Glossary 2 Flashcards
histocompatability
flexible stretch of amino acids between two domains, Cg1 and’CyQ of an lgG molecule, that allows the antigen-binding sites mobility relative to one another
Human anti-mouse lg antibody (HAMA):
antibody produced by an immune response in humans to determinants on mouse lg, which limits the therapeutic usefulness of mouse monoclonal antibodies
Humanized antibodies:
monoclonal antibodies made by using mouse cells and subsequently manipulated by recombinant DNA technology to produce a molecule most of which is derived from human sequences, with only antigen-binding loops of the mouse molecule
lmmunofluorescence:
a technique in which fluorescently labelled antibodies are used to determine the location of the corresponding antigen in a tissue section or in cells
lmmunogenic:
able to induce an adaptive immune response. Many antigens are recognised by lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system fail to elicit immune responses in the absence of adjuvants that promote adaptive immune responses, often by activating cells of the innate immunity
lmmunoglobulin (lg):
a class of proteins produced by B lymphocytes of the immune system and that recognise and binds to foreign antigens. Also called an antibody.
lmmunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM):
a sequence in the cytoplasmic domains of inhibitory immunoreceptors that, upon phosphorylation on tyrosine recruits signalling inhibitors
lmmunotherapy:
(of illergies) a treatment for atopic diseases in which the allergen responsible for the condition is injected repeatedly.
lnducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS):
one of the three isoforms of NOS, the enzyme that makes nitric oxide, and that is synthesised by phagocytic cells as part of the microbicidal response
lnflammation:
coordinated response to infection or tissue injury recognised since ancient Roman times and characterised by heat, pain, redndss and swelling
lnflammatory cytokines:
cytokines that are released by phagocytes of the innate immune system on the presence of microorganisms, or by activated lymphoid cells, and that act on blood vessels and cells of the immune system to induce or amplify immune responses
Innate immunity:
immune responses mediated by cells and molecules recognizing conserved features of microorganisms and activated immediately on encounter with them
lnterleukin cytokine:
participating in immune responses and originally thought always to be produced by leukocytes. Many cytokines have been given a systematic name of interleukin x, wehre x is a number from one to at least 29. lt is now clear that often the range of ac;tion of interleukins extends to non-hematopoietic lineage lines
kupffer cells
macrophages in the live
langerhans cells
immature dendritic cells in the epidermal layer of the skim
lectin
protein that binds specifically to particular polysaccharides or other carbohydrate structures. There are four major structural groups: C-type lectins, ptype lectins, ltype lectins and galectin-like lectins
lectin pathways
complement activation pathway through which mannose-binding lectin and ficolins stimulate the complement cascade
light chain
the immunoglobulin light chains are the smaller of the two kinds of chains in the immunoglobulin molecule. Each has a variable region contributing to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region containing a cysteine by which it makes a disulfide bond with the constant region of the heavy chain
LPS
major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and an important recognition element for innate immunity
lymph
Lymph: fluid drained from the tissues flowing through lymphatic vessels
lymphatic vessels
system of vessels draining fluid (lymph) from the tissues and in which dendritic cells and antigens are delivered to lymph nodes
lymph nodes
secondary lymphoid organs distributed widely in the body but especially in the groin, the axilla and the neck, and along the small intestine
macrophages
phagocytic cells resident in tissues th’at detect microorganisms by means of receptors recognising conserved components and ingest and destroy them, and function in tissue repair and maintenance
MHC
cluster of genes encoding the classical and many non- classical MHC molecules and other structurally unrelated molecules, many with important functions in immunity
Mannose-binding lectin
a collectin family member that recognises terminal sugars with equatorial hydroxyls in the C3 and C4 positions, such as mannose and fructose. Also called mannose-binding protein (MBP)
M cells
specialised epithelial cells in the small intestine that collect antigen at Peyer’s patches
memory celsl
Iong-lived lymphocytes that differentiate during the clonal expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes during a primary immune response and provide a rapidly activated effector pool on subsequent challenge with the same antigen
Metacyclic promastigotes:
infectious forms of Leishmania that represent terminally differentiated promastigotes released from the intestinal epithelia and that migrate to the sandfly proboscis; metacyclic forms are covered with the lengthened form of surface lipophosphoglycan molecules that renders parasites more resistant to complement and macrophage oxidant killing