Anatomy Chapter 2 Test Flashcards by Anna Katherine Wathen

cardiology

branch of medical science dealing with the heart and its diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytology

study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of the cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dermatology

study of the skin and its diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endocrinology

study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

epidemiology

study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions in a defined human population

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gastroenterology

study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

geriatrics

branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gerontology

study of the aging process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gynecology

study of the female reproductive system and its diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hematologyst

study of the blood and blood diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

histology

study of the structure and function of tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

immunology

study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neonatology

study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nephrology

study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

obstetrics

branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oncology

study of cancers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ophthalmology

study of the eye and eye diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

orthopedics

branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

otolaryngology

study of the ear, throat, and larynx and their diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pathology

study of structural and functional changes that disease causes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pediatrics

branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharmacology

study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

podiatry

study of the care and treatment of feet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

psychiatry

branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

radiology

a study of X rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

toxicology

study of poisonous substances and their upon body parts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

urology

branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys and the male reproductive system, and their diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Level of organization of the human body

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characteristics of Life:

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

producing new cells and organism

reproduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reaction to a change inside or outside of the body

responsiveness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

change in body position or location; motion of internal organs

movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system energy production and nutrient cycling

metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Making energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

digestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

circulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

removing waste products

excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Five environmental requirements to maintain life:

water, food, heat, pressure, oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is homeostasis

the condition of a stable internal environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems that share what three components

receptors, set point, effectors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment

receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tells what a particular value should be, such as body temperature

set point

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

effectors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the receptor measures deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. As conditions return toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors are gradually shut down.

negative feedback mechanism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of a negative feedback mechanism:

A room has a furnace and air conditioner. If the room temperature is to remain near 20 C (68 F), the thermostat is adjusted to an operating level, or set point of 20 C. A thermostat, which senses temperature changed, signals the furnace to start and the air conditioner to stop whenever the room temperature drops below the set point. If the temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat stops the furnace and starts the air conditioner. As a result, the room maintains a relatively constant temperature.

Body temperature is also regulated in this way. The “thermostat” is in the brain, and if the temperature of the body reaches too high or drops too low, the brain signals and measures are taken (like shivering or sweating) for the body temperature to return to normal.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A process that moves conditions away from the normal state

positive feedback mechanism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two examples of positive feedback mechanisms:

In blood clotting, the chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.

Another positive feedback mechanism increases the strength of the uterine contractions during childbirth, helping to bring the new individual into the world.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What kind of conditions do positive feedback mechanisms produce?

unstable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hormone produced by pituitary glands that stimulates uterine contractions

oxytocine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a body cavity?

open spaces in the human body filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two main body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two subdivisions of the two main body cavities (dorsal and ventral?

Cranial and vertebral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many structures are in the cranial cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three structures in the cranial cavity?

brain, pituitary gland, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many structures are in the vertebral cavity?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure(s) in the vertebral cavity?

spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

2 pleural cavities and mediastinum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many structures are in the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the seven structures in the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many structures are in the abdominal cavity?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the structures in the abdominal cavity?

liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, large and small intestines, pancreas, kidneys, ureters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many structures are in the pelvic cavity?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structures are in the pelvic cavity?

urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

area that separates the thoracic cavity into different regions

mediastinum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many structures are in the mediastinum?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the structures in the mediastinum?

heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some examples of smaller cavities?

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

internal organs of the body, especially in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

viscera

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examples of visceral organs

stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many membranes are there?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four membranes?

parietal, visceral, peritoneal, pericardial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do the parietal and visceral membranes touch?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

meaning of the prefix “peri”

lining around

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the difference between parietal and visceral membranes?

parietal are attached to the wall of a cavity, visceral are deeper and cover internal organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What directly covers each lung?

viscera pleura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What covers the heart and does it cover it directly?

pericardial, no

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the lining membrane in the abdominalpelvic cavity called?

peritoneal membranes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones are in the skull

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the hyoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the vertebral column

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the shoulder (s)

2-4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the ribcage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the arm(s)

30-60

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many hip bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many bones in the leg(s)

30-60

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scientific term for front of the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scientific term for back of the body

posterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this: palms are facing forward and forearms are parallel, body is standing erect or laying flat, arms to the side of the body

anatomical position

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

closer to the midline

medial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

farther from the midline

lateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

imaginary line that separates the right and left sides of the body

midline

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

biggest and strongest of the vetebrae

lumbar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many carpals on each hand

8-16 for both

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the design of a ________ is intended to replace the anatomical structure and function of the original body part, providing a wholeness to the person

prosthetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the root word osteo mean

bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

root word itis means

swelling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are some examples of organs (3 examples)

heart, lungs, kidneys

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

four tissues

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two examples of organelles

mitochondria, ribozomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which two cavities are in the dorsal cavity

cranial and vertebral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cranial cavity includes:

brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the medulla oblongata control?

heart rate and breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cavity contains most organs?

ventral cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the most outside membrane

parietal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

deep; these membranes surround each individual organ

visceral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pericardial membrane -

lining, heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pleural membrane -

lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what brings your food to your stomach

esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is your windpipe

trachea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important things to know about water:

most abundant chemical in all living systems
60% of the body is made up of water
required for many metabolic processes
regulates body temp
constitutes intra/extra/inter cellular fluid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important things to know about oxygen:

1/5 of ordinary air (20%)
most of what you breath in is not oxygen
oxygen releases energy from food sources

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important things to know about food:

provides us with nutrients/chemicals that we need to do chemical reactions
food is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important things to know about heat

heat is a product of metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important things to know about pressure

must have pressure to breathe (atmospheric pressure)
must have pressure for blood flow to move nutrient throughout the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

not only do you need food, water, oxygen, heat, and pressure, you a good _________ and _________ of them.

quantity, quality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

concerning receptors, nerves or rather the ends of nerves, send info to ____________________

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What knows the body temp regular state, the set point

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the same thing as the colon

large intestines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls below

below: person is exposed to cold and temp begins to drop, the temp receptors sense this change and the temp control center triggers heat-generating and heat conserving activities, muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily, called shivering. this contraction produces heat, which helps warm the body. at the same time, blood vessels in the skin are signaled to constrict so that less war blood flows through them, in this way, deeper tissues retain heat that might otherwise be lost

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls above

above: person is overheated, brain’s temp control center triggers a series of changes that promote loss of body heat. sweat glands in the skin secrete perspiration, and as this fluid evaporates from the surface, heat is carried away and skin is cooled. at the same time, the brain center dilates blood vessels in the skin. this action allows more blood carrying heat from deeper tissues to reach the surface where the heat is lost to the outside, the brain stimulates an increase in heart rate, which sens a greater volume of blood into surface vessels, and an increase in breathing rate, which allows the lungs to expel more heat-carrying air

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the axial portion include

head, neck, trunk, appendicular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

broad, thick skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the thoracic cavity composed of?

skin, skeletal muscles, various bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the viscera within the abdominal cavity includes the…

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones

pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which cavity contained the teeth and tongue

oral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

with cavity is located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a septum

nasal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which cavity contained the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

orbital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which cavity contained the middle ear bones

middle ear cavities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a body part is above another part

superior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a body part is below another part

inferior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means toward the front

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means toward the back

posterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves

medial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means toward the side, away from the midline

lateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side of the midline

bilateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to structures on the same side

ipsilateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to structures on the opposite side

contralateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

proximal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

opposite of proximal, it means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

distal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means situated near the surface

superficial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts

deep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions

sagittal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

frontal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neither parallel nor at a right angle to a specified or implied line; slanting

oblique

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the region between the thorax and pelvis

abdominal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the point of the shoulder

acromial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the forearm

antebrachial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the space in front of the elbow

antecubital

the armpit

brachial

the cheek

buccal

the heel

calcaneal

the wrist

carpal

the abdomen

celiac

the head

cephalic

the neck

cervical

the ribs

costal

the hip

coxal

the leg

crural

the elbow

cubital

the finger or toe

digital

the back

dorsal

the thigh

femoral

the forehead

frontal

the external reproductive organs

genital

the buttocks

gluteal

the groin - the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

inguinal

the loin - the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

lumbar

the breast

mammary

the chin

mental

the nose

nasal

the lower posterior region of the head

occipital

the mouth

oral

the bony socket of the eye

orbital

the palm of the hand

palmar

the front of the knee

patellar

the anterior chest

pectoral

the foot

pedal

the pelvis

pelvic

the perineum - the inferior-most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs

perineal

the sole of the foot

plantar

the area behind the knee

popliteal

the posterior region between the hip bones

sacral

the middle of the thorax, anteriorly

sternal

the calf of the leg

sural

the ankle

tarsal

the navel

umbilical

the spinal column

vertebral

_________ drives the movement of matter within and between the systems of the human body.

Energy

Energy is stored and released through the creation and destruction of _____________.

chemical bonds

________ is a natural protein composite found in many grains such as what, barley, and rye.

Gluten

Some individuals develop an immune response to gluten where their body’s own immune system attacks and gradually damages the ______ of the small intestine, where ________________ normally occurs.

villi, nutrient absorption

Nutrients that are not absorbed by the body draw _________ toward them as they are eliminated from the body, resulting diarrhea, among other symptoms.

water

the hereditary condition where your body reacts to gluten by one’s own immune system attacks and damages the villi of the small intestine

celiac disease

What is essential for people with celiac disease?

strict gluten-free diet

Some people are _______, where they experience symptoms similar to celiac disease but do not test positive for celiac disease.

gluten sensitive

A wheat allergy is a ________________ to one or more proteins found in wheat and may be the cause of the symptoms, which an allergy test can confirm.

hypersensitive response

There is some evidence that certain _________________ might be the cause of gastrointestinal distress, and these carbohydrates happen to be found alongside gluten in some foods.

short-chained carbohydrates

a branch of science that studies matter, its composition, its properties, and how matter reacts with other matter

chemistry

anything that has mass and volume

matter

everything is composed of ______ and is composed of ____ and ________.

matter, atoms, elements

the smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element

atom

what are atoms composed of

protons, neutrons, electrons

a group of like atoms combined together that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

element

a substance that contains 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together

molecule

a substance that contains two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

compound

forces that hold the atoms together in a compound or molecule form

chemical bonds

what are the two types of bonds

ionic and covalent

what are the seven most abundant elements in the body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium

what is the percent of oxygen in the body?

65%

what is the percent of carbon in the body?

18.5%

what is the percent of hydrogen in the body?

9.5%

what is the percent of nitrogen in the body?

3.2%

what is the percent of calcium in the body?

1.5%

what is the percent of phosphorous in the body?

1.0%

what is the percent of potassium in the body?

.4%

what are the next four most common elements in the body?

sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium

what are the trace elements?

chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, zinc

which two elements are liquid at room tempertaure

mercury and bromine

which elements are metalloids

B, Si, As, Te, Ge, Sb

nonmetals on periodic table

everything to the right of metalloids, as well as hydrogen

trace elements all together are less than ____ in the human body

0.1%

_______ are found outside the nucleus in energy levels

electrons

Energy levels can contain a maximum of ___, ___, ___, ___ electrons per energy level.

2, 8, 18, 32

An atom is neutral when the number of _________ and ________ are the same.

electrons, protons

An atom is stable if the atom’s outermost energy level is considered ___________.

full of electrons

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic mass number

tells how many energy levels an atom has

period number

tells how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)

Roman numeral

atoms of an element with different number of neutrons in its nucleus

isotope

a charged atom

ion

an atom that has the same number of protons as electrons

neutral atom

an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons

stable atom

chemical symbol in specific color:
a) Red -
b) Blue -
c) Black -

gas at room temperature
liquid at room tempertaure
solid at room temperature

Chemical symbol not colored means the element is a _____________.

synthetic element

bonds found between metals and non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound form

ionic bond

Ionic bonds form when __________ are exchanged between atoms.

electrons

bonds found between non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound or molecule form

covalent bond

covalent bonds form when electrons are ______________.

shared between non-metal atoms

What is a molecule?

when 2 or more atoms are covalently combined

examples of molecules

O2, H2O

What is a compound?

when 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms combine in a fixed composition

examples of compounds

NaCl, H2O

the shorthand writing of a molecule or compound

chemical formula/molecular formula

Chemical formula for Glucose

C6H12O6

________ is a sugar that contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen

Glucose

Glucose is both a ________ and a ________.

molecule, compound

show how many atoms are joined and how those atoms are arranged in molecules

structural formulas

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

A + B = AB

Synthesis

AB = A + B

Decomposition

AB + CD = AC + BD

Exchange

reactions in which the products can turn back into the reactants

reversible reactions

these reaction synthesize larger molecules from smaller molecules

anabolic

these reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones

catabolic

substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed

catalysts

act as catalysts in the human body

enzymes

root word ase

enzymes

substances that release ions in water

electrolytes

_______ are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water

acid

_______ are electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions
OFTEN IS DESCRIBED AS RELEASING HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-)

base

How do you know if a substance is an ACID or a BASE?

A scale called a pH scale is used. The pH of a substances measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
a) .1–6.9 is an acid
b) 7 is neutral
c) 7.1–14 is considered a base

substances that do not release ions when dissolved in water

non-electrolytes

example of a reversible reaction

H2O –> <– H2 + O2

why do bonds form between atoms/elements

to make a full outer energy level and become stable

this formula represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. such a formula displays the symbols for the elements in the molecule and the number of atoms of each element

molecular/chemical formula

show how atoms are joined and arranged in molecules. single lines represent single bonds, and double lines represent double bonds

structural formulas

What type of formulas are the following?
H-H O=O H H O=C=O
\/
O

structural formula

What type of formulas are the following?
H2 O2 H2O CO2

molecular/chemical formula

The __________ speedily yet carefully up updates customers’ record and processes insurance information, accepts payment, and hands customers their prescriptions.

pharmacy technician

What do the jobs of the pharmacy technician include?

update customer records, process insurance information, accepts payment, hands customers their perscriptions

The pharmacy technician can answer practical questions, such as when to ____________, but asks the pharmacist to address ____________.

take a medication, health-related concerns

In addition to customer service skills, the pharmacy technician does the following:

gather information from health-care professionals or from patients about particular prescriptions
checks drug inventories
prepares ointments
counts pills
measures liquid mideications
packages and labels drug containers

The pharmacist verifies that the prescription has been _________ and ________ properly.

prepared, labeled

The pharmacy technician may also assist at special events, such as ____________ and ___________.

vaccination clinics, education sessions

Pharmacy technicians work where?

Stand-alone pharmacies
supermarkets and big-box stores
hospitals
skilled nursing facilities
mail-order dispensaries

What is required to be a pharmacy technician?

a high school diploma and in some states a training program and certification

The pharmacy technician job requires _______, _____________, and ___________.

stamina, attention to detail to avoid errors, a friendly approach to serving customers

Why are antibiotics not a standard treatment for the flu?

Viruses are surrounded by a protective protein coating; they don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does. It is because of this that antibiotics don’t really work on viruses.

____________ are useful in studying life processes and in diagnosing and treating some diseases.

Radioactive chemicals

____________ is detected with special equipment, such as a scintillation counter.

atomic radiation

A _____________ can be introduced into an organism and then traced as it enters into metabolic activities.

radioactive isotope

For example, the ____________ is unique in using the element iodine in its metabolism.

human thyroid gland

Therefore, radioactive iodine-131 is used to study thyroid functions and to evaluate ____________.

thyroid disease

Doctors use thallium-201, which has a half-life of 73.5 hours, to ______________, and gallium-67, with a half-life of 78 hours, to __________________.

assess heart conditions, detect and monitor the progress of certain cancers and inflammatory diseases

Atomic radiation can also change _____________ and in this way alter vital cellular processes.

chemical structures

Doctors sometimes use radioactive isotopes, such as cobalt-60, to _______________. The radiation from the cobalt preferentially _____ the rapidly dividing cancer cells.

treat cancers, kills

Exposure to _________ can cause disease, such as certain cancers.

radiation

The transfer of energy as radiation is emitted damages _____ in ways that kill cells or make them cancerous.

DNA

Exposure to _____________ causes skin cancer, and excess ____________ or __________ increase the risk of developing cancer in certain body parts.

ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, medical X rays, gamma rays

is this an isotope or ion: 16 protons, 18 electrons, 16 neutrons
and what is it

ion, S with a 2- charge

a stable atom has a balanced number of _______ and ______

protons, neutrons

what are the organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

organic substance that contains C, H, O usually in a 1:2:1 ration

carbohydrates

carbohydrates are a primary source of ____

ATP

carbohydrates are often called ________

sugars

Examples of carbohydrates

glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose

sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as simple sugars also called

monosaccharides

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called ______________ or _____________.

disaccharides, polysaccharides

what are disaccharatides

double sugars

what are polysaccharides

many sugars linked together

examples of disaccharides

sucrose and lactose

examples of polysaccharides

plant, starch, glycogen**

Know the chemical formula for glucose

C6H12O6

know the chemical formula for sucrose

C12H22O11

where is glycogen stored in your body

skeletal muscles, liver

3 types of muscles

cardiac muscle, involuntary muscle, skeletal muscle

same chemical formula for different molecules are _________

isomeres

building blocks of carbohydrates

6 carbon sugars

organic substance that contains C, H, O, usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio

lipids

lipids may also contain _____

phosphorous

lipids provide __________

cell structure - plasma membrane

________, along with carbohydrates, are also a source for _____ production

ATP

Lipids are ________ in water

insoluble

examples of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of fats

3 fatty acid molecules bound to a glycerol molecule

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the different types of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

Fat has more energy per gram than __________-

carbohydrates

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of phospholipids

similar to fats except 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

Phospholipids are an important structure in the _________ of cells

plasma membrane

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of steroids

4 connected rings of carbon atoms

what are examples of steroids

cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D

where are phospholipids abundant?

liver and parts of the nervous system

Why is vitamin D classified as a steroid?

because of its structure NOT its function

How long does it take the body to digest 200 calories?

1 hour

1 gram of carbs = how many calories?

4 cal

1 gram of protein = how many calories?

4 cal

1 gram of fat = how many calories?

9 cal

Which of the four organic molecules is DEFINITELY insoluble in water?

LIPIDS, specifically fats

organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, that function as structural materials, energy sources, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones

proteins

Proteins may also contain

sulfur

building blocks of proteins

amino acids (20)

what is the order and shape of molecules

conformation

examples of proteins

keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes

conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ________

function/role

Give an example of proteins losing their special properties (egg example)

Heat denatures the protein in egg white, changing it from a liquid to a solid. This is an irreversible change - hard boiled egg cannot return to uncooked, runny state. Similarly, cellular proteins that are denatured may be permanently altered and lose their functions.

organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P that are large and complex and functions in protein synthesis and contains your genetic information (DNA and RNA)

nucleic acids

building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides (also building blocks of DNA and RNA)

what do nucleotides contain?

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

DNA —

deoxyribose and double helix

RNA —

ribose and single stranded

your own immune system fights your own body tissues

auto immune disorder

tiny, finger-like projections in the small intestines that help absorb nutrients from your food

villi

blood vessels that are arteries that carry blood away from thee heart

capillaries

Are capillaries arteries or veins?

arteries

___________ are the smallest arteries

capillaries

the ONLY blood vessel where the things on the inside can get out and wastes and CO2 can get in

capillaries

Gluten is a ______

protein

Everything is a _______

chemical

Is NaCl a molecule?

Are molecules metals, metalloids, nonmetals, or a combination?

nonmetals

what is the formula for dehydration synthesis

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 –> C12H22O11 + H2O

water is needed to break components apart

inorganic substances

common inorganic substances in cells include:

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts

what is considered the “universal solvent” because many substances readily dissolve in it

water

a substance dissolved in a liquid such as water; as it dissolves, it’s broken down into smaller and smaller pieces

solute

a substance where other substances dissolve

solvent

most metabolic reactions occur in…

water

what binds and carries most of the oxygen around the body

red blood cells

scientific name for red blood cell

erythrocyte

carbon dioxide is produced as a __________ when certain metabolic processes release energy and it’s then exalted from the lungs

waste product

what supply is with ions?

salts

a compound composed of oppositely charged ions, like sodium and chloride; abundant in tissues and fluids

salts

Salts dissociate to provide many necessary ions, including…

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and sulfate

These ions (salts) are important in metabolic processes, like the transport of substances ______________, ________ contraction, and ______________ in nerve cells.

into and out of cells, muscle, impulse conduction

what is the pH of human blood

7.4

is olive oil saturated or unsaturated

unsaturated

is butter saturated or unsaturated

saturated

what are the 10 inorganic ions

bicarbonate, calcium, carbonate, chloride, hydrogen, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, sulfate

Chloride Ions symbol and function

Cl- major extracellular negatively charged ion

Hydrogen ion symbol and function

H+ pH of the internal environment

Magnesium ion symbol and function

Mg+2 component of bone tissue

Potassium ion symbol and function

K+ required for polarization of cell membranes

Sodium ion symbol and function

Na+ required for polarization of cell membranes; helps maintain water balance

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Anatomy Chapter 2 Test Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM