Bacterial infection- better

Question 1

innate immunity in bacterial infections

Answer 1

• complement
• phagocyte recognition
• phagocyte killing

Question 2

adaptive immunity in bacterial infections

Answer 2

• CD8
• CD4
• antibodies

Question 3

innate response is

Answer 3

quick, but low-level

Question 4

innate recognised

Answer 4

molecules common to bacteria but absent form the host

Question 5

innate immune uses what to recognise bacteria

Answer 5

Patter recognition receptors to recognise PAMPs

- coded for in germline- limited diversity

Question 6

Complemement pathways

Answer 6

classical
lectin
alternative

Question 7

classical pathway

Answer 7

trigger by recognition of Ag-Ab complex (IgG/IgM) via Fc receptors on immune cell

Question 8

lectin pathway

Answer 8

recognition of microbial surfaces e.g. mannose

Question 9

alternative

Answer 9

spontaneous- foreign surfaces e.g. LPS

Question 10

Killing by complement steps

Answer 10

1) recognition of microbial component
2) generates C3
3) C3 convertase covalently bind to cell surface at which complement activation was initiated- confinedto infectious organism
4) C3 convertase breaks down into C3a and C3b
5) C3b binds to microbial surface and forms part of theC5b convertase (C3b/C5), which forms part of the membrane attack complex (MAC
6) Cda causes inflammation
7) MAC- causes pores to form- cell lysis

Question 11

Which parts of complement form the MAC

Answer 11

mostly C9- C8, C9, C7, C6, C5b

Question 12

roles of C3a and C5a

Answer 12

bind to their receptors on mast cells and causes degranulation of histamine

Question 13

C5a

Answer 13

also a chemoattractant

Question 14

C3b

Answer 14

opsonisation and phagocytosis

Question 15

C5b9

Answer 15

lysis of microbe

Question 16

two types of phagocyte killing

Answer 16

Indirect and direct recognition

Question 17

indirect recognition

Answer 17

bacteria coated with antibodies are recognised by antibody receptor (Fc receptors) or bacteria coated with C3b are recognised by C3b receptors- triggers phagocytosis

Question 18

direct recognition

Answer 18

PRRs recognising PAMPs e.g. by TLRs

Question 19

consequence of phacgocyte killing

Answer 19

• activating of pathways leding to cytokine and chemokine productions
• ingestion and killing

Question 20

TLRS have 2 portions

Answer 20

-extra-cellular and intracellular

Question 21

extracellular

Answer 21

-ligand recognition

Question 22

intracellular

Answer 22

signalling

Question 23

bacteria recognised by TLRs are

Answer 23

ingested and killed by phagocytosis in the phagolysosome

Question 24

TLR/1/2

Answer 24

peptidoglycan

Question 25

TLR 4

Answer 25

LPS

Question 26

TLR3

Answer 26

Ds RNA

Question 27

TLR 5

Answer 27

flagellin

Question 28

TLR 7/8

Answer 28

ssRNA

Question 29

Il-1

Answer 29

activates endothelial cells- fever

Question 30

IL-6

Answer 30

proliferation of B cells- antibodies

Question 31

TNF-alpha

Answer 31

activates endothelial cells- fever activate neutrophils

Question 32

interferon- alpha

Answer 32

- antiviral immunity (CD4/8) | - used to treat HepB/C

Question 33

Interferon B

Answer 33

- antiviral | - promotes CD4/8

Question 34

adaptive immunity recongises

Answer 34

antigens that are unique to individual pathogens

Question 35

the adaptive response is

Answer 35

slow to develop and mature, but evokes a powerful, long-lasting and remembered response

Question 36

MHC presentation

Answer 36

dendritic cells (APCs) phagocytose bacteria and process parts of it to be presented on the outside via MHC I/II receptors

Question 37

MHCI

Answer 37

- markers for CD8 T cell responses- via cytosomal pathways

Question 38

MHC II

Answer 38

-markers for CD4 T cell response- via endosomal pathways

Question 39

CD8 T cell responses- cytotoxic- are appropriate when..

Answer 39

bacteria has invaded and grown within the host cell

Question 40

CD8 t cell responds by

Answer 40

killing host cell using perforins, granzymes and granulysin

Question 41

examples of infections tackled by CD8 response

Answer 41

TB Salmonellosis Listeriosis Melioidosis

Question 42

CD4 Tcell secrete which cytokines

Answer 42

Il-17, TNF, IFN-Y,

Question 43

Il-17 and TNF alpha

Answer 43

inflammation

Question 44

IFN-Y

Answer 44

macrophage activation and phagocytosis

Question 45

B cells responses are promoted via

Answer 45

CD4 T cell response via various cytokines e.g. IL-6

Question 46

Roles of antibodies

Answer 46

-promote complement binding -agglutination -neutralising -opsonising -

Question 47

which bacterial diseases require n antibody response

Answer 47

``` Tetanus Plague Pertussis Streptococcal pneumoniae Meningitis Anthrax ```

Question 48

tetanus and anthrax, pertusissis

Answer 48

antibodies neutralise toxins

Question 49

Plague

Answer 49

antibodies have an unknown role

Question 50

Pertussis

Answer 50

- neutralising toxin, agglutinating, opsonising, complement activating