Chapter 11 Genes and Mutations Flashcards
homologous chromosomes that are same or similar chromosomes in males and females.
autosomes
How many autosomes do humans have?
44
chromosomes that are different in males and females
sex chromosomes
How many sex chromosomes do humans have?
2
traits that are produces through the interaction of several genes
polygenic traits
only gets 1 sex chromosome, appear X in female but sex organs do not develop at puberty
Turner Syndrome
what are the possible karyotypes for Turner Syndrome
45X or 45XO
syndrome with two x’s and two y’s; appear male but are sterile
Klinefelter Syndrome
possible karyotype of someone with klinefelter syndrome
47XXY
many alleles to control traits, a gene with more than two alleles
multiple alleles
traits with many outcomes (pheno)
polygenic traits
a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes.
sex-linked genes
both alleles are active so both are expressed
codominance
the active allele does not completely dominate over the inactive allele so the outcome is in between
incomplete dominance
a trait that is caused by a gene whose expression is different in males and females
sex-influenced traits
Give all the genotypes and phenotypes for male-pattern baldness
BB = normal hair for both males and females
Bb = normal hair for females, bald for males
bb = very thin hair for females, bald for males
mistakes in gene information transfer
mutations
involve segments, whole or sets of chromosomes
chromosomal mutations
part of one homologous chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
translocation
mistakes that affect reproductive cells
germ mutations
mistakes that affect body cells
somatic mutations
a segment is repeated
duplication
the loss of part of a chromosome
deletion
oriented in the reverse of its usual direction
inversion
changes that affect one single protein
point mutations
failure of chromosomes (in meiosis I) or chromatids (in meiosis II) to separate properly and the results are gametes with too few or too many chromosomes.
nondisjunction
a protein is inserted or deleted so it changes the sequence completely
frameshift mutation
What is essential in sex determination?
at least one x chromosome
Insert a karyotype of a person with down syndrome (trisomy 21)
47XX + 21 OR 47XY + 21
Give all the possible genotypic combinations for a person with A blood.
IAIA, IAi
Give all the possible genotypic combinations for a person with B blood.
IBIB, IBi
Give all the possible genotypic combinations for a person with AB blood.
IAIB
Give all the possible genotypic combinations for a person with O blood.
ii
What is the genotype of a universal donor (Include Rh factor)
ii-[O-no antigens, no Rh factor]
Rh+ of Rh+, Rh+ OR Rh+, Rh- and Rh- if Rh-, Rh-
what is this an example of:
ABCD:EFGHI
ABCD:EHI
deletion
what is this an example of:
ABCD:EFGHI
ABCD:EFEFGHI
duplication
what is this an example of:
ABCD:EFGHI
ABEF:DCGHI
inversion
HIJK::LMNOPQ
AB::CDEFG
using these letters, demonstrate an example of translocation
LMJK:HIEFPQAB:CDNOG
Demonstrate a frameshift mutation using:
THE RAT SAT AND ATE THE FAT
TER ATS ATA NDA TET HEF AT
If the sex of a human is female, the egg was fertilized by a __ sperm, if it is male, then it was fertilized by a __ sperm.
X, Y
Turner Syndrome consists of how many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes? It is caused by __________ either in meiosis I or II
44, 1, nondisjunction
Klinefelter’s Syndrome consists of how many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes? It is caused by __________ either in meiosis I or II
44, 3, nondisjunction, (3 sex XXY)
a pink flower would be an example of______________ because no allele is totally dominant over the other
incomplete dominance
the karyotype CRCRxCWCW-F1 = CRCW is an example of…
codominance, non-mendelian
examples of sex-linked genes
colorblindness, muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia
what is this an example of:
CTGAGT ———-> CTGCTG
point mutation
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