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Anatomy Honors > ANATOMY WINTER FINAL **EVERYTHING** > Flashcards

ANATOMY WINTER FINAL **EVERYTHING** Flashcards

1
Q

order of levels of organization of the human body

A

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

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2
Q

5 environmental requirements for an organism

A

water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

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3
Q

_______ is the most important ____________ in ALL living systems

A

water, chemical

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4
Q

water is required for…

A

metabolic processes and provides for the environment

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5
Q

metabolic processes:

A

energy is produced

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6
Q

what does water carry and regulate

A

carries: substances within an organism
regulates: body temp

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7
Q

water constitutes:

A

intracellular and extracellular fluid

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8
Q

water inside cells

A

intracellular fluid

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9
Q

outside of cells, tissue fluid and liquid portion of cells (plasma)

A

extracellular fluid

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10
Q

heat is a form of _____

A

energy

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11
Q

heat is a product of

A

metabolic reactions

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12
Q

more heat…

A

more rapid chemical reactions

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13
Q

heat is necessary for ________ to work

A

organs

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14
Q

heat is the quickest _______ from the ______

A

blood supply, heart

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15
Q

an application of force to something

A

pressure

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16
Q

pressure regulates…

A

breathing
heart action
atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

pressure liquid exerts due to weight of water above them (blood pressure)

A

atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

___________ pressure pushes ____ on our body, ________ pushes ___

A

atmospheric. down, internal, up

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19
Q

_______ changes pressure in our bodies

A

we

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20
Q

when heart contracts pressure brings ________ into the cells

A

blood circulation

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21
Q

oxygen releases_______ from food sources

A

energy

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22
Q

food is brought in and _______ are eliminated with oxygen

A

waste products

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23
Q

food provides us with ___________ (chemicals) that we need to do chemical reactions

A

nutrients

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24
Q

________ and _________ are exchanged in the environment

A

carbon dioxide, oxygen

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25
Q

without __________ cellular respiration cannot be finished

A

oxygens

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26
Q

oxygen is ______ nitrogen is ______ of air

A

20%, 79%

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27
Q

open cavities in the human body

A

body cavity

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28
Q

what are these open spaces filled with?

A

organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

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29
Q

2 main body cavities

A

dorsal
ventral

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30
Q

2 subdivisions in dorsal

A

cranial
vertebral

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31
Q

what consists in the cranial cavity

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
pituitary gland
hypothalmus
medulla oblongata

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32
Q

what is in the vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord

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33
Q

ventral 3 subdivisions

A

thoracic
abdominal
pelvic

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34
Q

What are in the thoracic cavity

A

bronchioles
thymus gland
heart
trachea
alveoli
bronchi
lungs
esophagus

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35
Q

What are in the abdominal cavity

A

liver
gallbladder
stomach
spleen
pancreas
small intestine
appendix
large intestine
kidneys
adrenal gland
ureters

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36
Q

What are in the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder
testes
ovaries

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37
Q

internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal

A

viscera

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38
Q

axial

A

center

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39
Q

appendicular

A

outside

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40
Q

body part is above another body part

A

superior

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41
Q

body part is below another body part

A

inferior

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42
Q

toward the front

A

anterior

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43
Q

towards the back

A

posterior

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44
Q

an imaginary mid line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

A

medial

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45
Q

toward the side-away from the mid-line

A

lateral

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46
Q

paired structures one of each is on each side

A

bilateral

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47
Q

structures on the same side

A

ipsilateral

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48
Q

structures on opposite sides

A

contralateral

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49
Q

body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

A

proximal

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50
Q

a particular body part is further away from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

A

distal

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51
Q

near the surface

A

superficial

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52
Q

more internal than superficial parts

A

deep

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53
Q

a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

A

sagittal

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54
Q

divides the body into superior and inferior

A

transverse

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55
Q

divides the body into anterior and posterior

A

frontal

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56
Q

divides the body in a cross section or an angular cut

A

oblique

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57
Q

seven most abundant elements in body

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorous
potassium

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58
Q

next four most abundant elements in body

A

sulfur
chlorine
sodium
magnesium

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59
Q

trace elements

A

chromium
manganese
iron
copper
cobalt
zinc
iodine
flourine

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60
Q

a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

A

organic substances

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61
Q

organic substances usually do not ________

A

dissolve in water

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62
Q

If organic substances do dissolve in water, they do not…

A

release ions

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63
Q

types of organic substances

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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64
Q

carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio

A

1:2:1

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65
Q

carbohydrates contain…

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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66
Q

organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

carbohydrates

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67
Q

carbohydrates are the primary source of

A

ATP

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68
Q

carbohydrates are often called

A

sugars

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69
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose

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70
Q

sugar with 6 carbon atoms are known as

A

simple sugars

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71
Q

simple sugars are also called

A

monosaccharides

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72
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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73
Q

Simple sugars combine to form more ________

A

complex sugars

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74
Q

Complex sugars are either called _________ or _________

A

disaccharides or polysaccharides

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75
Q

double sugar

A

disaccharides

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76
Q

many sugars linked together

A

polysaccharides

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77
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose
lactose

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78
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

plant starch
glycogen

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79
Q

glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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80
Q

formula for sucrose

A

C12H22O11

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81
Q

organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

lipids

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82
Q

lipids contain

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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83
Q

_______ are not in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

lipids

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84
Q

lipids may also contain

A

phosphorous

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85
Q

lipids provide

A

cell structure in the plasma membrane

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86
Q

lipids are a source for ________

A

ATP production

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87
Q

lipids are __________ in water

A

insoluble

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88
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids

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89
Q

building blocks of fats

A

glycerol
fatty acids

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90
Q

different types of fatty acids

A

saturated
unsaturated

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91
Q

Fat has more energy per gram than

A

carbohydrates

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92
Q

phospholipids building blocks

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acid chains

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93
Q

important ______ in ______________ of cells

A

structure, plasma membrane

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94
Q

steroids building blocks

A

4 connected rings of carbon atoms

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95
Q

examples of steroids

A

cholesterol
sex hormone
vitamin D

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96
Q

composition of proteins

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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97
Q

proteins function as ______, __________, _____, ______, and _______

A

structural materials
energy sources
antibodies
enzymes
hormones

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98
Q

proteins may also contain ______

A

sulfur

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99
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

20 amino acids

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100
Q

examples of proteins

A

keratin
collagen
fibrin
hemoglobin
enzymes

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101
Q

proteins have a unique ________ (____)

A

conformation, shape

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102
Q

proteins have a unique conformation…

A

denatured proteins

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103
Q

Conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ____/________

A

function, role

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104
Q

______ and _________ of amino acids in protein gives the protein its function/role

A

Conformation, sequence

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105
Q

nucleic acids composititon

A

carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen

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106
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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107
Q

nucleic acids are _______ and __________

A

large, complex

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108
Q

function in _______ and contain ___________

A

protein synthesis, genetic info

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109
Q

what is our genetic info

A

DNA, RNA

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110
Q

nucleotides contain

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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111
Q

DNA real name

A

deoxyribose

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112
Q

DNA has a _______ helix

A

double

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113
Q

RNA real name

A

ribose

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114
Q

RNA has a _____ helix

A

single

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115
Q

substances that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

A

inorganic substances

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116
Q

Inorganic substances dissolve or react with water to __________

A

release ions

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117
Q

_________ produce ions

A

electrolytes

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118
Q

types of inorganic substances

A

water
oxygen
carbon dioxide
salts

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119
Q

most abundant compound in living material

A

water

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120
Q

water is a major component of _________ and other _______

A

blood, bodily fluids

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121
Q

oxygen is transported throughout…

A

body by blood

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122
Q

oxygen is transported through what

A

erythrocytes

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123
Q

oxygen is used in ________ to produce ____

A

cellular respiration, ATP

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124
Q

carbon dioxide is a ___________ of _________

A

water product, cellular respiration

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125
Q

abundant in tissues and fluids

A

salts

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126
Q

Electrolytes provide many necessary ____ for the body

A

ions

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127
Q

List of ions

A

calcium
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
potassium
phosphate

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128
Q

2 types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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129
Q

cells without a nucleus or membrane organelles

A

prokaryotic

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130
Q

cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic

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131
Q

main structures of a cell

A

plasma membrane (cell membrane)
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles

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132
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A

protection
semi-permeable
communication

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133
Q

_____________ serves as barrier outside of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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134
Q

allows only certain molecules to enter and exit

A

semi-permeable

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135
Q

allows cells to talk to their surroundings

A

communication

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136
Q

composition of plasma membrane

A

lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol

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137
Q

phospholipid molecules have a double layer that acts as _________ for the cell

A

barrier

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138
Q

Phospholipid molecules allow ______, ______, ______ to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids

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139
Q

cell surface proteins:

A

marker protein
channel protein
receptor protein

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140
Q

identifies the cell

A

marker protein

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141
Q

allows specific molecules to enter and exit

A

channel protein

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142
Q

allows cells to communicate

A

receptor protein

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143
Q

________ is the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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144
Q

_________ contains the DNA

A

nucleus

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145
Q

what organelle does the nucleus contain

A

nucleolus that produces ribosomes

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146
Q

nucleus is enclosed by the…

A

nuclear membrane

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147
Q

________ acts as and has same composition as the plasma membrane

A

nucelear membrane

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148
Q

small structures in a cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis

A

organelles

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149
Q

provides structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

A

ribosomes

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150
Q

extract energy from the nutrients digested food

A

mitochondria

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151
Q

maintains the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions

A

lysosomes

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152
Q

moves fluids such as mucus over the surface of certain tissues

A

cilia

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153
Q

move in wave which begins at its base which allows the cell to swim

A

flagella

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154
Q

contains centrioles and microtubules

A

centrosomes

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155
Q

no energy used by the cell

A

passive transport

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156
Q

passive transport consists of

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration

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157
Q

cell’s energy must be used

A

active transport

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158
Q

how much energy is used in active transport

A

40% of the cells energy

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159
Q

when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

diffusion

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160
Q

when molecules of water move from areas of high concentration to one of low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

osmosis

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161
Q

just like diffusion is water moving from _______ to ______ concentration

A

high to low

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162
Q

water moves through _______ in the membrane not directly through ____________

A

pores, phospholipid layer

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163
Q

when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter and exit through special carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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164
Q

movement is from ____ to ____ concetration

A

high, low

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165
Q

diffusion is how _________ and _________ have to enter the cell

A

glucose, some ions

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166
Q

molecules are FORCED from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

A

filtration

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167
Q

Is filtration from areas of high to low concentration?

A

NO

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168
Q

Filtration is how water leaves …

A

capilaries

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169
Q

2 types of active transport

A

endocytosis
exocytosis

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170
Q

movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way

A

endocytosis

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171
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
recpetor-mediated endocytosis

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172
Q

the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually to large to exit by itself

A

exocytosis

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173
Q

cells perform metabolic reactions that take ________ of chemical changes that happen in a __________ thanks to _______.

A

hundreds, fast and orderly manner, enzymes

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174
Q

without enzymes, reactions in cells would…

A

not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis

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175
Q

our body is temp is not…

A

high enough

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176
Q

metabolic reactions need _______ to happen

A

ATP

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177
Q

enzymes are _____ and ______

A

catalysts, proteins

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178
Q

enzymes work by __________ and __________________

A

lowering activation energy, speeding rates of chemical reactions

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179
Q

enzymes are not _______ in their function to ___________

A

consumed, speed the rate of the reaction

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180
Q

each enzyme acts only on __________

A

one specific substrate

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181
Q

an enzymes ________ allows it to recognize its ________

A

conformation
substrate

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182
Q

enzyme substrate complex:

A

active site on enzyme

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183
Q

the substrate changes because the enzyme acted….

A

the reaction has taken place and a new product is formed

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184
Q

every cell contains _________ of enzymes to complete reactions

A

hundred

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185
Q

many enzymatic reactions are _________

A

reversible

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186
Q

the rate/speed of enzyme controlled reactions depends on…

A

number of enzymes and substrate mol in a cell

how many substrates an individual enzyme can only process per second

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187
Q

some enzymes can only process __ but others can process __________

A

a few, thousands per second

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188
Q

four major types of tissues in the human body

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve

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189
Q

points of contact between the plasma membranes of cells

A

cell junctions

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190
Q

fluid tight cells

A

tight junction

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191
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

tight
anchoring
gap

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192
Q

location of cell junctions

A

stomach
small intestines

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193
Q

hold cells to other cells or other structures

A

anchoring junction

194
Q

anchoring junctions are common in ________________

A

tissues subjected to friction and stretching

195
Q

location of anchoring junctions

A

outer layer of skin
muscles
gastrointestinal tract

196
Q

permits electrical and chemical signals to pass from cell to cell

A

gap junction

197
Q

location of gap junctions

A

parts of a nervous system, cardiac muscles

198
Q

_____ do not have gap junctions

A

cancer cells

199
Q

because cancer cells do not have these junctions, they cannot _______________

A

communicate with one another

200
Q

since cancer cells cannot communicate, ______

A

cell division is not controlled

201
Q

epithelial tissue functions:

A

protection
diffusion
absorption
secretion

202
Q

____________ tissue has the fastest cell mitotic/replication rate

A

epithelial

203
Q

___________ tissue is most cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix)

A

epithelial

204
Q

epithelial tissue is vascular or avascular

A

avascular

205
Q

__________ tissue has a nerve supply

A

epithelial

206
Q

What kind of tissue contains the most cells junctions?

A

Epithelial

207
Q

Epithelial tissue can be arranged in a __________ or ___________

A

single layer, multiple layers of

208
Q

Single layer of epithelial tissue

A

simple

209
Q

Multiple layer of epithelial tissue

A

stratified

210
Q

mixture of cell shapes in one layer:

A

pseudostratified

211
Q

pseudosrratified is NOT _________

A

multilayered

212
Q

cells can be varied in what ways?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

213
Q

thin flat cells

A

squamous

214
Q

cells are as tall as wide

A

cuboidal

215
Q

cells are taller than they are wide

A

columnar

216
Q

cells can change shape due to tension

A

transitional

217
Q

epithelial tissue is often referred to as ___________

A

lining tissue

218
Q

why call it lining tissue?

A

epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside pf all structures in the body

219
Q

epithelial tissue firmly ______ to the ___________ just beneath it

A

adheres, connective tissue

220
Q

How does epithelial tissue adhere to the connective tissue?

A

by a membrane called: basement membrane

221
Q

the ________ and ________ of epithelial cells usually tell the functions of epithelial tissue

A

shape, layering

222
Q

Functions of simple squamous

A

diffusion

223
Q

Functions of simple cuboidal and simple columnar

A

absorption and secretion

possible protection depending on what the cells secrete

224
Q

Functions of stratified squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

A

protection
absorption
secretion

225
Q

__________ are composed of epithelial cells and are therefore considered epithelial tissue

A

Glands

226
Q

one cell or a group of highly specialized cells that secrete substances into and through ducts to the surface of a structure/organ/tissue or secretes substances directly into the bloodstream

A

gland

227
Q

2 types of glands

A

endocrine
exocrine

228
Q

secretes its substance into bloodstream

A

endocrine

229
Q

Endocrine are __________

A

ductless

230
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid
pituitary
adrenal
hypathalamus
pineal
etc

231
Q

secrete their substance into and through a duct to the surface of a structure/organs/tissue

A

exocrine glands

232
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous
sudoriferous
cerumious
salivary

233
Q

connective tissue functions

A

protection
structure
hematopoiesis
energy storage
mineral storage
body temp homeostasis
binds organs
carries oxygen
immune system
blood clotting

234
Q

connective tissue has a slower replication rate than epithelial, but they do __________

A

replicate

235
Q

Connective tissue has less cells but more ________ than epithelial

A

matrix

236
Q

Connective tissue is it avascular or vascular

A

Some of both

237
Q

Most connective tissue have a ___________ but some don’t

A

nerve supply

238
Q

Which type of tissue has the fewest cell junctions?

A

connective

239
Q

shapes of cells vary depending on specific ___________

A

types of tissues

240
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the human body?

A

connective tissue

241
Q

types of connective tissue

A

bone
ligaments
tendons
cartilage
adipose
blood

242
Q

Each connective tissue example has their own unique cell _________ and _________.

A

shapes, functions

243
Q

3 basic units of connective tissue

A

cells
ground substance
fibers

244
Q

ground substance and fibers make up the _______

A

matrix

245
Q

_______ is a intercellular/extracellular substance which is found in between the cells of tissue

A

matrix

246
Q

the fibers within the matrix give the tissue ____________

A

strength and support

247
Q

3 types of fibers

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

248
Q

collagen fiber is composed of the protein _______

A

collagen

249
Q

________ fibers very strong, resistant to stretching, but are little flexible

A

collagen

250
Q

Collagen Fibers are found in

A

bond
tendons
ligaments
cartilage

251
Q

elastic fiber is composed of the protein_____

A

elastin

252
Q

_______ fiber provides strength and flexibility through its ability to stretch

A

Elastic

253
Q

Elastic fiber are found in…

A

skin
blood vessels
lungs

254
Q

reticular fiber is very ___ and ________

A

thin, collagenous fiber

255
Q

___________ fiber provides structural support

A

reticular

256
Q

Reticular fiber supports

A

adipose
nerve
muscle fibers

257
Q

classification of cells in connective tissue

A

fixed cells
wandering cells

258
Q

appear in tissue temporarily usually in response to infection or injury

A

wandering cells

259
Q

a usually large, irregular, and branching phagocytic cell existing in certain tissues

A

fixed cells

260
Q

fixed cells in connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
mast cells
macrophages

261
Q

cells that produce fibers that go into matrix

A

fibroblasts

262
Q

mast cells produced…

A

histamine and heparin

263
Q

histamine…

A

inflammation and allergies

264
Q

prevents blood from clotting

A

heparin

265
Q

function in phagocytosis and are in a fixed number in certain tissues

A

macrophages

266
Q

macrophages are mainly

A

wandering

267
Q

macrohpages originate as ______ and are specialized to ______________

A

leukocytes, carry out phagocytosis

268
Q

3 different types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

269
Q

ends of long bones

growth plates
nose
rings within respiratory passages
costal cartilages

A

hyaline

270
Q

stronger cartilage with fibers

intervertebral discs
menisci
pubis symphysis

A

firbocartilage

271
Q

parts or ears and larynx

A

eleastic

272
Q

contract to produce force for motion

A

functions of muscle tissue

273
Q

secondary functions are ________________ and ______________

A

thermogenesis, maintain posture

274
Q

body temp regulation

A

thermogenesis

275
Q

Muscle/cell fibers replicate only during the __________

A

first couple years

276
Q

_______ cells have many cells with little matrix between cells

A

Muscle

277
Q

Which tissue have the most vascular tissue in the body?

A

Muscle

278
Q

muscle fibers have a ____________

A

nerve supply

279
Q

Muscle have a many or few cell junctions

A

many

280
Q

the shapes of the muscle cells are _______ depending on what type of ________ it is

A

different, muscle

281
Q

types of muscle fibers

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

282
Q

another word for smooth

A

visceral

283
Q

is skeletal voluntary

A

yes

284
Q

does skeletal muscle fibers have a striation

A

yes

285
Q

________ has many nuclei near periphery of the cell

A

skeletal muscle fibers

286
Q

location of skeletal muscle fibers

A

muscles usually attached to bones

287
Q

is smooth muscle fibers voluntary

A

no

288
Q

does smooth muscle fibers have striations

A

no

289
Q

location of smooth muscle fibers

A

walls of hollow internal organs

290
Q

________ consists of spindle-shaped cells each with a large nucleus

A

smooth muscle fibers

291
Q

is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary

A

no

292
Q

is cardiac muscle striated

A

yes

293
Q

what is the location of cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle

294
Q

__________: cells are branched and interconnected, which each has a single nucleus

A

cardiac muscle

295
Q

cellular processes that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

A

dendrites

296
Q

to create and send nerve impulses throughout the body

A

functions of nervous tissue

297
Q

Can neuroglia replicate?

A

yes

298
Q

when muscle fibers increase in size due to strenuous anaerobic use

A

muscle hypertrophy

299
Q

alternating light and dark cross-marking on some types of muscle tissue

A

striations

300
Q

slow to no replication

A

neurons

301
Q

two very important protein myofilaments found in muscle cells

A

actin and myosin

302
Q

when muscle fibers decrease in size due to non-use or disease

A

muscle atrophy

303
Q

nerve cells that can recieve and send nerve impulses

A

neurons

304
Q

________ are often at the site of tumors, in the nervous system/brain

A

neurons

305
Q

Neurons have fewer ___________ but more than connective tissue

A

cell junctions

306
Q

the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force

A

muscle contraction

307
Q

__________ tissue: Many neuroglia cells, and fewer, neurons with little matrix between

A

nerve

308
Q

Is nervous tissue vascular or avascular

A

vascular

309
Q

same as muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

310
Q

types of nerve cells

A

neurons
neuroglia

311
Q

Nerve cells transfers ______ itself

A

nerve tissue

312
Q

Does nerve tissue have a nerve supply?

A

yes

313
Q

muscle fibers that are under our conscious control to contract

A

voluntary muscles

314
Q

when a muscle fiber can no longer contract

A

muscle fatigue

315
Q

main part of cell that contains the nucleus

A

cell body

316
Q

cellular process that relays nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron to a muscle or gland

A

axon

317
Q

muscle fibers that are not under our conscious control to contract

A

involuntary muscle fibers

318
Q

Involuntary muscle fibers has 3 distinct regions called…

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

319
Q

nerve cells that protect and support neurons

A

neuroglia

320
Q

________ cannot receive and send nerve impulses

A

Neuroglia

321
Q

production of heat as a result of muscle contraction and relaxation

A

thermogenesis

322
Q

________ are branched and interconnected which each has a single nucleus

A

Nerve

323
Q

In a cell, mitochondria function to:

A

produce ATP by release energy from glucose molecules

324
Q

In a cell, this organelle is the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

325
Q

Enzymes:
a. cause the activation energy for reactions to be lowered
b. act to alter the rate of metabolic reactions
c. are not consumed or changed as a result of the reactions they control
d. only answers “a” and “b” are correct
e. answeres “a”, “b”, and “c” are correct

A

e. all are correct

326
Q

Enzymes are needed to promote metabolic reactions in the body because

A

the temperature in cells is not high enough to promote the increase in chemical reactions rates

327
Q

Enzymes can be denatured by:

A

heat and radiation
chemicals and extremes of pH
electricity

328
Q

Which of these is an example of an anabolic reaction?
The making of proteins
The making of a Disaccharide from monosaccharides?

A

both

329
Q

The nitrogen bases found in DNA are:

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

330
Q

DNA is composed of how many nucleotide pairs

A

approximately 3 billion

331
Q

The DNA of a cell is replicated during

A

S-stage of the cell cycle

332
Q

In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped by

A

helicase

333
Q

In DNA replication new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

334
Q

In creating a DNA complementary strand to the DNA template, Adenine always binds with

A

Thymine

335
Q

In cellular respiration, aerobic cellular respiration take place in the

A

mitochondria of a cell

336
Q

As a result of the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are produced

A

2 ATP

337
Q

As a result of glycolysis, what are all the products?

A

ATP, high energy electrons, NADH, and pyruvic acid

338
Q

In cellular respiration, the first step is when glucose is changed into 2 pyruvate molecules. What is this step called?

A

glycolysis

339
Q

In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during what cycle?

A

citric acid cycle (KREBS)

340
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis produce in net gain?

A

net gain of 2 ATP

341
Q

Most of the ATP produced as a result of cellular respiration is produced during what step?

A

electron transport chain

342
Q

In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain happens where in a cell?

A

in the mitochondria

343
Q

During protein synthesis, the actual assembling of proteins takes place

A

at the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell

344
Q

What is the starter codon for the process of protein synthesis?

A

AUG

345
Q

The process of copying a gene of DNA into mRNA is called

A

transcription

346
Q

The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the DNA nucleotides for the formation of mRNA is

A

RNA polymerase

347
Q

What is the complementary mRNA strand to the DNA strand ATAATTGAC

A

UAUUAACUG

348
Q

During translation of protein synthesis, mRNA is translated by:

A

t-RNA with anticodon

349
Q

Small DNA segments copied during DNA replication because they are on the lagging strand and run opposite to the leading strand are called?

A

Okazaki fragments

350
Q

There are two types of metabolic reactions. Which one takes smaller molecules to build larger molecules?

A

Anabolic reaction

351
Q

As a result of mitosis, what is produced?

A

2 new diploid nuclei

352
Q

In what stage of mitosis do chromosomes first appear?

A

prophase

353
Q

In mitosis, the new nuclei made at the end of telophase have

A

the exact same DNA information in each nucleus

354
Q

In what stage of meiosis does crossing-over happen?

A

Prophase I

355
Q

As a result of meiosis II and then cytokinesis, what is produced?

A

4 new non-identical haploid cells

356
Q

The nuclei produced as a result of meiosis will go into:

A

gametes

357
Q

Translation is when:

A

mRNA is ready by tRNA to assemble a protein

358
Q

What are the stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

359
Q

On mRNA, a series of 3 nucleotides in sequence is called a:

A

codon

360
Q

In cellular respiration, water is produced in what step?

A

Electron transport chain

361
Q

The final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration is:

A

oxygen

362
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the information copied from a gene on the DNA to the ribosome to produce a specific protein

A

TRUE

363
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Only 2 ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle

A

True

364
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, glycolysis is considered an aerobic reaction

A

False, anaerobic

365
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The synthesizing of nucleic acids is a catabolic reaction

A

FALSE, anabolic

366
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Only carbohydrates, not fats or proteins, can be broken down to produce ATP

A

False

367
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Most metabolic reactions in your body use energy (ATP)

A

True

368
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, cells can turn 75% of the energy released into ATP

A

False

369
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells “burn” glucose molecules in a process called oxidation

A

True

370
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The enzyme exonuclease helps bind amino acids together in the synthesis of a protein

A

False

371
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The chemical formula for glucose is C12H22O11.

A

False

372
Q

SYNAPSIS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

meiosis

373
Q

RNA POLYMERASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

protein synthesis

374
Q

CITRIC ACID
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

cellular respiration

375
Q

TRANSLATION
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

protein synthesis

376
Q

GLYCOLYSIS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

cellular respiration

377
Q

HELICASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

DNA Replication

378
Q

IDENTICAL DIPLOID NUCLEI
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

mitosis

379
Q

MITOCHONDRIA
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

cellular respiration

380
Q

CUG
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

Protein synthesis

381
Q

AMINO ACIDS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

protein synthesis

382
Q

RIBOSOMES
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

protein synthesis

383
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

cellular respiration

384
Q

t-RNA
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

protein synthesis

385
Q

DNA POLYMERASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

DNA Replication

386
Q

NADH and FADH2
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration

A

cellular respiration

387
Q

relates to DNA replication, is an essential enzyme. It unzips the DNA so it unwinds from its double helix. Hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped

A

helicase

388
Q

this is the first stage in cellular respiration. it produces a net gain of 2 ATP< so 4 total, electrons, NADH, and pyruvate (2). More specifically, glucose is what it’s being changed into the 2 pyruvic molecules. This is an anaerobic process

A

glycolysis

389
Q

also relates to DNA replication. In DNA Replication, new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

390
Q

occurs in P-I in meiosis-I. It occurs so that non-identical haploid nuclei can be produced

A

crossing over

391
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —-> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat

392
Q

Why is protein synthesis sometimes referred to as gene expression?

A

because when a gene is expressed, it presents the ability for the protein to be assembled
without a protein, there can be no trait, so if a gene is expressed or “turned on”, the protein will synthesize a trait relating to that specific gene

393
Q

An ocular of 10X is used, what is the magnification if the objective is:
a) 10X
b) 40X
c) 100X

A

100X
400X
1000X

394
Q

Explain what Parfocal means.

A

Parfocal is the ability of a microscope to stay in focus when you change objectives.

395
Q

Explain what is meant by resolving power of a microscope.

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between 2 lines or image.

396
Q

What happens to the size of the area viewed as one used a higher power?

A

When you increase to a higher objective, the image is magnified, but the area you see is smaller.

397
Q

LENS MARKED 100X
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

High power objective

398
Q

PLATFORM FOR PLACING SLIDES
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Stage

399
Q

DIAL USED FOR FINAL FOCUSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Fine adjustment

400
Q

MAIN CYLINDRICAL PART OF MICROSCOPE
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Body tube

401
Q

REGULATES LIGHT PASSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Disc diaphragm

402
Q

DIAL USED FOR INITIAL FOCUSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Coarse adjustment

403
Q

LENS MARKED 10X
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Low power objective

404
Q

CIRCULAR PLATE AT BOTTOM OF BODY TUBE IN WHICH OBJECTIVES ARE ATTACHED
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment

A

Nosepiece

405
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

A

Lines uterus
Lines: stomach, small intestines, large intestine; lines portions of digestive tract

406
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions

A
  • protection because cells are tall
    -absorption
    -secretion
407
Q

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Locations

A
  • Lines portions of respiratory tract
  • trachea
  • nasal passage
  • bronchi
408
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium Locations

A
  • epidermis
  • lines oral cavity
  • lines esophagus
  • lines anal cavity
  • lines vagina
409
Q

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Function

A
  • protection a) mucus & cilia
  • absorption
  • secretion
410
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium Functions

A
  • protection because of layering
    found anywhere there will be friction
411
Q

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium locations

A
  • epidermis
  • lines: oral cavity, vagina, anal cavity, esophagus
412
Q

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium Functions:

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
413
Q

Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium location

A

-Lines: bronchi, small and large intestines

414
Q

Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium functions

A
  • protection
    -absorption
    -secretion
415
Q

Fibrocarilage location

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • menisci
  • glenoid/abrum
  • acetabular labrum
  • pubis symphysis
416
Q

Fibrocarilage functions

A
  • protection
  • shock absorbers
  • support specific joints
417
Q

Normal blood smear location

A

blood vessels

418
Q

Normal blood smear function

A
  • carries O2
  • fight infections
  • blood clotting
  • carries nutrients
419
Q

Sickle cell anemia blood sear location

A

blood

420
Q

Sickle cell anemia blood sear function

A

caused by a chance in the blood that tells the body to make hemoglobin
effects include severe pain, anemia, chest pain, strokes, joint pain

421
Q

Leukemia blood smear location

A

blood

422
Q

Leukemia blood smear function

A

caused by the bone marrow starting to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, these overtime crowed out the normal blood cells
effects include fever & night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleeding easily, bone or joint pain

423
Q

Adipose tissue locations

A
  • subcutaneous layer
  • around some joints
  • around/on surface of heart and kidneys
  • behind eyeballs
  • in spaces between skeletal muscles
424
Q

Adipose tissue functions

A
  • body temperature regulation
  • energy storage
  • protection
425
Q

Bone tissue locations

A
  • in bones of the skeletal system
426
Q

Bone tissue functions

A

-protection
-framework
-hematopoiesis
-mineral storage
-energy storage

427
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations

A

-ends of long bones
-end of nose
- cartilage rings found inside trachea

428
Q

Hyaline cartilage functions

A

-protection
-support organs
-framework

429
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue locations

A
  • muscles attached to bones
430
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue functions

A

-contract to produce force for movement
-thermogenesis
-maintain posture

431
Q

Smooth muscle tissue locations

A

-lines hollow organs: stomach, esophagus, blood vessels, small and large intestines, urinary bladder,
- iris of the eye

432
Q

Smooth muscle tissue functions

A
  • contract to produce force for motion
433
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue location

A

heart

434
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue functions

A
  • contract to produce force for motion
435
Q

Nerve tissue locations

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • all nerves in body
436
Q

Nerve tissue functions

A
  • create, send, and relay nerve impulses
    -neuroglia support neurons
437
Q

Tendon (dense regular connective tissue) location

A
  • attach skeletal muscle to bones
438
Q

Tendon dense regular connective tissue) function

A

-attach skeletal muscle to bones

439
Q

Human skin location

A
  • outer covering of the body
440
Q

Human skin function

A

-protection
-body temperature regulation
-aids in making vitamin D
- houses nerve for sensations of touch, pain, cold, & heat

441
Q

Specific tissue that contains goblet cells and lines the stomach and intestines

A

simple columnar epithelium

442
Q

Specific tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells concerned with diffusion and filtration

A

simple squamous epithelium

443
Q

specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen throughout the body

A

blood (erythrocytes)

444
Q

specific tissue that lines kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands and functions in absorption and secretion

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

445
Q

a very specific type of epithelial tissue that has waterproofing and protective function

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

446
Q

this specific tissue is found at the end of long bones and in the soft part of the nose

A

hyaline cartilage

447
Q

specific type of cell found in nervous tissue that conducts nerve impulses along its processes

A

neuron

448
Q

specific type of muscle tissue that has striations and is voluntary

A

skeletal muscle

449
Q

specific type of cell that has the ability to secrete mucous, sometimes it is referred to as a unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

450
Q

general type of tissue that functions in protection, body temperature regulation, immune response, and energy storage

A

connective

451
Q

general type of tissue that functions to produce force for motion

A

muscle

452
Q

this specific type of cartilage composes your intervertebral discs, pubis sumphysis, and menisci

A

fibrocartilage

453
Q

a specific type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and non-striated (often referred to as visceral muscle)

A

smooth muscle

454
Q

the top layer of your epidermis are composed mainly of this specific type of epithelial tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium

455
Q

the second layer of your skin is composed of this general type of tissue

A

connective

456
Q

specific type of connective tissue that functions in body temperature regulation, protection, and energy storage

A

adipose

457
Q

type of cell that contains structures called axons and dendrites

A

neuron

458
Q

specific type of epithelial cell(s) that function in absorption and secretion

A

cuboidal and columnar

459
Q

specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen, immune system, blood clotting, carry nutrients throughout the body

A

blood

460
Q

specific type of tissue that compose the walls of capillaries and alveoil

A

simple squamous epithelium

461
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is also referred to as ________ muscle tissue.

A

visceral

462
Q

The part of a neuron that receives nerve impulses and carries the message to the cell body is called the _________-

A

dendrites

463
Q

Very small, special structures found on the surface of some cells that act to filter or catch and move particles from one place to another are called ___________

A

cilia

464
Q

Small nerve cells that are abundant in number that function to support neurons are called ____________

A

neuroglia (glia)

465
Q

a group of similar cells in both structure and function

A

tissue

466
Q

removal of tissue for examination

A

biopsy

467
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissue have the most cells junctions

A

FALSE

468
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the highest mitotic rate

A

True

469
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissues are the most vascular of all the 4 tissues in the body.

A

False

470
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Functions of connective tissues include protection, hematopoiesis, binds organs together, carry oxygen, and energy storage

A

True

471
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithileal cells that are thin and flat are called cuboidak

A

False

472
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues cells are very closely packed together

A

True

473
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All the different types of connective tissues (bone, adipose, ligaments, blood, tendons, cartilage) are vascular

A

False

474
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The main function of muscle tissue is to contract to produce force for movement

A

True

475
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissue is avascular

A

True

476
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial cells that are cuboidal or columnar——- will have the function of absorption and secretion

A

True

477
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue of the 4 tissues in the body

A

False

478
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the most matrix between their cells

A

False

479
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Nervous tissue contain cells called neurons and neuroglia

A

True

480
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is avascular

A

False

481
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue has a nerve supply within it

A

True

482
Q

U ARE DONE

A

U GOT THIS

Anatomy Honors (35 decks)

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