviation and produces calcitonin which will stimulate osteoblast activity to decrease the blood calcium.
24
Q
What vital signs are checked before surgery can begin?
A
temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, pulse oximetry
25
What is the typical range of motion (ROM) of the knee?
0 degrees to 130 degrees
26
What is an anesthesiologist?
An anesthesiologist is a medical doctor specializing in anesthesia, pain management, and critical care medicine, ensuring patient safety and comfort during and after procedures, including surgeries.
27
Bones are classified by their ________
shapes
28
examples of long bones
femur, humerus, radius, metacarpals, phalanxes
29
examples of short bones
carpals and tarsals
30
examples of flat bones
bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, ribs
31
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
32
examples of sesamoid bones
patella
33
examples of wormian bones (sutural bones)
bones b/w or w/in the sutures
34
________ ave 3 distinct areas/regions
long bones
35
shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves
diaphysis
36
ends, contains red bone marrow
epiphysis
37
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis usually where growth plates are found
metaphysis
38
shaft, contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves
diaphysis
39
ends, contains red bone marrow
epiphysis
40
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis usually where growth plates are found
metaphysis
41
____________ covers each end of long bone (epiphysis)
articular cartilage
42
articular cartilage provides __________ and reduces __________ in joint
protection, friction
43
What covers bones?
periosteum
44
periosteum contains ___________
osteoblasts
45
what aids bones growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition?
periosteum
46
periosteum serves as points of attachments for __________- and ___________
tendons, ligaments
47
another name for marrow cavity
medullary cavity
48
marrow cavity contains what three things?
yellow bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves
49
lining of medullary cavity
endosteum
50
endosteum contains ___________ and _____________
osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells
51
bone is considered what tissue
connective
52
Bone is considered connective tissue.
1) vascular or avascular
2) contains more less cells compared to matrix?
3) has a ________ supply
vascular, less cells, nerve
53
________________ within bone give strength along with the minerals ____________ and ____________.
collagen fibers, calcium (ca), phosphorus (p)
54
intercellular material generally needed for strength
matrix
55
bone matrix is composed of
a)
b)
c)
25% water
25% protein fibers
50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus)
56
four types of cells found in bone:
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
57
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
can undergo mitosis
eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
58
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
make collagen and elastin protein fibers
will mature and turn into osteocytes
osteoblasts
59
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanged nutrients with blood)
osteocytes
60
bone cells that breaks down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
osteoclasts
61
another name for compact bone
cortical bone
62
does compact bone of a lot of spaces in it or not
no
63
another name for spongy bone
cancellous bone
64
does spongy bone have a lot of spaces in it or not
yes
65
dense bone found covering all bones
diaphysis of long bones all this type
function is to support, strengthen, and protect
compact bone
66
consists of numerous bony plates called trabeculae, spaces between bony plates help reduce bone's weight and gives place for red bone marrow
spongy bone found in epiphysis area of long bones
red bone marrow function ----- hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
spongy bone is covered on outside with compact bone
spongy bone
67
bone formation
ossification
68
the hardening of bone
calcification (mineralization)
69
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
70
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
71
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the bone
foramen
72
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
73
any break in a bone
fracture
74
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
75
another name for bone formation
ossification
76
ossification begins in what week of embryonic life?
6th/7th
77
bones of an infant are soft and then begin to ______ as bones absorb calcium
calcify
78
bone forms either from cartilage called ____________ (which is most common) or from fibrous tissue which is called ___________________.
endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossifcation
79
example of intramembranous ossifcation
cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle
80
endochondral ossification examples
all other bones in the body
81
inside cartilage
endochondral
82
growth in length of bones stops about what age and growth of diameter stops when?
18-25, may continue throughout lifetime
83
factors that influence bone growth include:
1)
2)
3)
nutrition (calcium and vitamin d)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
84
_____________ is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate
85
growth in diameter of bone is controlled by the _______
periosteum
86
hormones that control growth throughout your life:
1)
2)
3)
hGH (human growth hormone)
estrogen and testosterone
thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
87
which hormone is responsible for growth of all your issues from the day you are born?
hGH (human growth hormone)
88
is bone repair fast or slow
slow
89
why is bone repair slow?
bone cells reproduce and grow slowly
there are fewer bone cells within bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus needed to repair, harden , and strengthen the bone is deposited into bone slowly
slow healing b/c blood supply Is decreased during injury due to inflammation
90
why are cartilage, tendons, and ligaments even harder to heal than bones?
because they are avascular tissues and have slow cell replication rates
91
_____________ help increase strength through increased deposition of minerals and production of collagen fibers
bone stresses
92
without _________ normal bone remodeling slows down
exercise
93
without exercise, what declines?
bone density
94
exercise (walking, jogging, weightlifting) help build and retain ________________
bone mass/density
95
loss of minerals from matrix
demineralization
96
demineralization mainly begins due to decrease in
sex hormones
97
what age does aging and bone tissue loss begin in women, in men
20, 50s to 60s
98
demineralization leads to _____________-
osteoporosis
99
bones store more than _____ of all calcium in the body
99%
100
too much calcium in the blood can __________ and too little can cause ___________
stop the heart, breathing to stop
101
blood calcium too high ---- _______------_______----________
thyroid gland, calcitonin, osteoblasts
102
blood calcium too low ----________----_______----_____-
parathyroid gland, PTH, osteoclasts
103
calcium's functions in the body
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
strengthen bones
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
blood clotting
serve as co-enzymes
104
scientific study of joints
arthrology
105
pain in joint
arthralgia
106
joint inflammation usually associated with pain
arthritis
107
the study of the motion of the human body
kinesiology
108
surgical replacements of joints
arthroplasty
109
displacement of the bone from the joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule
luxation (dislocation)
110
partial or incomplete dislocation
subluxation
111
saclike fluid-filled structures line with synovial membranes near a joint that secrete synovial fluid
bursae
112
branch of medicine that deals with the skeletal and muscular systems and their problems
orthopedics
113
a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope
arthroscopy (arthroscopic surgery)
114
a thin flexible fiberoptic scope which is introduced into a joint space through a small incision in order to carry out diagnostic and treatment procedures within the joint. An arthroscope is about the diameter of a drinking straw. it is fitted with a miniature camera, a light source and precision tools at the end of flexible tubes. an arthroscope can be used not only for diagnostic procedures but a wide range of surgical repairs, such as debridement, or cleaning, of a joint to remove bits of torn cartilage, ligament Reconstruction, and synovectomy (removal of the joint lining)
arthroscope
115
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
flexion
116
example of flexion
bending the knee
117
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
extension
118
example of extension
straightening the knee
119
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
dorsiflexion
120
dorsiflexion example
rocking back on one's heels
121
movement at the ankle that moves the foot farther from the shin
plantar flexion
122
example of plantar flexion
walking or standing on one's toes
123
a term sometimes used to describe the extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position; often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
hyperextension
124
example of hyperextension
bending the head back beyond the upright position
125
moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the lib.
abduction
126
example of abduction
spreading the fingers or toes
127
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
adduction
128
example of adduction
moving the fingers and toes closer together
129
moving a part around an axis
rotation
130
example of rotation
twisting the head from side to side
131
moving a part so that its end follows a circular parth
circumduction
132
circumduction example
moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand
133
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
pronation
134
refers to body lying face down
pronation
135
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
supination
136
refers to the body lying face up
supine/supination
137
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
138
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
139
moving a part backward
retraction
140
retraction example
pulling the head backward
141
moving a part forward
protraction
142
protraction example
thrusting the head forward
143
raising a part
elevation
144
elevation example
shrugging the shoulders
145
lowering a part
depression
146
depression example
drooping the shoulders
147
movement of joint in one plane
monaxial
148
movement of joint in two planes
biaxial
149
movement of joint in three planes
triaxial
150
Bones are too rigid to bend without being damaged so _______ are needed for our bodies to move
joints
151
The scientific term for joint is
articulation
152
connective tissue form joints that hold bones together and allow movement (___________,___________,__________)
cartilage, ligaments, tendons
153
some joints do not allow movement
sutures
154
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing for movement
articulations (joints)
155
articulations are considered________ between bone and bone, cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bone.
points of contact
156
tightly fitted joints are usually stronger joints but those joints usually have _______________
restricted movements
157
loosely fitted joints are usually not as strong a joint, more movement but higher risk of ____________
dislocation
158
what is the loosest fitting joint in the body?
shoulder
159
factors that affect joint movement (LISTING QUESTION):
precise manner articulating bones fit together (tightness and shapes)
flexibility of the tissues that bind the bones together (muscles)
arrangement and position of the ligaments and tendons attaching to he bones
strength and tension of the joint ligaments
apposition of soft parts
160
carved out places in bones are called
knotches
161
ROM stands for
range of motion
162
what are structural classifications based on
anatomical characteristics
163
based on the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones that is called synovial (joint) cavity and the type of connective tissue that binds the bone together
structural classification of joints
164
functional classification of joints is based on
type of movement they permit
165
no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue ----- (sutures)
fibrous
166
no synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage (intervertebral joints)
cartilaginous
167
synovial cavity present and bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments
synovial
168
fibrous joints example
sutures (#1 example basically only in the head)
169
cartilaginous joints example
intervertebral joints
170
synovial joints example
knee, elbow
171
structural joints:
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
172
functional classifcation
joint function.ability to move
173
no movement by joints
synarthrosis jionts
174
slightly moveable joints
amphiarthrosis joints
175
freely movable joints
diarthrosis joints
176
the name for the special cartilage in the knee
meniscus
177
LISTING ON TEST: FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: of joints
a) synarthrosis joints --- no movement by joints
b) amphiarthrosis joints ---- slightly movable joint
c) diarthrosis joints ---- freely movable joints
178
synarthroses joints motion ability
immovable
179
a fibrous joint in which there is fusion
sutures
180
complete fusion of a joint (frontal bones)
synostosis
181
a fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (teeth)
gomphosisa
182
fibrous joint (also a case of synostosis)
epiphyseal plate
183
examples of synarthroses joints
sutures, gomphosis, epiphyseal plate
184
amphiarthrosis joints motion ability
slightly movable joints
185
examples of amphiarthrosis joints
distal articulation b/w tibia and fibula
joint between ribs and sternum
joints between vertebrae
joint between pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
186
diarthroses motion ability
freely movable joints
187
space that separates articulating bones
synovial cavity
188
reduces friction and helps absorb shock
articular cartilage (hyaline)
189
surround dirathrosis, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones
articular capsule
190
Articular capsule examples
fibrous capsule - outer layer - ligaments holds bones to bones, synovial membrane - inner layer - secretes synovial fluid
191
cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly
articular discs
192
True or False: articular discs are found in all diarthroses joints
false
193
Articular discs are found in knee (_________), hip (_______), and shoulder (________).
meniscus, acetabular labrum, glenoid labrum
194
Examples of diarthroses joints:
knee, shoulder hip, elbow, interphalangeal
195
What are the 6 types of diarthroses joints?
gliding/plane
hinge joint
pivot joint
condyloid joint
saddle joint
ball-and-socket joint
196
articulating surfaces of bones are usually flat
gliding/plane joint
197
movement is side to side and back and forth motion
gliding/plant joint
198
examples of gliding/plant joint
intercarpal and interarsal joints -- b/w tarsals and carpals
sternocostal joints --- b/w ribs and vertebra
sacroiliac joint - b/w sacrum and ilium of hip
199
convex curve of one bone fits the concave curve of the other
hinge joint
200
movement is primarily in a single plane -- flexion, extension, hyperextension
hinge joint
201
examples of hinge joints
knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal jionts
202
a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulats within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament
pivot joint (trochoid)
203
primary movement is rotation
pivot joint
204
pivot joint 2 eamples
between atlas and axis
between head of radius and ulna
205
oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal joint)
206
movement is side to side and back and forth - flexions, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
condyloid joint
207
condyloid joint examples
radiocarpal joint - between radius and scaphoid
metacarpophalangeal joints - b/w metacarpals and proximal phalanx
208
one bone saddle-shaped and the other fits over like legs o a person over saddle
saddle joint
209
movements are side to side and back and forth
saddle joint
210
example of saddle joints (3)
b/w trapezium and 1st metacarpal
sternoclavicular joint - b/w sternum and clavicle
calcaneocuboid joint - b/w calcaneus and cuboid
211
ball-like and cuplike bones fit together
ball-and-socket-joint (spheroid)
212
movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and curcumduction
ball-and-socket joint
213
examples of ball and socket joints (2)
shoulder
hip joint
214
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
compact bone is dense and strong, forming the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and light-weight, located in the inner part of bones and containing red bone marrow
215
what are the four sinuses?
frontal sinus
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus
216
where is the maxillary sinus
a maxillary sinus in each cheek
217
where are ethmoid sinuses
between 6 and 12 ethmoid sinuses on each side of the nose between the eyes
218
location of frontal sinus
a frontal sinus on each side in the forehead
219
location of sphenoid sinuses
a pair of sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoid sinuses
220
The main function of the sinuses is to produce a ________ that moisturizes the inside of the ______.
mucus, nose
221
each sinus has an opening, called what
ostium
222
the ostium of the sinus connects it to the
nose
223
tiny hair cells in the trachea called _______ move the layer of mucus slowly backward into the throat, where it is swallowed
cilia
224
four sections of vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral region
225
how many vertebrae in cervical
7
226
how many vertebrae in thoracic
12
227
what are the two main types of arthritis?
osteoarthritis and rhumatoid arthritis
228
how many vertebrae in lumbar
5
229
TRUE OR FALSE: both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are joint disorders
true
230
TRUE OR FALSE: both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis involve pain and stiffness in joints and can lead to decreased mobility
true
231
TRUE OR FALSE: rhumatoid arthritis is a degenerative joint disease, often due to aging,
false, osteoarthritis is
232
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis affects cartilage and is typically in place like the hips or knees
true
233
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joins causing inflammation and potential deformity
true
234
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis typically affects one side of the body
false, typically affects symmetrically
235
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis is relatively rapid, over weeks to months
true
236
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis is typically rapid
false, slow over years
237
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis: joints are painful swollen and stiff
true
238
TRUE OR FALSE:osteoarthritis joints ache and may be tender but have little to no swelling
true
239
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid morning stiffness lasts less than 1 hour
false, longer
240
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis morning stiffness lasts less than 1 hour, returns at end of day of after period of activity
true
241
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis frequent energy bursts but feeling ill
false, frequent FATIGUE , but yes often feel ill
242
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis, whole body symptoms are not present
true
243
TRUE OR FALSE: rheumatoid arthritis often affects small and large joints on both sides of body (symmetrical), such as both hands/wrists
true
244
TRUE OR FALSE: osteoarthritis affects symmetrically
false, often begins on 1 side of body and may spread to other side, symptoms begin gradually
245
what age does rheumatoid arthritis begin
any time in life
246
what age does osteoarthritis begin
usually begins later in life
247
when "bursae" swells it becomes
bursitis
248
bursa keeps your tendons from _______
ripping
249
where is bursa found
between tendon and bone
250
bursae - plural - reduce the _________ between the tendon and bone
friction
251
what ingredient is likely listed in milk, even if milk doesn't advertise that i's been fortified with it
vitamin D
252
the reason for fortifying milk with vit D dates back to the _
1900s
253
childhood bone disorder that can lead to weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and sometimes skeletal deformities
rickets
254
what percent of children in Boston suffered from rickets at the turn of the century
80%
255
the cause of rickets is a ______________
deficiency in vitamin d or calcium
256
vitamin D is synthesized in our bodies when our skin takes in the _____
sun
257
our bodies need Vit D to be able to absorb
calcium
258
why did so many children get tickets in the 1900s
they were not exposed to sun, they were working long hours in factories
259
what food has the highest level of vit D
cod liver
260
what few food have a lot of vitamin d
cod liver, fatty fish like tuna, swordfish, and salmon
261
what is the recommended amount of fish a week
7 oz
262
does eating 7 oz, the recommended amount of fish a week, provide one with enough Vit D
no
263
the recommended daily intake of vit D is _______ International units for people between the ages of 1 and 79
600
264
once cup of milk contains how many IUs of vit d
100
265
The fortification of milk with vitamin D beginning in the 1930s has made _________ a rare disease in the US
rickets
266
what type of bone marrow is in spongy bone
red bone marrow
267
what does peri mean
lining
268
what does osteum mean
bone
269
structural classification of sutures
fibrous
270
functional classification of sutures
synarthrosis
271
structural classification of vertebral joints
cartilaginous
272
functional classification of vertebral joints
amphiarthroses
273
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: ball and socket
triaxial
274
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: hinge
monaxial
275
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: pivot
monaxial
276
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: condylar (ellipsoidal)
biaxial
277
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: saddle
biaxial
278
Monaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial: plane(gliding)
moaxial
279
2 examples of ball and socket
shoulder
hip joint
280
3 example of hinge joints
knee
elbow
interphalangeal joints
281
2 examples of pivot joint
between atlas and axis
between head of radius and ulna
282
2 examples of condylar joint
radiocarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
283
3 examples of saddle jiont
between trapezium and 1st metacarpal*****
sternoclavicular joint
calcaneocuboid joint
284
3 examples of plane (gliding joint)
intercarpal and interarsal joints
sternocostal joints
sacroiliac joint
285
What is the definition of joint?
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing for movement
286
what kind of membrane lines the cavity of a diarthrotic joint?
synovial membrane
287
what is the function of the synovial membrane, the membrane that lines the cavity of the diarthrotic joint?
synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction in the joint
288
the strong cord-like connective tissue that hold bones together at joints are called
ligaments
289
what 2 structures serve as protective cushions in some jionts?
articular disc
fat pads
290
List all the movements possible at the following joint: SHOULDER
flexion, extension, abdcution, adduction, circumduction, elevation, depression, rotation
291
List all the movements possible at the following joint: ELBOW
flexion, extension
292
List all the movements possible at the following joint: KNEE
flexion, extension
293
List all the movements possible at the following joint: HIP
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
294
What are bursa and where specifically are bursa located?
Bursa are sac-like fluid-filled structured lined with synovial membranes hear a joint that secrete synovial fluid. Found between tendons and bones
295
inflammation of bursa is called
bursitis
296
which function classification of joint has the greatest freedom of movement
the diarthrosis
297
which structural classification of joint has the greatest freedom of movement?
synovial
298
which type of diarthrotic joint has the greatest freedom of movement and list 2 examples of this specific type of joint in the body
the ball-and-socket joint: shoulder joint and hip joint
299
what type of tissue is found between the articlating bones of: synarthrosis joints
fibrous connective tissue (will calcify when milk is consumed)
300
what type of tissue is found between the articlating bones of: most amphiarthrotic joints
cartilaginous
