Chemistry Semester 1 Final Exam Flashcards
the negative subatomic particle in the electron cloud of an atom
electron
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
electromagnetic radiation
a unit of distance for measuring waves
wavelength
the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain time
frequency
the spectrum of light released from excited atoms of an element
emission spectrum
it is impossible to determine the position and velocity of an electron or other particle simultaneously
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
electrons in the outermost energy level of the electron cloud
valence electrons
the tendency of atoms to prefer to have 8 valence electrons
Octet rule
atoms or molecules that have a charge due to having lost or gained electrons
ions
atoms that lose electrons in order to become stable; results in a positive charge; usually metals
cations
atoms that gain electrons in order to become stable; results in a negative charge; usually nonmetals
anions
a convenient and simple way to represent an element and its valence electrons
Lewis structures
a mathematical description for the wave properties of electrons and other tiny particles
Quantum theory
a 3D region around the nucleus that shows where an electron probably is
orbital
the most stable arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron cloud
Electron configuration
electrons fill the lowest energy orbital first
Aufbau principle
orbitals of equal energy each get 1 electrons before any orbital gets a second pair
Hund’s rule
no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers
Pauli exclusion principle
objective; based on senses
observation
subjective; based on perceptions
inference
data based on qualities
qualitative data
data based on quantities (numbers and measurements)
quantitative data
ratios of equivalent values (meaning they equal 1)
conversion factors
the number of digits in a measurement that reflect how accurate the measurement is
significant figures
a technique for converting numbers into different units, without changing their value
dimensional analysis
anything that has mass and value
matter
a measure of the amount of matter
mass
a measure of how much space something takes up
volume
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the identity of the element
atom
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler or more stable
element
a pure substance that can be chemically broken down into simple and more stable substances; when atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined
compound
pure matter with a fixed composition throughout
substance
combination of matter with a variable composition throughout
mixture
a mixture with an even distribution of components
homogeneous mixture
when one substance (solute) is dissolved into another (solvent)
solution
the measure of how well a solute dissolves in a solvent
solubility
when the solute is dissolved in water
aqueous solution
a solution of metals
alloy
a mixture with an uneven distribution of components
heterogeneous mixture
matter is never created or destroyed, it only changes form
Law of conservation of matter
the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element
atom
the positive subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
proton
the negative subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
electron
the neutral subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
electrons in the outermost energy level of the electron cloud
valence electron
make up protons and neutrons and their attraction holds the nucleus together
quarks
number of protons in an atom of the element; used to identify an element
atomic number
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
aka families; the vertical columns on the periodic table
groups
the horizontal rows on the periodic table
periods
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
weighted average of all of the different versions of an element; measured in amu
average atomic mass
a charged atom
ion
