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CBI - UOE > Influenza > Flashcards

Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

how many classes of influenza virus

A

3- A B C

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2
Q

which classes of influent cause human disease

A

A and B

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3
Q

which influenza is responsible for pandemic outbreaks

A

influenza A

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4
Q

what are influenza virus’

A

avian viruses that adapt to humans

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5
Q

how is influenza spread

A

through aerosol droplets

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6
Q

where does influent establish infections

A

establishes cytolytic infections in the epithelial of the upper and lower respiratory tract

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7
Q

influenza A shape

A

spherical or rod-shaped

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8
Q

structure of influenza A

A

spherical or rod-shaped enveloped virus covered with 2 spike like glycoproteins

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9
Q

name the 2 spike like glycoproteins

A

trimeric hemagglutinin (HA)

tetrameric neuraminidase (NA)

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10
Q

trimeric hemagglutinin

A

mediates binding to cell surfaces and internalisation

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11
Q

tetrameric neuraminidase

A

NA cleaves silica acid and promotes viral release from the cells

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12
Q

NA

A

neuraminidase

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13
Q

HA

A

hem agglutinin

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14
Q

DNA inside influenza

A

RNA

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15
Q

influenza infection cycle

A

1) HA mediates binding to cell via sialic acid
2) endocytosis of virus
3) uncoating
4) RNA replication
4) viral proteins production
5) Budding
6) viral release promoted by NA

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16
Q

influenza genotypes are..

A

diverse in birds

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17
Q

influenza genotypes in birds express

A

variety of HA and NA subtypes

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18
Q

types of HA expressed in birds

A

H1 to H15

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19
Q

types of NA expressed in birds

A

N1- N9

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20
Q

avian viruses prefer receptors found where

A

intestinal cells

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21
Q

what do avian virus’ bind to on intestinal cells

A

alpha-2,3

sialic acid linkage to galactose

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22
Q

what do human viruses prefer receptors found where

A

respiratory epithelia

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23
Q

what do human virus’ bind to on respiratory epithelial cells

A

alpha-2,6 sialic acid linkage to galactose

24
Q

pigs

A

express both types of linkage on respiratory epithelial cells

25
Q

where doe influenza virus enter human poulations

A

where humans, pigs and birds (waterfowl) are in close proximity

26
Q

pigs can be infected with

A

both human and avian influenza

27
Q

how do pigs mediate the production of zoonotic influenza

A

Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza, and exchange
of segments between viral genomes in the pig can give rise to variants expressing novel surface proteins together with human-adapted virulence determinants

28
Q

antigenic drift

A

occurs due to point mutation s which accumulate in survive HA and NA - meaning that the neutralising antibodies no longer recognise the virus

29
Q

point mutations in HA and NA lead to

A

antigenic drift

30
Q

antigenic drift leads to

A

epidemics

31
Q

when do pandemics occur

A

due to antigenic shift

32
Q

antigenic shift

A

when avian influenza viruses and human influenza viruses infect pigs.

reassortment of the two genomes leads to expression of avian HA or NA in a virus otherwise adapted to infect humans

33
Q

antibodies

A

block viral attachment to host cells

prevent release of new virions

34
Q

which cells destroy infected influenza cells

A

CD8 T cells

35
Q

human infections are usually caused by viruses that express

A

H1 H2 H3

N1 N2 N8 subtypes

36
Q

name three influenza pandemics

A

spanish flu

asian flu

hong kong flu

37
Q

spanish flu caused by

A

H1N1 (1918-1920)

38
Q

asian flu caused by

A

H2N2 (1950s)

39
Q

Hong kond fl caused by

A

H3N2 (1968-70)

40
Q

how many deaths in the 21st century have been caused by influenza viruses

A

from between 2 million to 1billion

41
Q

a 21st century global influenza pandemic analogous to the spanish flu is though to be

A

inevitable

42
Q

spanish flu happened in

A

1918

43
Q

which influenza subtype caused spanish flu

A

H1N1

44
Q

the spanish flu’s victims were

A

health you adults >50% between 20 and 40 years old)

45
Q

why was the spanish flu outbreak different to other flu outbreaks

A

due to most outbreaks killing young, elderly and weak patients

46
Q

how many people died due to spnaish flu

A

50 mill to 100 mill

47
Q

how many people killed by spanish flu in first 25 weeks

A

25 million

aids killed 25 million in first 25 years

48
Q

why so many people killed by spanish flu

A

extremely high infection rates and hypokcytokinemia (thought to cause such extremes symptoms)

49
Q

hypercytokinemia

A

cytokine strom

50
Q

cytokine storm

A

systemic expression of a healthy and vigour immune system

51
Q

what causes cytokine storm

A

release of over 150 inflammatory mediators

52
Q

sepsis causes

A

systemic inflammation and coagulation

53
Q

which infections cause cytokine storms

A

avain influenza, ARDS, sepsis and ebola

54
Q

why is 21st century flu pandemic inevitable?

A

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses, which express H5,
H7 or H9, have become established in poultry throughout China and Southeast Asia

HPAI H5N1 viruses were transmitted to individuals exposed to poultry
during outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997

These have spread, primarily through migratory birds, to infect poultry
and humans in the Middle East and northern Africa

Human transmission of H5N1 is infrequent, but mortality approaches 60%

Pigs in China have been infected with avian H5N1 strain and the human H3N2 virus strain (responsible for the 1968-70 HK pandemic)

This may facilitate the re-assortment of viral genome segments to produce
a more transmissible virus

55
Q

Influenza A pandemic (2009)

A

caused by a tripe re-assortment influenza A virus (H1N1) compose of human , swine and eurasian avian strain
-Efficient human-to-human transmission allows global spread of the virus

CBI - UOE (61 decks)

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