Second Semester Biology Exam Flashcards
One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they
can apply to more than one animal
One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as
binomial nomenclature
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?
the genus name only
Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same
species
The second part of a scientific name is unique to each
species in its genus
Often, the second part of a scientific name is
a description of a trait or habitat
Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean System?
Phylum and Kingdom
The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called
evolutionary classification
In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a
derived character
All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, ans Animalia are
eukaryotes
Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin
Fungi
The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environment is
Archaea
vary greatly in size and structure
viruses
Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT
lyse the host cell right away
The instructions for making new copies of a virus are
coded in either RNA or DNA
How do viruses cause disease?
by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes
During a lytic infection, the host cell
is destroyed when it bursts
What is the basic structure of a virus?
A DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Viral diseases can be:
prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics
The outer protein coat of a virus is called a
capsid
What three materials make up many viruses?
proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are:
preparations of weakened or killed viruses
A lytic infection concludes with the:
bursting of the host cell
A prophage is made of
viral DNA
Bacteria and archaea differ in
the makeup of their cell walls
Know that a coccus is the figure with _______ shaped organisms attached together
ball
Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it?
facultative anaerobes
During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?
conjugation
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called
decomposers
How do bacteria cause disease?
by destroying cells and releasing toxins
Bacteria that cause disease are called
Pathogens
An unknown disease or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control is called an
emerging disease
What might people to do prevent the development of more superbugs?
They should use stronger disinfectants.
What kind of pathogen causes dumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?
prion
Prions differ from viruses because
prions contain no DNA or RNA
single-celled eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, fungi, or animal kingdoms
prokaryotes
move by changing shape
amoeboid movement
temporary projection of cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forward propelling the organism forward. Used by the ameba
Pseudopods
long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellors or whip back and forth to produce movement
flagella
example of conjugatoin
Paramecium
exchange of genetic information and then the cell goes into mitosis
conjugation
Two different life styles and structures. Alternate between haploid and diploid stages
Alternation of Generations
Sexual example of alternation of generations
oomycota
__________ produce asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
Water molds
Have the ability to use the energy of light to make a carbohydrate food source
Autotrophic Protists
Ecological Roles. _________ that are small free floating organisms are found at the surface of oceans and lakes carry out half of the photosynthesis on earth and are the primary food source for water life like whales.
Phytoplankton
Have to obtain food from other living organisms
Heterotrophic Protists
Examples of Heterotrophic Protists. ________ capture and digest food through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it’s broken by lysosomes.
Amoebas
Individual amoebo forms that form large structures that have many nuclei called plasmodium that absorb molecules for nutrients through their cell walls and membranes
Slime Molds
two species live close together
symbiotic protists
protist benefits at the expense of the host
parasitic
flagellated protist that causes African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin
Fungus
Reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium (common mushroom figure)
fruiting body
tangled mass of branching hyphae below the soil
remains below and is not visible
Mycelium
Decomposition
By breaking down plants and dead material, fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil.
Mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
lichens
Mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green plant especially at the root
Mycorrhizae
The ______ collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots increasing surface area and speed the growth of the plant.
hyphae
They’re able to survive in harsh environments and usually are the first organisms to invade a barren environment.
Lichens
Plants need specific things since they are
stationary
Use the energy from sunlight that’s captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis
sunlight
Ancestors were _______ dwelling organisms similar to single celled green algae
water
Alternation of Generations - __ alternating phases
2 alternating phases
Diploid Phase - 2N - Sporophyte
Spore producing plant phase
What was the first plant?
Green Algae
Single celled or branched filaments. Green algae was the first plant because of
cellulose in the cell wall
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Bryophytes
What anchors them to the soil?
Rhizoids
Vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis
Phloem
Plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering
Seed
Exposed seeds on scales within cones
Gymnosperm
Gametophytes (N) develop in reproductive structures called
cones
The male gametophyte is contained in the _____________ made in the male cone
pollen grain
Plants that bear their seeds in a layer of tissue that protects the seed. Flowering Plants.
Angiosperms
Tissues that develop into fruit that protects the seed after fertilization
Ovaries
Life span of one year
annuals
obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms
heterotrophs
cell membranes (lack cell walls)
multicellular
contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
invertebrates
Invertebrates make up what percent of animals
95%
Vertebrates or Invertebrates include seas stars, worms, jellyfish, and insects
Invertebrates
Fewer than 5% of animals
Chordates
Chordates belong to which phylum?
Phylum Chordata
Chordates all exhibit 4 characteristics in one stage in life including a tail that extends beyond the
anus
paired structures in the throat region
Pharyngeal pouches
In fish, pharyngeal pouches may develop into gills used for
gas exchange
Four functions needed to maintain homeostasis or a stable internal environment. What gathers information and responds?
Nervous system or nerve cells.
Helps produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system
Muscle tissue
Muscles work with the __________ system to coordinate movement. Vertebrates skeletons internal and made if bones, invertebrates can be outside
skeleton
What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
They reproduce faster
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
There is no genetic diversity.
Most animals have similar tissues. Four of them include
Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous
Body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Body can be divided into right and left sides that are mirror images.
Bilateral Symmetry
Example of bilateral symmetry
Upper dorsal
Differentiation of Germ Layers
3 layers in embryo
innermost, develop into digestive tract and respiratory systems
Endoderm
Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
Coelom
Example of a coelom
earthworm
fertilized egg
zygote
the fertilized egg develops into a hollow ball of cells
blastula
internal or external body parts repeat on each side of the body like legs or arms
segmentation
appendages can vary in _______.
species
Forelimps:
Human arms, Dolphin flippers, Wings of birds
