biology exam 4

Question 0

Micronutrients

Answer 0

Minerals and vitamins

Found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Organisms must ingest them in small amounts to maintain health.

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Nutrients that our body requires in large amounts

Provides our cells with crucial building blocks.

Proteins- broken down into amino acids, which are ultimately assembled into proteins that have many different functions
Carbohydrates- broken down into the simplest sugars which are energy stored molecules
Lipids- broken down into fatty acids and glycerol that are the building blocks to form cell membranes

Question 2

Mineral

Answer 2

Inorganic element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction,and tissue maintenance

Micronutrient

Bones are made up of minerals that provides healthy diet.

Question 3

Vitamins

Answer 3

Micronutrients.

Organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance

They are Coenzymes or cofactors

Vitamin d helps calcium absorption and bone growth

Question 4

Iron deficiency

Answer 4

Causes blood disease anemia including fatigue, poor concentration, headaches, and dizziness.

Leads to poor wound healing and tissue damage.

Leads to bone deformities like osteoporosis.

Question 5

Complex carbohydrate

Answer 5

Made of many chains of glucose.

Glycogen, starch, and fiber

Question 6

Digestible complex carbohydrates

Answer 6

Glycogen and starch.

Energy storing carbohydrates that are broken down in digestive system to simple sugars that can be used by the cells in the body

Question 7

Indigestible complex carbohydrates

Answer 7

Fiber. Found in fruits and vegetables.

Humans lack enzymes needed to digest fiber

Slows the release of sugar and blood sugar level remains low. These are regulated by fiber.

Question 8

Osteoporosis

Answer 8

Thinning of bones and it increases the risk of fracture.

Caused by deficiencies of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.

Question 9

Cause of osteoporosis

Answer 9

Diets lack calcium, phosphorous, and vitamins.

Body breaks down bones to release these stored minerals leading to bone thinning and weakening.

Question 10

Prevention if osteoporosis

Answer 10

Weight bearing exercises

Eating a balanced and healthy diet.

Question 11

Healthy blood glucose levels

Answer 11

80-120

Question 12

Pancreas

Answer 12

Small organ locate near the stomach.

Cells in the pancreas secrete a hormone called insulin in response to high blood sugar levels.

Question 13

Diabetes

Answer 13

Abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Difficulty controlling their blood sugar levels and must keep track of carbohydrates.

High blood sugar leads to kidney failure, blindness, cardiovascular disease, etc.

Question 14

Types of diabetes

Answer 14

Type 1. Pancreas does not secrete insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar.
Treatment- to lower blood sugar levels, diabetics inject themselves with insulin.

Type 2. Receptors on their body cells respond poorly to insulin activity is poor. Elevated blood sugar.
Treatments- insulin injection, must avoid simple sugars. Dietary fiber is recommended.

Question 15

Cells

Answer 15

Smallest anatomical unit of all living things.

Come in many forms or shapes and each has specific function in body.

Muscle, connective tissues, nerve, epithelial

Question 16

Tissue

Answer 16

Organized collection of a single cell type working together to carry out a specific function.

Muscle, connective, nervous, and epithelial.

Question 17

Organ

Answer 17

Structure made up of different tissue types working together to carry out a common factor.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

They are organized into a compartment for digesting food.

Question 18

Organ system

Answer 18

Set of cooperating organs that perform major tasks for the body.

Question 19

CNS

Answer 19

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 20

Two main parts of nervous system

Answer 20

CNS

Pns

Question 21

PNS

Answer 21

All nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.

Collects sensory info. From limbs and organs and send it to the CNS.

Transmits instructions from the CNS to rest of body including organs, limbs, and muscles.

Question 22

Anatomy of female reproductive system

Answer 22

Ovaries, oviducts,uterus, cervix, and vagina.

Ovaries are paired with female repro. Organs that contain eggs

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 23

Oviduct

Answer 23

Tube connecting an ovary and the uterus

Ovary releases one egg into the oviduct.

Question 24

Ovulation

Answer 24

Release of an egg from an ovary into the oviduct.

Question 25

Uterus

Answer 25

Elastic muscular organ that can support a growing fetus. Lined with endometrium tissue.

Question 26

Vagina

Answer 26

First part of the female repro. Tract. Extends up to cervix Aka birth canal.

Question 27

Embryo vs fetus

Answer 27

Embryo- early stage of development Forms when a zygote undergoes cell division. Fetus- after 8weeks of conception. Organs in body are growing.

Question 28

Placenta

Answer 28

Disc shaped structure that provides nutrients and support, oxygen, and other key molecules to the developing fetus. Embryonic and maternal endometrial tissues form it.

Question 29

Hormones involvement in conception

Answer 29

Hypothalamus controls levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in both males and females. Hypo secretes hormones that signal pituitary gland to release two key hormones which travel through blood stream to stimulate ovaries in a female to produce e and p and testis in male to produce testosterone. Females-e and p are responsible for menstrual cycle. During cycle e and p levels rise and fall to trigger release of an egg

Question 30

Pathway of sperm in conception

Answer 30

During intercourse sperm enters females repro. Tract and swim up through the opening of uterus, and into the oviducts to fertilize a ovulated egg. Only one sperm will be successful. If sperm fuses with an egg in the oviduct, egg is fertilized Fertilized egg is called zygote. Travels to uterus. Implants into uterine wall and develops into fetus.

Question 31

Infertility

Answer 31

Advanced age, infections in repro. Tracts and organs, hormonal imbalance, low sperm count and abnormal sperm, physical blockage and damage of repro. Passage

Question 32

Male repro. System anatomy

Answer 32

Testes are paired with repro. Organs or glands which contain spermatozoa and produce testosterone. Each testes contain 250meters of tightly coiled semi ferrous tubules within which sperm develop. Sperm travels through the seminiferous tubules and I Enter epididymis where they mature and are stored until ejaculated

Question 33

Urethra

Answer 33

Shared passageway by repro. And urinary tract.

Question 34

Semen

Answer 34

Sperm and fluid that is ejaculated to help survival rate in the female repro. Tract

Question 35

Two types of neurons of the pns

Answer 35

Sensory and motor

Question 36

Sensory neuron

Answer 36

Cells that transmit info. Both inside and outside the body to the CNS.

Question 37

Motor neuron

Answer 37

Cells that control the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. Known as effector cells.

Question 38

Sensory receptors

Answer 38

Pns. Enable us to sense the environment in skin Keep our body operating without conscious thought.

Question 39

Synapses

Answer 39

Site of communication between a neuron and another cell. This gap is called synaptic cleft.

Question 40

Neurotransmitter

Answer 40

Chemical signaling molecule released by a neuron to communicate with neighboring cells. Serotonin- active in CNS and digestive tract. Regulates emotion, mood, anxiety, appetite, and sleep. Acetylcholine-involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction. Dopamine-involved in feeling of pleasure and joy.

Question 41

Dopamine

Answer 41

Leads to addictions because drugs stimulate dopamine region of brain. Certain drugs cause massive amounts of dopamine to be released into the synapses. Person has fewer receptors to bind dopamine. Larger quantities are now required.

Question 42

Response to a stimulus

Answer 42

1. Sensory happens. Sensory receptors of pns detect pain. 2. pain signal is transmitted to spinal cord and up to the brain of CNS 3. Brain decided to respond to stimulus. Brain sends signal back through spinal cord and pns in opposite side of body 4. Muscle tissues respond in which way the brain signaled.

Question 43

Cell body

Answer 43

Part of a neuron that contains most of the cells organelles.

Question 44

Dendrites

Answer 44

Branched extensions from the cell body of a neuron Receives signals or incoming info.

Question 45

Axon

Answer 45

Long extension of a neuron that carries electrical signal away for the cell body toward the axon terminal

Question 46

Axon terminal

Answer 46

Tip or end of axon that transmits signal to next cell in the pathway

Question 47

Terminal bulb

Answer 47

Tiny sac like structure at very tip of axon terminal that releases chemicals into a small space or gap, synaptic cleft, between two cells or neurons.

Question 48

Enzymes

Answer 48

Protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction.

Question 49

Catabolism

Answer 49

Enzymes are able to break the chemical bonds of macromolecules to release their subunits

Question 50

Anabolism

Answer 50

Enzymes are able to create bonds between subunits to build organic molecules for cells to use.

Question 51

Metabolism

Answer 51

All the biochemical reactions occurring in an organism. Includes the reactions that break down food molecules into smaller subunits

Question 52

Enzyme functions

Answer 52

Made so that it's active site fits only one particular substrate molecule.

Question 53

Benefit of fiber

Answer 53

Combining fiber with digestible carbohydrates slows the release of sugar, and blood sugar level remains low, which is regulated by fiber.

Question 54

Digestive tract organs

Answer 54

``` Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus ```

Question 55

Digestive tract accessory organs

Answer 55

Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Question 56

Mouth

Answer 56

Chewing. Mechanically breaks down the food into smaller pieces

Question 57

Salivary glands

Answer 57

Secretes enzymes into saliva in mouth that chemically digest macromolecules into their subunits.

Question 58

Tongue

Answer 58

Muscular organ that aids in swallowing, compresses the food into a ball and pushes it to the back of the mouth into esophagus.

Question 59

Esophagus

Answer 59

Long tube between mouth and stomach.

Question 60

Peristalsis

Answer 60

Muscular contraction that forces food down digestive tract.

Question 61

Stomach

Answer 61

Expandable muscular organ that stores, breaks down, and digests proteins in food. Contains acidic juice known as gastric juice.

Question 62

Gastric juice purpose

Answer 62

Stomach acid has ph close to 1, and it destroys harmful bacteria in our food that helps us against food borne illness. Denatures food proteins, unfolding their three dimensional structure and make proteins more digestible.

Question 63

Small intestine

Answer 63

Organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs. It is the major organ that digests food. Receives enzymes and other substances from the accessory organ such as pancreas liver and gallbladder to complete digestion. Breaks down macromolecules.

Question 64

Pancreatic juice

Answer 64

Helps the small intestine not get damaged by acidic chyme.

Question 65

Large intestine

Answer 65

Absorption of water Waste elimination

Question 66

Absorption

Answer 66

Colon is first and longest portion of large intestine Water, vitamins, minerals, and salt mix with mucus and are absorbed back into the blood stream to be used by the body's cells. Colon plays big role in water reabsorption.

Question 67

Elimination

Answer 67

As large intestine expands and contracts, it pushes leftover material into rectum, from which it is eliminated from the body as feces.