ANATOMY WINTER FINAL **EVERYTHING** Flashcards
order of levels of organization of the human body
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
5 environmental requirements for an organism
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure
_______ is the most important ____________ in ALL living systems
water, chemical
water is required for…
metabolic processes and provides for the environment
metabolic processes:
energy is produced
what does water carry and regulate
carries: substances within an organism
regulates: body temp
water constitutes:
intracellular and extracellular fluid
water inside cells
intracellular fluid
outside of cells, tissue fluid and liquid portion of cells (plasma)
extracellular fluid
heat is a form of _____
energy
heat is a product of
metabolic reactions
more heat…
more rapid chemical reactions
heat is necessary for ________ to work
organs
heat is the quickest _______ from the ______
blood supply, heart
an application of force to something
pressure
pressure regulates…
breathing
heart action
atmospheric pressure
pressure liquid exerts due to weight of water above them (blood pressure)
atmospheric pressure
___________ pressure pushes ____ on our body, ________ pushes ___
atmospheric. down, internal, up
_______ changes pressure in our bodies
we
when heart contracts pressure brings ________ into the cells
blood circulation
oxygen releases_______ from food sources
energy
food is brought in and _______ are eliminated with oxygen
waste products
food provides us with ___________ (chemicals) that we need to do chemical reactions
nutrients
________ and _________ are exchanged in the environment
carbon dioxide, oxygen
without __________ cellular respiration cannot be finished
oxygens
oxygen is ______ nitrogen is ______ of air
20%, 79%
open cavities in the human body
body cavity
what are these open spaces filled with?
organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
2 main body cavities
dorsal
ventral
2 subdivisions in dorsal
cranial
vertebral
what consists in the cranial cavity
cerebrum
cerebellum
pituitary gland
hypothalmus
medulla oblongata
what is in the vertebral cavity
spinal cord
ventral 3 subdivisions
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
What are in the thoracic cavity
bronchioles
thymus gland
heart
trachea
alveoli
bronchi
lungs
esophagus
What are in the abdominal cavity
liver
gallbladder
stomach
spleen
pancreas
small intestine
appendix
large intestine
kidneys
adrenal gland
ureters
What are in the pelvic cavity
urinary bladder
testes
ovaries
internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal
viscera
axial
center
appendicular
outside
body part is above another body part
superior
body part is below another body part
inferior
toward the front
anterior
towards the back
posterior
an imaginary mid line dividing the body into equal right and left halves
medial
toward the side-away from the mid-line
lateral
paired structures one of each is on each side
bilateral
structures on the same side
ipsilateral
structures on opposite sides
contralateral
body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
proximal
a particular body part is further away from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
distal
near the surface
superficial
more internal than superficial parts
deep
a plane that divides the body into right and left portions
sagittal
divides the body into superior and inferior
transverse
divides the body into anterior and posterior
frontal
divides the body in a cross section or an angular cut
oblique
seven most abundant elements in body
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorous
potassium
next four most abundant elements in body
sulfur
chlorine
sodium
magnesium
trace elements
chromium
manganese
iron
copper
cobalt
zinc
iodine
flourine
a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
organic substances
organic substances usually do not ________
dissolve in water
If organic substances do dissolve in water, they do not…
release ions
types of organic substances
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio
1:2:1
carbohydrates contain…
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
carbohydrates are the primary source of
ATP
carbohydrates are often called
sugars
examples of carbohydrates
glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose
sugar with 6 carbon atoms are known as
simple sugars
simple sugars are also called
monosaccharides
examples of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
Simple sugars combine to form more ________
complex sugars
Complex sugars are either called _________ or _________
disaccharides or polysaccharides
double sugar
disaccharides
many sugars linked together
polysaccharides
examples of disaccharides
sucrose
lactose
examples of polysaccharides
plant starch
glycogen
glucose formula
C6H12O6
formula for sucrose
C12H22O11
organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipids
lipids contain
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
_______ are not in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipids
lipids may also contain
phosphorous
lipids provide
cell structure in the plasma membrane
lipids are a source for ________
ATP production
lipids are __________ in water
insoluble
examples of lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
building blocks of fats
glycerol
fatty acids
different types of fatty acids
saturated
unsaturated
Fat has more energy per gram than
carbohydrates
phospholipids building blocks
1 glycerol
2 fatty acid chains
important ______ in ______________ of cells
structure, plasma membrane
steroids building blocks
4 connected rings of carbon atoms
examples of steroids
cholesterol
sex hormone
vitamin D
composition of proteins
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
proteins function as ______, __________, _____, ______, and _______
structural materials
energy sources
antibodies
enzymes
hormones
proteins may also contain ______
sulfur
building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
examples of proteins
keratin
collagen
fibrin
hemoglobin
enzymes
proteins have a unique ________ (____)
conformation, shape
proteins have a unique conformation…
denatured proteins
Conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ____/________
function, role
______ and _________ of amino acids in protein gives the protein its function/role
Conformation, sequence
nucleic acids composititon
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
nucleic acids are _______ and __________
large, complex
function in _______ and contain ___________
protein synthesis, genetic info
what is our genetic info
DNA, RNA
nucleotides contain
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
DNA real name
deoxyribose
DNA has a _______ helix
double
RNA real name
ribose
RNA has a _____ helix
single
substances that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
inorganic substances
Inorganic substances dissolve or react with water to __________
release ions
_________ produce ions
electrolytes
types of inorganic substances
water
oxygen
carbon dioxide
salts
most abundant compound in living material
water
water is a major component of _________ and other _______
blood, bodily fluids
oxygen is transported throughout…
body by blood
oxygen is transported through what
erythrocytes
oxygen is used in ________ to produce ____
cellular respiration, ATP
carbon dioxide is a ___________ of _________
water product, cellular respiration
abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
Electrolytes provide many necessary ____ for the body
ions
List of ions
calcium
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
potassium
phosphate
2 types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells without a nucleus or membrane organelles
prokaryotic
cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
main structures of a cell
plasma membrane (cell membrane)
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles
functions of plasma membrane
protection
semi-permeable
communication
_____________ serves as barrier outside of the cell
Plasma membrane
allows only certain molecules to enter and exit
semi-permeable
allows cells to talk to their surroundings
communication
composition of plasma membrane
lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol
phospholipid molecules have a double layer that acts as _________ for the cell
barrier
Phospholipid molecules allow ______, ______, ______ to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids
cell surface proteins:
marker protein
channel protein
receptor protein
identifies the cell
marker protein
allows specific molecules to enter and exit
channel protein
allows cells to communicate
receptor protein
________ is the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus
cytoplasm
_________ contains the DNA
nucleus
what organelle does the nucleus contain
nucleolus that produces ribosomes
nucleus is enclosed by the…
nuclear membrane
________ acts as and has same composition as the plasma membrane
nucelear membrane
small structures in a cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
organelles
provides structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins
ribosomes
extract energy from the nutrients digested food
mitochondria
maintains the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
lysosomes
moves fluids such as mucus over the surface of certain tissues
cilia
move in wave which begins at its base which allows the cell to swim
flagella
contains centrioles and microtubules
centrosomes
no energy used by the cell
passive transport
passive transport consists of
diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration
cell’s energy must be used
active transport
how much energy is used in active transport
40% of the cells energy
when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane
diffusion
when molecules of water move from areas of high concentration to one of low concentration through a cell’s membrane
osmosis
just like diffusion is water moving from _______ to ______ concentration
high to low
water moves through _______ in the membrane not directly through ____________
pores, phospholipid layer
when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter and exit through special carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
movement is from ____ to ____ concetration
high, low
diffusion is how _________ and _________ have to enter the cell
glucose, some ions
molecules are FORCED from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
filtration
Is filtration from areas of high to low concentration?
NO
Filtration is how water leaves …
capilaries
2 types of active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way
endocytosis
3 types of endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
recpetor-mediated endocytosis
the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually to large to exit by itself
exocytosis
cells perform metabolic reactions that take ________ of chemical changes that happen in a __________ thanks to _______.
hundreds, fast and orderly manner, enzymes
without enzymes, reactions in cells would…
not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis
our body is temp is not…
high enough
metabolic reactions need _______ to happen
ATP
enzymes are _____ and ______
catalysts, proteins
enzymes work by __________ and __________________
lowering activation energy, speeding rates of chemical reactions
enzymes are not _______ in their function to ___________
consumed, speed the rate of the reaction
each enzyme acts only on __________
one specific substrate
an enzymes ________ allows it to recognize its ________
conformation
substrate
enzyme substrate complex:
active site on enzyme
the substrate changes because the enzyme acted….
the reaction has taken place and a new product is formed
every cell contains _________ of enzymes to complete reactions
hundred
many enzymatic reactions are _________
reversible
the rate/speed of enzyme controlled reactions depends on…
number of enzymes and substrate mol in a cell
how many substrates an individual enzyme can only process per second
some enzymes can only process __ but others can process __________
a few, thousands per second
four major types of tissues in the human body
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
points of contact between the plasma membranes of cells
cell junctions
fluid tight cells
tight junction
3 types of cell junctions
tight
anchoring
gap
location of cell junctions
stomach
small intestines
hold cells to other cells or other structures
anchoring junction
anchoring junctions are common in ________________
tissues subjected to friction and stretching
location of anchoring junctions
outer layer of skin
muscles
gastrointestinal tract
permits electrical and chemical signals to pass from cell to cell
gap junction
location of gap junctions
parts of a nervous system, cardiac muscles
_____ do not have gap junctions
cancer cells
because cancer cells do not have these junctions, they cannot _______________
communicate with one another
since cancer cells cannot communicate, ______
cell division is not controlled
epithelial tissue functions:
protection
diffusion
absorption
secretion
____________ tissue has the fastest cell mitotic/replication rate
epithelial
___________ tissue is most cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix)
epithelial
epithelial tissue is vascular or avascular
avascular
__________ tissue has a nerve supply
epithelial
What kind of tissue contains the most cells junctions?
Epithelial
Epithelial tissue can be arranged in a __________ or ___________
single layer, multiple layers of
Single layer of epithelial tissue
simple
Multiple layer of epithelial tissue
stratified
mixture of cell shapes in one layer:
pseudostratified
pseudosrratified is NOT _________
multilayered
cells can be varied in what ways?
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
thin flat cells
squamous
cells are as tall as wide
cuboidal
cells are taller than they are wide
columnar
cells can change shape due to tension
transitional
epithelial tissue is often referred to as ___________
lining tissue
why call it lining tissue?
epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside pf all structures in the body
epithelial tissue firmly ______ to the ___________ just beneath it
adheres, connective tissue
How does epithelial tissue adhere to the connective tissue?
by a membrane called: basement membrane
the ________ and ________ of epithelial cells usually tell the functions of epithelial tissue
shape, layering
Functions of simple squamous
diffusion
Functions of simple cuboidal and simple columnar
absorption and secretion
possible protection depending on what the cells secrete
Functions of stratified squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
protection
absorption
secretion
__________ are composed of epithelial cells and are therefore considered epithelial tissue
Glands
one cell or a group of highly specialized cells that secrete substances into and through ducts to the surface of a structure/organ/tissue or secretes substances directly into the bloodstream
gland
2 types of glands
endocrine
exocrine
secretes its substance into bloodstream
endocrine
Endocrine are __________
ductless
Examples of endocrine glands
thyroid
pituitary
adrenal
hypathalamus
pineal
etc
secrete their substance into and through a duct to the surface of a structure/organs/tissue
exocrine glands
Examples of exocrine glands
sebaceous
sudoriferous
cerumious
salivary
connective tissue functions
protection
structure
hematopoiesis
energy storage
mineral storage
body temp homeostasis
binds organs
carries oxygen
immune system
blood clotting
connective tissue has a slower replication rate than epithelial, but they do __________
replicate
Connective tissue has less cells but more ________ than epithelial
matrix
Connective tissue is it avascular or vascular
Some of both
Most connective tissue have a ___________ but some don’t
nerve supply
Which type of tissue has the fewest cell junctions?
connective
shapes of cells vary depending on specific ___________
types of tissues
What is the most abundant tissue in the human body?
connective tissue
types of connective tissue
bone
ligaments
tendons
cartilage
adipose
blood
Each connective tissue example has their own unique cell _________ and _________.
shapes, functions
3 basic units of connective tissue
cells
ground substance
fibers
ground substance and fibers make up the _______
matrix
_______ is a intercellular/extracellular substance which is found in between the cells of tissue
matrix
the fibers within the matrix give the tissue ____________
strength and support
3 types of fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
collagen fiber is composed of the protein _______
collagen
________ fibers very strong, resistant to stretching, but are little flexible
collagen
Collagen Fibers are found in
bond
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
elastic fiber is composed of the protein_____
elastin
_______ fiber provides strength and flexibility through its ability to stretch
Elastic
Elastic fiber are found in…
skin
blood vessels
lungs
reticular fiber is very ___ and ________
thin, collagenous fiber
___________ fiber provides structural support
reticular
Reticular fiber supports
adipose
nerve
muscle fibers
classification of cells in connective tissue
fixed cells
wandering cells
appear in tissue temporarily usually in response to infection or injury
wandering cells
a usually large, irregular, and branching phagocytic cell existing in certain tissues
fixed cells
fixed cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts
mast cells
macrophages
cells that produce fibers that go into matrix
fibroblasts
mast cells produced…
histamine and heparin
histamine…
inflammation and allergies
prevents blood from clotting
heparin
function in phagocytosis and are in a fixed number in certain tissues
macrophages
macrophages are mainly
wandering
macrohpages originate as ______ and are specialized to ______________
leukocytes, carry out phagocytosis
3 different types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
ends of long bones
growth plates
nose
rings within respiratory passages
costal cartilages
hyaline
stronger cartilage with fibers
intervertebral discs
menisci
pubis symphysis
firbocartilage
parts or ears and larynx
eleastic
contract to produce force for motion
functions of muscle tissue
secondary functions are ________________ and ______________
thermogenesis, maintain posture
body temp regulation
thermogenesis
Muscle/cell fibers replicate only during the __________
first couple years
_______ cells have many cells with little matrix between cells
Muscle
Which tissue have the most vascular tissue in the body?
Muscle
muscle fibers have a ____________
nerve supply
Muscle have a many or few cell junctions
many
the shapes of the muscle cells are _______ depending on what type of ________ it is
different, muscle
types of muscle fibers
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
another word for smooth
visceral
is skeletal voluntary
yes
does skeletal muscle fibers have a striation
yes
________ has many nuclei near periphery of the cell
skeletal muscle fibers
location of skeletal muscle fibers
muscles usually attached to bones
is smooth muscle fibers voluntary
no
does smooth muscle fibers have striations
no
location of smooth muscle fibers
walls of hollow internal organs
________ consists of spindle-shaped cells each with a large nucleus
smooth muscle fibers
is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary
no
is cardiac muscle striated
yes
what is the location of cardiac muscle
heart muscle
__________: cells are branched and interconnected, which each has a single nucleus
cardiac muscle
cellular processes that receive nerve impulses from other neurons
dendrites
to create and send nerve impulses throughout the body
functions of nervous tissue
Can neuroglia replicate?
yes
when muscle fibers increase in size due to strenuous anaerobic use
muscle hypertrophy
alternating light and dark cross-marking on some types of muscle tissue
striations
slow to no replication
neurons
two very important protein myofilaments found in muscle cells
actin and myosin
when muscle fibers decrease in size due to non-use or disease
muscle atrophy
nerve cells that can recieve and send nerve impulses
neurons
________ are often at the site of tumors, in the nervous system/brain
neurons
Neurons have fewer ___________ but more than connective tissue
cell junctions
the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force
muscle contraction
__________ tissue: Many neuroglia cells, and fewer, neurons with little matrix between
nerve
Is nervous tissue vascular or avascular
vascular
same as muscle cell
muscle fiber
types of nerve cells
neurons
neuroglia
Nerve cells transfers ______ itself
nerve tissue
Does nerve tissue have a nerve supply?
yes
muscle fibers that are under our conscious control to contract
voluntary muscles
when a muscle fiber can no longer contract
muscle fatigue
main part of cell that contains the nucleus
cell body
cellular process that relays nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron to a muscle or gland
axon
muscle fibers that are not under our conscious control to contract
involuntary muscle fibers
Involuntary muscle fibers has 3 distinct regions called…
cell body
dendrites
axon
nerve cells that protect and support neurons
neuroglia
________ cannot receive and send nerve impulses
Neuroglia
production of heat as a result of muscle contraction and relaxation
thermogenesis
________ are branched and interconnected which each has a single nucleus
Nerve
In a cell, mitochondria function to:
produce ATP by release energy from glucose molecules
In a cell, this organelle is the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
Enzymes:
a. cause the activation energy for reactions to be lowered
b. act to alter the rate of metabolic reactions
c. are not consumed or changed as a result of the reactions they control
d. only answers “a” and “b” are correct
e. answeres “a”, “b”, and “c” are correct
e. all are correct
Enzymes are needed to promote metabolic reactions in the body because
the temperature in cells is not high enough to promote the increase in chemical reactions rates
Enzymes can be denatured by:
heat and radiation
chemicals and extremes of pH
electricity
Which of these is an example of an anabolic reaction?
The making of proteins
The making of a Disaccharide from monosaccharides?
both
The nitrogen bases found in DNA are:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
DNA is composed of how many nucleotide pairs
approximately 3 billion
The DNA of a cell is replicated during
S-stage of the cell cycle
In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped by
helicase
In DNA replication new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme
DNA polymerase
In creating a DNA complementary strand to the DNA template, Adenine always binds with
Thymine
In cellular respiration, aerobic cellular respiration take place in the
mitochondria of a cell
As a result of the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are produced
2 ATP
As a result of glycolysis, what are all the products?
ATP, high energy electrons, NADH, and pyruvic acid
In cellular respiration, the first step is when glucose is changed into 2 pyruvate molecules. What is this step called?
glycolysis
In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during what cycle?
citric acid cycle (KREBS)
How many ATP does glycolysis produce in net gain?
net gain of 2 ATP
Most of the ATP produced as a result of cellular respiration is produced during what step?
electron transport chain
In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain happens where in a cell?
in the mitochondria
During protein synthesis, the actual assembling of proteins takes place
at the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell
What is the starter codon for the process of protein synthesis?
AUG
The process of copying a gene of DNA into mRNA is called
transcription
The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the DNA nucleotides for the formation of mRNA is
RNA polymerase
What is the complementary mRNA strand to the DNA strand ATAATTGAC
UAUUAACUG
During translation of protein synthesis, mRNA is translated by:
t-RNA with anticodon
Small DNA segments copied during DNA replication because they are on the lagging strand and run opposite to the leading strand are called?
Okazaki fragments
There are two types of metabolic reactions. Which one takes smaller molecules to build larger molecules?
Anabolic reaction
As a result of mitosis, what is produced?
2 new diploid nuclei
In what stage of mitosis do chromosomes first appear?
prophase
In mitosis, the new nuclei made at the end of telophase have
the exact same DNA information in each nucleus
In what stage of meiosis does crossing-over happen?
Prophase I
As a result of meiosis II and then cytokinesis, what is produced?
4 new non-identical haploid cells
The nuclei produced as a result of meiosis will go into:
gametes
Translation is when:
mRNA is ready by tRNA to assemble a protein
What are the stop codons
UAA, UGA, UAG
On mRNA, a series of 3 nucleotides in sequence is called a:
codon
In cellular respiration, water is produced in what step?
Electron transport chain
The final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration is:
oxygen
TRUE OR FALSE: Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the information copied from a gene on the DNA to the ribosome to produce a specific protein
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Only 2 ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle
True
TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, glycolysis is considered an aerobic reaction
False, anaerobic
TRUE OR FALSE: The synthesizing of nucleic acids is a catabolic reaction
FALSE, anabolic
TRUE OR FALSE: Only carbohydrates, not fats or proteins, can be broken down to produce ATP
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Most metabolic reactions in your body use energy (ATP)
True
TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, cells can turn 75% of the energy released into ATP
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Cells “burn” glucose molecules in a process called oxidation
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The enzyme exonuclease helps bind amino acids together in the synthesis of a protein
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The chemical formula for glucose is C12H22O11.
False
SYNAPSIS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
meiosis
RNA POLYMERASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
protein synthesis
CITRIC ACID
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
cellular respiration
TRANSLATION
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
protein synthesis
GLYCOLYSIS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
cellular respiration
HELICASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
DNA Replication
IDENTICAL DIPLOID NUCLEI
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
mitosis
MITOCHONDRIA
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
cellular respiration
CUG
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
Protein synthesis
AMINO ACIDS
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
protein synthesis
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
cellular respiration
t-RNA
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
protein synthesis
DNA POLYMERASE
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
DNA Replication
NADH and FADH2
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) DNA Replication
d) Protein synthesis
e) cellular respiration
cellular respiration
relates to DNA replication, is an essential enzyme. It unzips the DNA so it unwinds from its double helix. Hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped
helicase
this is the first stage in cellular respiration. it produces a net gain of 2 ATP< so 4 total, electrons, NADH, and pyruvate (2). More specifically, glucose is what it’s being changed into the 2 pyruvic molecules. This is an anaerobic process
glycolysis
also relates to DNA replication. In DNA Replication, new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme
DNA polymerase
occurs in P-I in meiosis-I. It occurs so that non-identical haploid nuclei can be produced
crossing over
Chemical equation for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + O2 —-> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat
Why is protein synthesis sometimes referred to as gene expression?
because when a gene is expressed, it presents the ability for the protein to be assembled
without a protein, there can be no trait, so if a gene is expressed or “turned on”, the protein will synthesize a trait relating to that specific gene
An ocular of 10X is used, what is the magnification if the objective is:
a) 10X
b) 40X
c) 100X
100X
400X
1000X
Explain what Parfocal means.
Parfocal is the ability of a microscope to stay in focus when you change objectives.
Explain what is meant by resolving power of a microscope.
The ability of a microscope to distinguish between 2 lines or image.
What happens to the size of the area viewed as one used a higher power?
When you increase to a higher objective, the image is magnified, but the area you see is smaller.
LENS MARKED 100X
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
High power objective
PLATFORM FOR PLACING SLIDES
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Stage
DIAL USED FOR FINAL FOCUSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Fine adjustment
MAIN CYLINDRICAL PART OF MICROSCOPE
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Body tube
REGULATES LIGHT PASSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Disc diaphragm
DIAL USED FOR INITIAL FOCUSING
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Coarse adjustment
LENS MARKED 10X
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Low power objective
CIRCULAR PLATE AT BOTTOM OF BODY TUBE IN WHICH OBJECTIVES ARE ATTACHED
a) Body tube
b) Coarse adjustment
c) Disc diaphragm
d) High power objective
e) Low power objective
f) Nosepiece
g) Stage
h) Fine adjustment
Nosepiece
Simple Columnar Epithelium Location
Lines uterus
Lines: stomach, small intestines, large intestine; lines portions of digestive tract
Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions
- protection because cells are tall
-absorption
-secretion
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Locations
- Lines portions of respiratory tract
- trachea
- nasal passage
- bronchi
Stratified squamous epithelium Locations
- epidermis
- lines oral cavity
- lines esophagus
- lines anal cavity
- lines vagina
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Function
- protection a) mucus & cilia
- absorption
- secretion
Stratified squamous epithelium Functions
- protection because of layering
found anywhere there will be friction
Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium locations
- epidermis
- lines: oral cavity, vagina, anal cavity, esophagus
Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium Functions:
- protection
- absorption
- secretion
Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium location
-Lines: bronchi, small and large intestines
Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium functions
- protection
-absorption
-secretion
Fibrocarilage location
- intervertebral discs
- menisci
- glenoid/abrum
- acetabular labrum
- pubis symphysis
Fibrocarilage functions
- protection
- shock absorbers
- support specific joints
Normal blood smear location
blood vessels
Normal blood smear function
- carries O2
- fight infections
- blood clotting
- carries nutrients
Sickle cell anemia blood sear location
blood
Sickle cell anemia blood sear function
caused by a chance in the blood that tells the body to make hemoglobin
effects include severe pain, anemia, chest pain, strokes, joint pain
Leukemia blood smear location
blood
Leukemia blood smear function
caused by the bone marrow starting to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, these overtime crowed out the normal blood cells
effects include fever & night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleeding easily, bone or joint pain
Adipose tissue locations
- subcutaneous layer
- around some joints
- around/on surface of heart and kidneys
- behind eyeballs
- in spaces between skeletal muscles
Adipose tissue functions
- body temperature regulation
- energy storage
- protection
Bone tissue locations
- in bones of the skeletal system
Bone tissue functions
-protection
-framework
-hematopoiesis
-mineral storage
-energy storage
Hyaline cartilage locations
-ends of long bones
-end of nose
- cartilage rings found inside trachea
Hyaline cartilage functions
-protection
-support organs
-framework
Skeletal muscle tissue locations
- muscles attached to bones
Skeletal muscle tissue functions
-contract to produce force for movement
-thermogenesis
-maintain posture
Smooth muscle tissue locations
-lines hollow organs: stomach, esophagus, blood vessels, small and large intestines, urinary bladder,
- iris of the eye
Smooth muscle tissue functions
- contract to produce force for motion
Cardiac muscle tissue location
heart
Cardiac muscle tissue functions
- contract to produce force for motion
Nerve tissue locations
- brain
- spinal cord
- all nerves in body
Nerve tissue functions
- create, send, and relay nerve impulses
-neuroglia support neurons
Tendon (dense regular connective tissue) location
- attach skeletal muscle to bones
Tendon dense regular connective tissue) function
-attach skeletal muscle to bones
Human skin location
- outer covering of the body
Human skin function
-protection
-body temperature regulation
-aids in making vitamin D
- houses nerve for sensations of touch, pain, cold, & heat
Specific tissue that contains goblet cells and lines the stomach and intestines
simple columnar epithelium
Specific tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells concerned with diffusion and filtration
simple squamous epithelium
specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen throughout the body
blood (erythrocytes)
specific tissue that lines kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands and functions in absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal epithelium
a very specific type of epithelial tissue that has waterproofing and protective function
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
this specific tissue is found at the end of long bones and in the soft part of the nose
hyaline cartilage
specific type of cell found in nervous tissue that conducts nerve impulses along its processes
neuron
specific type of muscle tissue that has striations and is voluntary
skeletal muscle
specific type of cell that has the ability to secrete mucous, sometimes it is referred to as a unicellular gland
goblet cell
general type of tissue that functions in protection, body temperature regulation, immune response, and energy storage
connective
general type of tissue that functions to produce force for motion
muscle
this specific type of cartilage composes your intervertebral discs, pubis sumphysis, and menisci
fibrocartilage
a specific type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and non-striated (often referred to as visceral muscle)
smooth muscle
the top layer of your epidermis are composed mainly of this specific type of epithelial tissue
stratified squamous epithelium
the second layer of your skin is composed of this general type of tissue
connective
specific type of connective tissue that functions in body temperature regulation, protection, and energy storage
adipose
type of cell that contains structures called axons and dendrites
neuron
specific type of epithelial cell(s) that function in absorption and secretion
cuboidal and columnar
specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen, immune system, blood clotting, carry nutrients throughout the body
blood
specific type of tissue that compose the walls of capillaries and alveoil
simple squamous epithelium
Smooth muscle tissue is also referred to as ________ muscle tissue.
visceral
The part of a neuron that receives nerve impulses and carries the message to the cell body is called the _________-
dendrites
Very small, special structures found on the surface of some cells that act to filter or catch and move particles from one place to another are called ___________
cilia
Small nerve cells that are abundant in number that function to support neurons are called ____________
neuroglia (glia)
a group of similar cells in both structure and function
tissue
removal of tissue for examination
biopsy
TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissue have the most cells junctions
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the highest mitotic rate
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissues are the most vascular of all the 4 tissues in the body.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Functions of connective tissues include protection, hematopoiesis, binds organs together, carry oxygen, and energy storage
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithileal cells that are thin and flat are called cuboidak
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues cells are very closely packed together
True
TRUE OR FALSE: All the different types of connective tissues (bone, adipose, ligaments, blood, tendons, cartilage) are vascular
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The main function of muscle tissue is to contract to produce force for movement
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissue is avascular
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial cells that are cuboidal or columnar——- will have the function of absorption and secretion
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue of the 4 tissues in the body
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the most matrix between their cells
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Nervous tissue contain cells called neurons and neuroglia
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is avascular
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue has a nerve supply within it
True
U ARE DONE
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