Anatomy Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
State the body structures from smallest to largest
Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
small structures within a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
organelles
basic unit of structure and function of the body, smallest living structure
cell
groups of cells similar in structure and function
tissue
structure composed or two or more types of tissues that has a specialized function
organ
sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given point in time
metabolism
Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ
movement
reaction to a change inside or outside the body
responsiveness
increase in body size without changing shape
growth
production of new organisms and new cells
reproduction
obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in this characteristic of life)
respiration (KNOW FORMULA**)
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
digestion
passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
absorption
movement of substances in body fluids
circulation
changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
assimilation
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
excretion
What are the five requirements of an organism? (for Life)
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What is homeostasis?
Having a stable internal environment which is needed for all of the body’s processes.
Is the body ever in perfect homeostasis everywhere?
no
Where is the extracellular/intercellular fluid found?
Between cells containing water, nutrients, and oxygen
nerves in the body that detect specific stimuli (conditions) in the body’s internal environment and send that information to central nervous system (CNS)
receptors
specific value for a process that takes place in the body
set point
what happens when body temperature gets out of homeostasis?
Body temperature regulation is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms. The set point tells what the value should be. When body temperature becomes too high, thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. The hypothalamus detects deviation from the set point and signal effector organs. The skin blood vessels dilate, which increase skin blood flow, and sudoiferous glands secrete. Body heat is lost to surroundings. When body temperature becomes too low, thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. The hypothalamus detects deviation from the set point and signal effector organs. Skin blood vessels constrict, which decrease skin blood flow, and sudoiferous glands remain inactive. If body temperature continues to drop, the control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily, and the muscle activity generates heat. Body heat is conserved.
hormone produced by pituitary glands that stimulates uterine contractions
oxytocin
What is a body cavity?
open spaces in the human body filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
What are the two subdivisions of the two main body cavities (dorsal and ventral)?
Cranial and Vertebral
How many structures are in the cranial cavity?
3
What are the three structures in the cranial cavity?
Brain, Pituitary gland, Hypothalamus
How many structures are in the vertebral cavity?
1
What is/are the structure in the vertebral cavity?
Spinal cord
What are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
What are the three subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural cavities and mediastinum
How many structures are in the thoracic cavity?
7
What are the seven structures in the thoracic cavity?
lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
How many structures are in the abdominal cavity?
10
What are the structures in the abdominal cavity?
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, large and small intestines, pancreas, kidneys, ureters
How many structures are in the pelvic cavity?
4
What are the structures in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
area that separates the thoracic cavity into different regions
mediastinum
How many structures are in the mediastinum?
4
What are the structures in the mediastinum?
heart, trachea, thymus, esophagus
What are some examples of smaller cavities?
oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear
internal organs of the body, especially in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
viscera
examples of visceral organs
stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys
How many membranes are there?
4
What are the four membranes?
parietal, visceral, peritoneal, pericardial
do the parietal and visceral membranes touch?
no
prefix for lining around
peri
what is the difference between parietal and visceral membranes?
parietal are attached to the wall of a cavity, visceral are deeper and cover internal organs
What directly covers each lung?
Viscera pleura
What covers the heart and does it cover it directly?
Pericardial, no
what is the lining membrane in the abdominalpelvic cavity called?
peritoneal membranes
4 types of membranes
serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous
Serous membranes…
doesn’t open to the outside environment
Examples of serous membranes
pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
How many bones are in the skull
22
how many bones in the hyoid
1
how many bones in the vertebral column
26
how many bones in the shoulder
2-4
how many bones in the ribcage
25
how many bones in the arms
30-60
how many hip bones
2
how many bones in the legs
30-60
scientific term for front of the body
anterior
scientific term for back of the body
posterior
what is this: palms are facing forward and forearms are parallel, body is standing erect or laying flat, arms to the side of the body
anatomical position
closer to the midline
medial
farther from the midline
lateral
imaginary line that separates the right and left sides of the body
midline
biggest and strongest of the vetebrae
lumbar
how many carpals on each hand
8 - 16 for both
the design of a ________ is intended to replace the anatomical structure and function of the original body part, providing a wholeness to the person
prosthetic
what does the root word osteo mean
bone
root word itis meaning
swelling
what is an example of an organism
a person
what are some examples of organs (3 examples)
heart, lung, kidneys
four tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
two examples of organelles
mitochondria, ribozomes
Which two cavities are in the dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
Cranial cavity includes:
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
What does the medulla oblongata control
heart rate and breathing
What is contained in the vertebral cavity
spinal cord
Which cavity are most organs located in
ventral cavity
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
you got this
dont stress!
What is located in the pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum
the most outside membrane
parietal
deep; these membranes surround each individual organ
visceral
pericardial membrane -
lining, heart
pleural membrane -
lungs
4 structures found in the mediastinum
heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland
what brings your food to your stomach
esophagus
what is your windpipe
trachea
important things to know about water:
most abundant chemical in all living systems
60% of the body is made up of water
required for many metabolic processes
regulates body temp
constitutes intra/extra/inter cellular fluid
important things to know about oxygen:
1/5 of ordinary air (20%)
most of what you breath in is not oxygen
oxygen releases energy from food sources
important things to know about food
provides us with nutrients/chemicals that we need to do chemical reactions
food is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated
important things to know about heat
heat is a product of metabolic reactions
important things to know about pressure
must have pressure to breathe (atmospheric pressure)
must have pressure for blood flow to move nutrient throughout the body
not only do you need food, water, oxygen, heat, and pressure, you a good _________ and _________ of them.
quantity, quality
when your body is in a stable, internal condition/environment
homeostasis
provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
receptors
tells us what a particular value should be, like a 98.6 body temp
set point
concerning receptors, nerves or rather the ends of nerves, send info to ____________________
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
what makes up the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
effector (effect change)
if the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. as they return toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors are gradually shut down
negative feedback mechanism/system
examples of a negative feedback mechanism
furnace and air conditioner constantly regulating temperature
body temperature regulation, including the actions of shivering and sweating
a process that moves conditions away from the normal state
positive feedback mechanism
examples of a positive feedback mechanism
in blood clotting, the chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding
increases the strength of uterine contractions during childbirth, helping to bring the new baby into the world
What knows the body temps regular state, the set point
hypothalamus
what is the same thing as the colon
large intestines
Characteristics of Life:
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion
increase in cell number and size and increase in body size
growth
producing new cells and organism
reproduction
reaction to a change inside or outside of body
responsiveness
change in body positions/location; motion of internal orgn
movement
making energy - most organisms do it by taking in oxygen an giving off carbon dioxide
respiration
breaking down food intro usable nutrients for absorption into the blood
digestion
moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
circulation
removing waste products
excretion
steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls below
below: person is exposed to cold and temp begins to drop, the temp receptors sense this change and the temp control center triggers heat-generating and heat conserving activities, muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily, called shivering. this contraction produces heat, which helps warm the body. at the same time, blood vessels in the skin are signaled to constrict so that less war blood flows through them, in this way, deeper tissues retain heat that might otherwise be lost
steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls above
above: person is overheated, brain’s temp control center triggers a series of changes that promote loss of body heat. sweat glands in the skin secrete perspiration, and as this fluid evaporates from the surface, heat is carried away and skin is cooled. at the same time, the brain center dilates blood vessels in the skin. this action allows more blood carrying heat from deeper tissues to reach the surface where the heat is lost to the outside, the brain stimulates an increase in heart rate, which sens a greater volume of blood into surface vessels, and an increase in breathing rate, which allows the lungs to expel more heat-carrying air
what does the axial portion include
head, neck, trunk, and appendicular
broad, think skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
within the axial portion are the _______ cavity, which houses the brain, the _______- canal, which contains the spinal cord within the sections of ht backbone, the _________ cavity; and the ___________ cavity. The organs within these last two cavities are called _____________.
axial, appendicular, cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic, viscera
what is the thoracic cavity composed of
skin, skeletal muscles, and various bones
compartment that forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity
mediatsinum
the viscera within the abdominal cavity includes the…
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones
pelvic cavity
what is contained in the pelvic cavity
terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs
which cavity contained the teeth and tongue
oral
with cavity is located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a septum
nasal
which cavity contained the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
orbital
which cavity contained the middle ear bones
middle ear cavities
refers to a membrane attached to the wall of a cavity
parietal
refers to a deeper membrane, toward the interior, and covers an internal organ, such as a lung
visceral
organs of the ___________ system include the skin and various accessory organs, such as the hair, nails, sweat gland, and sebaceous gland
integumentray
what do organs in the integumentary system do
protect underlying tissue, help regulate body temp, house a variety of sensory receptors, synthesize certain products
the organs of the _______ and ________ systems support and move body parts.
skeletal, muscular
the ________ system consists of bones, as well as ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together
skeletal
skeletal muscles are the organs of the ________ system
muscular
the __________ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
nervous
the cells of the nervous system communicate with each other and with muscles and glands using chemical signals called ___________
neurotransmitters
the ___________ system includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones
endoncrine
a particular hormone affects only a particular group of cells, called its
targetcells
a hormone alters the ________ of its target cell
metabolism
which two organ systems transport substances throughout the internal ennvironment
cardiovascular and lymphatic
the _______ system includes the heart, arteries, beings, capillaries, and blood
cardiovascular
the _________- system is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph
lymphatic
the organs of the digestive system receive food from _________
the outside
the ______ system includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, large intestine
digestive
the organs of the __________ system move air in and out of the lungs and exchange gases between the blood and the air
respiratory
the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are part of this system
respiratory
the __________ system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
urinary
process of producing offspring
reproduction
the __________- system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus, deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
male reproductive
the ____________- system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
female reproductive
