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Anatomy Honors > Anatomy Chapter 1 Test > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

State the body structures from smallest to largest

A

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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2
Q

small structures within a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis

A

organelles

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3
Q

basic unit of structure and function of the body, smallest living structure

A

cell

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4
Q

groups of cells similar in structure and function

A

tissue

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5
Q

structure composed or two or more types of tissues that has a specialized function

A

organ

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6
Q

sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given point in time

A

metabolism

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7
Q

Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

A

movement

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8
Q

reaction to a change inside or outside the body

A

responsiveness

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9
Q

increase in body size without changing shape

A

growth

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10
Q

production of new organisms and new cells

A

reproduction

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11
Q

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in this characteristic of life)

A

respiration (KNOW FORMULA**)

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12
Q

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

A

digestion

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13
Q

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

A

absorption

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14
Q

movement of substances in body fluids

A

circulation

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15
Q

changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms

A

assimilation

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16
Q

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

A

excretion

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17
Q

What are the five requirements of an organism? (for Life)

A

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

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18
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Having a stable internal environment which is needed for all of the body’s processes.

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19
Q

Is the body ever in perfect homeostasis everywhere?

A

no

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20
Q

Where is the extracellular/intercellular fluid found?

A

Between cells containing water, nutrients, and oxygen

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21
Q

nerves in the body that detect specific stimuli (conditions) in the body’s internal environment and send that information to central nervous system (CNS)

A

receptors

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22
Q

specific value for a process that takes place in the body

A

set point

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23
Q

what happens when body temperature gets out of homeostasis?

A

Body temperature regulation is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms. The set point tells what the value should be. When body temperature becomes too high, thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. The hypothalamus detects deviation from the set point and signal effector organs. The skin blood vessels dilate, which increase skin blood flow, and sudoiferous glands secrete. Body heat is lost to surroundings. When body temperature becomes too low, thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. The hypothalamus detects deviation from the set point and signal effector organs. Skin blood vessels constrict, which decrease skin blood flow, and sudoiferous glands remain inactive. If body temperature continues to drop, the control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily, and the muscle activity generates heat. Body heat is conserved.

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24
Q

hormone produced by pituitary glands that stimulates uterine contractions

A

oxytocin

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25
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

open spaces in the human body filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

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26
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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27
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the two main body cavities (dorsal and ventral)?

A

Cranial and Vertebral

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28
Q

How many structures are in the cranial cavity?

A

3

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29
Q

What are the three structures in the cranial cavity?

A

Brain, Pituitary gland, Hypothalamus

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30
Q

How many structures are in the vertebral cavity?

A

1

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31
Q

What is/are the structure in the vertebral cavity?

A

Spinal cord

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32
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

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33
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

2 pleural cavities and mediastinum

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34
Q

How many structures are in the thoracic cavity?

A

7

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35
Q

What are the seven structures in the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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36
Q

How many structures are in the abdominal cavity?

A

10

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37
Q

What are the structures in the abdominal cavity?

A

liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, large and small intestines, pancreas, kidneys, ureters

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38
Q

How many structures are in the pelvic cavity?

A

4

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39
Q

What are the structures in the pelvic cavity?

A

urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries

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40
Q

area that separates the thoracic cavity into different regions

A

mediastinum

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41
Q

How many structures are in the mediastinum?

A

4

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42
Q

What are the structures in the mediastinum?

A

heart, trachea, thymus, esophagus

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43
Q

What are some examples of smaller cavities?

A

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

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44
Q

internal organs of the body, especially in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

viscera

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45
Q

examples of visceral organs

A

stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys

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46
Q

How many membranes are there?

A

4

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47
Q

What are the four membranes?

A

parietal, visceral, peritoneal, pericardial

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48
Q

do the parietal and visceral membranes touch?

A

no

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49
Q

prefix for lining around

A

peri

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50
Q

what is the difference between parietal and visceral membranes?

A

parietal are attached to the wall of a cavity, visceral are deeper and cover internal organs

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51
Q

What directly covers each lung?

A

Viscera pleura

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52
Q

What covers the heart and does it cover it directly?

A

Pericardial, no

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53
Q

what is the lining membrane in the abdominalpelvic cavity called?

A

peritoneal membranes

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54
Q

4 types of membranes

A

serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous

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55
Q

Serous membranes…

A

doesn’t open to the outside environment

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56
Q

Examples of serous membranes

A

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

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57
Q

How many bones are in the skull

A

22

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58
Q

how many bones in the hyoid

A

1

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59
Q

how many bones in the vertebral column

A

26

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60
Q

how many bones in the shoulder

A

2-4

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61
Q

how many bones in the ribcage

A

25

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62
Q

how many bones in the arms

A

30-60

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63
Q

how many hip bones

A

2

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64
Q

how many bones in the legs

A

30-60

65
Q

scientific term for front of the body

A

anterior

66
Q

scientific term for back of the body

A

posterior

67
Q

what is this: palms are facing forward and forearms are parallel, body is standing erect or laying flat, arms to the side of the body

A

anatomical position

68
Q

closer to the midline

A

medial

69
Q

farther from the midline

A

lateral

70
Q

imaginary line that separates the right and left sides of the body

A

midline

71
Q

biggest and strongest of the vetebrae

A

lumbar

72
Q

how many carpals on each hand

A

8 - 16 for both

73
Q

the design of a ________ is intended to replace the anatomical structure and function of the original body part, providing a wholeness to the person

A

prosthetic

74
Q

what does the root word osteo mean

A

bone

75
Q

root word itis meaning

A

swelling

76
Q

what is an example of an organism

A

a person

77
Q

what are some examples of organs (3 examples)

A

heart, lung, kidneys

78
Q

four tissues

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

79
Q

two examples of organelles

A

mitochondria, ribozomes

80
Q

Which two cavities are in the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral

81
Q

Cranial cavity includes:

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)

82
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control

A

heart rate and breathing

83
Q

What is contained in the vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord

84
Q

Which cavity are most organs located in

A

ventral cavity

85
Q

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

86
Q

you got this

A

dont stress!

87
Q

What is located in the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum

88
Q

the most outside membrane

A

parietal

89
Q

deep; these membranes surround each individual organ

A

visceral

90
Q

pericardial membrane -

A

lining, heart

91
Q

pleural membrane -

A

lungs

92
Q

4 structures found in the mediastinum

A

heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland

93
Q

what brings your food to your stomach

A

esophagus

94
Q

what is your windpipe

A

trachea

95
Q

important things to know about water:

A

most abundant chemical in all living systems
60% of the body is made up of water
required for many metabolic processes
regulates body temp
constitutes intra/extra/inter cellular fluid

96
Q

important things to know about oxygen:

A

1/5 of ordinary air (20%)
most of what you breath in is not oxygen
oxygen releases energy from food sources

97
Q

important things to know about food

A

provides us with nutrients/chemicals that we need to do chemical reactions
food is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated

98
Q

important things to know about heat

A

heat is a product of metabolic reactions

99
Q

important things to know about pressure

A

must have pressure to breathe (atmospheric pressure)
must have pressure for blood flow to move nutrient throughout the body

100
Q

not only do you need food, water, oxygen, heat, and pressure, you a good _________ and _________ of them.

A

quantity, quality

101
Q

when your body is in a stable, internal condition/environment

A

homeostasis

102
Q

provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment

A

receptors

103
Q

tells us what a particular value should be, like a 98.6 body temp

A

set point

104
Q

concerning receptors, nerves or rather the ends of nerves, send info to ____________________

A

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

105
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

106
Q

bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

A

effector (effect change)

107
Q

if the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. as they return toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors are gradually shut down

A

negative feedback mechanism/system

108
Q

examples of a negative feedback mechanism

A

furnace and air conditioner constantly regulating temperature
body temperature regulation, including the actions of shivering and sweating

109
Q

a process that moves conditions away from the normal state

A

positive feedback mechanism

110
Q

examples of a positive feedback mechanism

A

in blood clotting, the chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding
increases the strength of uterine contractions during childbirth, helping to bring the new baby into the world

111
Q

What knows the body temps regular state, the set point

A

hypothalamus

112
Q

what is the same thing as the colon

A

large intestines

113
Q

Characteristics of Life:

A

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

114
Q

increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

A

growth

115
Q

producing new cells and organism

A

reproduction

116
Q

reaction to a change inside or outside of body

A

responsiveness

117
Q

change in body positions/location; motion of internal orgn

A

movement

118
Q

making energy - most organisms do it by taking in oxygen an giving off carbon dioxide

A

respiration

119
Q

breaking down food intro usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

A

digestion

120
Q

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

A

circulation

121
Q

removing waste products

A

excretion

122
Q

steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls below

A

below: person is exposed to cold and temp begins to drop, the temp receptors sense this change and the temp control center triggers heat-generating and heat conserving activities, muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily, called shivering. this contraction produces heat, which helps warm the body. at the same time, blood vessels in the skin are signaled to constrict so that less war blood flows through them, in this way, deeper tissues retain heat that might otherwise be lost

123
Q

steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls above

A

above: person is overheated, brain’s temp control center triggers a series of changes that promote loss of body heat. sweat glands in the skin secrete perspiration, and as this fluid evaporates from the surface, heat is carried away and skin is cooled. at the same time, the brain center dilates blood vessels in the skin. this action allows more blood carrying heat from deeper tissues to reach the surface where the heat is lost to the outside, the brain stimulates an increase in heart rate, which sens a greater volume of blood into surface vessels, and an increase in breathing rate, which allows the lungs to expel more heat-carrying air

124
Q

what does the axial portion include

A

head, neck, trunk, and appendicular

125
Q

broad, think skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

125
Q

within the axial portion are the _______ cavity, which houses the brain, the _______- canal, which contains the spinal cord within the sections of ht backbone, the _________ cavity; and the ___________ cavity. The organs within these last two cavities are called _____________.

A

axial, appendicular, cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic, viscera

126
Q

what is the thoracic cavity composed of

A

skin, skeletal muscles, and various bones

127
Q

compartment that forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity

A

mediatsinum

128
Q

the viscera within the abdominal cavity includes the…

A

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

129
Q

portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones

A

pelvic cavity

130
Q

what is contained in the pelvic cavity

A

terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs

131
Q

which cavity contained the teeth and tongue

A

oral

132
Q

with cavity is located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a septum

A

nasal

133
Q

which cavity contained the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

A

orbital

134
Q

which cavity contained the middle ear bones

A

middle ear cavities

135
Q

refers to a membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

A

parietal

136
Q

refers to a deeper membrane, toward the interior, and covers an internal organ, such as a lung

A

visceral

137
Q

organs of the ___________ system include the skin and various accessory organs, such as the hair, nails, sweat gland, and sebaceous gland

A

integumentray

138
Q

what do organs in the integumentary system do

A

protect underlying tissue, help regulate body temp, house a variety of sensory receptors, synthesize certain products

139
Q

the organs of the _______ and ________ systems support and move body parts.

A

skeletal, muscular

140
Q

the ________ system consists of bones, as well as ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together

A

skeletal

141
Q

skeletal muscles are the organs of the ________ system

A

muscular

142
Q

the __________ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

A

nervous

143
Q

the cells of the nervous system communicate with each other and with muscles and glands using chemical signals called ___________

A

neurotransmitters

144
Q

the ___________ system includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones

A

endoncrine

145
Q

a particular hormone affects only a particular group of cells, called its

A

targetcells

146
Q

a hormone alters the ________ of its target cell

A

metabolism

147
Q

which two organ systems transport substances throughout the internal ennvironment

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

148
Q

the _______ system includes the heart, arteries, beings, capillaries, and blood

A

cardiovascular

149
Q

the _________- system is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph

A

lymphatic

150
Q

the organs of the digestive system receive food from _________

A

the outside

151
Q

the ______ system includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, large intestine

A

digestive

152
Q

the organs of the __________ system move air in and out of the lungs and exchange gases between the blood and the air

A

respiratory

153
Q

the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are part of this system

A

respiratory

154
Q

the __________ system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

urinary

155
Q

process of producing offspring

A

reproduction

156
Q

the __________- system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus, deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra

A

male reproductive

157
Q

the ____________- system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

A

female reproductive

158
Q
A

Anatomy Honors (27 decks)

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