Human Development

Question 0

Development is multidimensional

Answer 0

Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions and they all have subgroups

Question 1

Development is lifelong

Answer 1

No age period Dominates development

Question 2

Development is multidirectional

Answer 2

Growth and decline characterize development. Some dimensions or components of a dimension may expand and others shrink as an individual develops.

Example- older adult becoming wiser, but has less speed with processing information

Question 3

Development is plastic

Answer 3

Plasticity is the potential for change. Older adults can reverse or reduce cognitive decline.

Example- boy with seizures that has the left side of his brain removed, but he is normal because the right side takes over

Question 4

Development is contextual

Answer 4

contextual – relating to or depending on

Responding or acting within the context of your biological makeup, physical environment, and cognitive processes. Historical, cultural, social context.

There are Three types of influences that are exerted by context.

Question 5

Three types of influences that are exerted by context

Answer 5

1) normative age graded influences
2) normative history graded influences
3) non-normative life experiences or events

Question 6

Normative age graded influences

Answer 6

Similar for people in a particular age group

Example – puberty, menopause, 50-year-old needing bifocals or reading glasses

Question 7

Normative history graded influences

Answer 7

Common to people of a particular generation.

Example – World War I, 9/11, okc bombing

Question 8

Biological process

Answer 8

Involves changes in our physical nature

Example – Genes, development of brain, height and weight gain, motor skills change, hormonal changes, cardiovascular decline

Question 9

Cognitive process

Answer 9

Involves changes in thought, intelligence, and language

Example – learning to talk, infant watching mobile, memory, imagination, abstract thinking

Question 10

Socioemotional process

Answer 10

Involves changes in relationships with others. changes in emotion and personality

Example- smile, aggression, assertiveness, joy, affection.

Question 11

Chronological age

Answer 11

number of years that has elapsed since birth. Age

Example- 4,8,12,21,etc

Question 12

Biological Age

Answer 12

persons age in terms of biological health. Function capacities of vital organs.

Example- heart, brain, and lungs.

Question 13

psychological age

Answer 13

individuals adaptive capacities compared to others of the same chronological age.

Example- mature teen, childish adults, flexible elderly.

Question 14

Social Age

Answer 14

refers to social roles and expectations related to ones age

Example- Role of the mother is the same no matter at what age. 18 or 30.

Question 15

Non-normative life events

Answer 15

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact.

Example- Death of parent when a child is young, teen pregnancy, traumatic accident.

Question 16

Developmental Issues

Answer 16

Stability and Change
Nature and Nurture
Continuity and Discontinuity

Question 17

Stability and Change

Answer 17

Stability- the result of heredity and early experiences.

Change- takes more of the optimistic approach.

Question 18

Nature and Nurture

Answer 18

Nature- biological

Nurture- environmental

Question 19

Continuity and Discontinuity

Answer 19

Continuity- gradual and cumulative change.
Example- puberty is a gradual change.
Discontinuity- Distinct stages.
Example- child only thinking about themselves to thinking about others and the world. The metamorphosis of a butterfly.

Question 20

Freuds psychosexual stages

Answer 20

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 21

oral stage

Answer 21

Birth-18months

Believed that the infants pleasure focuses on the mouth

Question 22

Anal stage

Answer 22

18months-3yrs
Believed child’s pleasure focuses on the anus.
(potty training- children are obsessed with feces)

Question 23

Phallic Stage

Answer 23

3-6yrs.

Child focuses on genitals

Question 24

Latency stage

Answer 24

6yrs-puberty

Child represses sexual interests and focuses on developing social and intellectual skills

Question 25

Genital Stage

Answer 25

puberty-death
Time of sexual re-awakening
Source of sexual pleasure comes from someone outside the family

Question 26

Genotype definition

Answer 26

underlying genetic makeup

Question 27

Phenotype definition

Answer 27

Observable characteristic

Product of the genotype and any relative environmental experience)

Question 28

Age in relation to pregnancy:

Answer 28

Young females are less likely to receive medical attention due to being afraid to tell others.

Women who are 35+ have a higher chance of having a down syndrome baby.

Question 29

Primary purpose of the WIC program

Answer 29

Women, infants, children

It focuses on nutrition

Question 30

Body Image

Answer 30

Teenagers are more dissatisfied with their body during puberty, then later in adolescents.
Girls are more dissatisfied with their body’s than boys are.

Question 31

Body Growth and Change Stages:

Answer 31

Early Vs. Late Maturation
Early maturation has great advantages for boys, but disadvantage for girls.
Early Adulthood- (late teens-early 20’s)
Height stays the same, but muscle tone and strength peak.
Middle Adulthood- (35-45)
Genetic makeup and lifestyle factors-
Physical appearance- women are more apt to see aging as a diminishing attractiveness.
Physical strength and joint functioning decline- declines after age 30.
Progressive loss of bone- accelerates after age 50.
Late Adulthood (60’s-death)
Variety of physical activity.
Exercise and social class are important factors of physical performance.
Change in appearance- wrinkles, age spots, weight loss due to less muscle mass

Question 32

Proximodistal growth pattern:

Answer 32

Growth starts in the center of the body and works it’s way through the body

Question 33

Cephalacaudal Pattern

Answer 33

Fastest growth occurs at the top of body/head and works it’s way down

Question 34

SIDS Risk Factors

Answer 34

Low birth weight, multiple baby’s born at once, sleep apnea, low socioeconomic, second hand smoke

Question 35

Stages of Birth

Answer 35

First Stage- uterine walls are contracting more. longest stage of birth. ends with a dilated cervix (4mm). Can last 12-24hrs.

Second Stage- Baby’s head begins moving through the cervix. Ends when the baby is completely emerged from the mother’s body. Can last 1hr and a half.

Third Stage- Shortest stage. After birth. Placenta is expelled, the umbilical cord and other membranes are expelled. Stage only lasts a few minutes.

Fourth Stage- After care stage. Baby is taken by nurse, and is being checked for everything. Dr. is cleaning up mom.

Question 36

Prenatal Care

Answer 36

Early, high quality care- educational, social, and nutritional services.
Prevention of maternal and infant death and other complications
Populations with the least prenatal care- teenage mothers, unmarried mothers, mothers with little education, and some minority women.
Women who get prenatal care are more likely to get preventative care for their infant. (dr. checkups)
Program Focus: screening vs. LBW.
Care should begin prior to pregnancy