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CBI - UOE > Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

each year how many people worldwide are diagnosed with cance

A

14.1 million

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2
Q

half of .. will get cancer

A

men

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3
Q

1/3 of … will get cancer

A

females

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4
Q

immunocompromised individuals are

A

more susceptible to cancer than the general population

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5
Q

which cytokine is specifically immune-protective against cancer

A

IL-2

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6
Q

tumour micro-environment is rich in

A

Tumour infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs)

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7
Q

those patients with few TILs are

A

far more likely to die

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8
Q

non-small cell lung carcinomas are often found to be being fought by

A

CD8 Cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

process immune system uses to recognise cancer cells

A

1) cancer cells will display calreticulin on its plasma membrane
2) this signals for macrophophages to phagocytose the cancer cell
3) macrophage e.g. dendritic cell stimulates naive T cells (e.g. via MHC I and CD8)
4) killer T cell expansion
5) eliminate cancer cell

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10
Q

3 passes of cancer immune surveillance

A

elimination –> equilibrium –> escape

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11
Q

elimination stage of cancer immune surveillance

A

innate and dative immune response against active tumour ( B cells and Ig, T cells, Treg, NK cells

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12
Q

equilibrium stage of cancer immune surveillance

A

tumour is contained by immune system but not completely destroyed

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13
Q

escape stage of cancer immune surveillance

A

tumour antigen editing vi genomic instability causes immune evasion and tumour micro-environment becomes immunosuppressive

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14
Q

tumour micro-environment is rich in immune suppressive signals

A
  • high levels of suppressive cytokines
    Initiation of T tags (inhibit DCs)
  • low MHC expression on tumour cells
  • high expression of immune checkpoint proteins on T cells
  • high expression of immune checkpoint protein inhibitors on tumour cells
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15
Q

most tumur antigens are recognised by

A

adaptive immunity as self antigens

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16
Q

T cell activation involves

A

positive and negative signals flowing in both direction

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17
Q

types of cancer treamtent

A

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy etc

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18
Q

immunotherapy is

A

specific , powerful, universal, memory

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19
Q

immunotherapy is not a new idea0 however technique was limited until

A

advent of hybridoma technology

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20
Q

production of monoclonal antibodies via hybridoma technology

A

renewed interest int targeting human tumours for diagnosis and therapy

21
Q

detection of tumour-associated antigens offers an attractive target for

A

radioisotopes or other toxic substances carried to tumours by mAbs for treatment or imaging purposes

22
Q

examples of how the immune system can be harnessed to target cancer

A
  • passive vaccination
  • activate vaccination
  • immune system modulators
  • immune checkpoint modulation
  • immune cell therapy
23
Q

passive vaccination

A

therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

24
Q

active vaccination

A

e.g. HPV vaccines and cervical cancer

25
Q

immune system modulators

A

e..g IL-2 activates CD8 T cell

26
Q

therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

A

carry cytotoxic agents to tumour

induces complement-mediated lysis or ADCC of tumour cells

block activity of tumour-specific proteins

27
Q

rituximab- therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and Hodjkins Non-lymphoma

A
  • induce complement -mediated lysis or ADCC of tumour cell
28
Q

herceptin- therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and breast cancer

A

block activity of tumour-specific proteins

29
Q

3 ways of using therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

A

1) naked Mob
2) immunoconjugates
3) multistep targeting

30
Q

Naked MAb are used to

A

induce ADCC and CDC in tumour cells

31
Q

example of immunoconjugates

A

Immunocytokinfe, radioimmunocongjugate, immunotoxin, celllular immunocongjugates (killer cell), immunoliposome

32
Q

Antibody-guided chemotherapies

A

use of radioisotopes, drugs and tons conjugated to monoclonal antibodies

33
Q

chemotherapeutic agents used for antibody -guided therapy of cancer

A

Cisplatin , emthotexate etc

34
Q

Toxins used for antibody-guided theory of cancer

A

Rick, abrin, diphtheria

35
Q

Non-hodjkins lymphoma

A

NHL is a malignant growth of B cells that results in tumours in lymph nodes and throughout the body
- no cure for most paitents- only 60% of patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy are still alive after 5 years

36
Q

NHL and chemotherpay

A

Fludarabine- many side effects e.g. vomiting, nausea, ovaries stop producing hormones

  • develops diabetes, severe folic acid deficiency, anaemia
  • after 18 months chest scan reveals NHL is back
37
Q

what is used to treat NHL

A

a chimeric therapeutic monoclonal antibody called Rituximab

38
Q

rituximab is the

A

first monoclonal antibody treatment approved for cancer

39
Q

how does Rituximab work

A

a chimeric human-mouse mAB targeted against CD20 - an antigen present on surface of neoplastic B cells
- lyses cells using human complement or ADCC

40
Q

NHL immunotherapy

A
  • much more effective than chemotherapy

- no toxicity associated with the treatment

41
Q

breast cancer

A

v common cancer (1 in 9 women)

- two ends have been identified BRCA1 and BRCA2

42
Q

women with mutation in BRCA2 tumour suppressor gene

A

have greatly elevated risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers

43
Q

which antigen to breast cancer cells express

A

HER

- breast cancer cells divide and grow when he protein Human Epidermal GF attaches itself to HER2

44
Q

what is used to treat breast cancer

A

humanised monoclonal antibody Herceptin

45
Q

herceptin is mainly used to treat women

A

with advanced breast cancer and is given in combination with chemotherapy drugs such as Taxol

46
Q

Alzheimers disease: which antibody is a neuroprotector

A

Solanezumab

47
Q

Solanezumab …

A

mAb binds to amyloid0B peptides

  • binding to central epitope KLVFFAD with pciomolar affinity
  • epitope s enucleation site for AB polymerisation
  • oligomers of AB toxic to neurones
48
Q

which antibody used in Rheumatoid arthiritics

A

Toxilizumab

49
Q

Toxilizumab

A

Humanised anti-human IL-6R receptor antibody

- blocks binding of IL-6

CBI - UOE (61 decks)

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