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biology exam 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Micronutrients

A

Minerals and vitamins

Found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Organisms must ingest them in small amounts to maintain health.

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1
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrients that our body requires in large amounts

Provides our cells with crucial building blocks.

Proteins- broken down into amino acids, which are ultimately assembled into proteins that have many different functions
Carbohydrates- broken down into the simplest sugars which are energy stored molecules
Lipids- broken down into fatty acids and glycerol that are the building blocks to form cell membranes

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2
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction,and tissue maintenance

Micronutrient

Bones are made up of minerals that provides healthy diet.

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3
Q

Vitamins

A

Micronutrients.

Organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance

They are Coenzymes or cofactors

Vitamin d helps calcium absorption and bone growth

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4
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Causes blood disease anemia including fatigue, poor concentration, headaches, and dizziness.

Leads to poor wound healing and tissue damage.

Leads to bone deformities like osteoporosis.

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5
Q

Complex carbohydrate

A

Made of many chains of glucose.

Glycogen, starch, and fiber

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6
Q

Digestible complex carbohydrates

A

Glycogen and starch.

Energy storing carbohydrates that are broken down in digestive system to simple sugars that can be used by the cells in the body

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7
Q

Indigestible complex carbohydrates

A

Fiber. Found in fruits and vegetables.

Humans lack enzymes needed to digest fiber

Slows the release of sugar and blood sugar level remains low. These are regulated by fiber.

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8
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Thinning of bones and it increases the risk of fracture.

Caused by deficiencies of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.

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9
Q

Cause of osteoporosis

A

Diets lack calcium, phosphorous, and vitamins.

Body breaks down bones to release these stored minerals leading to bone thinning and weakening.

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10
Q

Prevention if osteoporosis

A

Weight bearing exercises

Eating a balanced and healthy diet.

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11
Q

Healthy blood glucose levels

A

80-120

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Small organ locate near the stomach.

Cells in the pancreas secrete a hormone called insulin in response to high blood sugar levels.

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13
Q

Diabetes

A

Abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Difficulty controlling their blood sugar levels and must keep track of carbohydrates.

High blood sugar leads to kidney failure, blindness, cardiovascular disease, etc.

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14
Q

Types of diabetes

A

Type 1. Pancreas does not secrete insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar.
Treatment- to lower blood sugar levels, diabetics inject themselves with insulin.

Type 2. Receptors on their body cells respond poorly to insulin activity is poor. Elevated blood sugar.
Treatments- insulin injection, must avoid simple sugars. Dietary fiber is recommended.

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15
Q

Cells

A

Smallest anatomical unit of all living things.

Come in many forms or shapes and each has specific function in body.

Muscle, connective tissues, nerve, epithelial

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16
Q

Tissue

A

Organized collection of a single cell type working together to carry out a specific function.

Muscle, connective, nervous, and epithelial.

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17
Q

Organ

A

Structure made up of different tissue types working together to carry out a common factor.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

They are organized into a compartment for digesting food.

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18
Q

Organ system

A

Set of cooperating organs that perform major tasks for the body.

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19
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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20
Q

Two main parts of nervous system

A

CNS

Pns

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21
Q

PNS

A

All nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.

Collects sensory info. From limbs and organs and send it to the CNS.

Transmits instructions from the CNS to rest of body including organs, limbs, and muscles.

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22
Q

Anatomy of female reproductive system

A

Ovaries, oviducts,uterus, cervix, and vagina.

Ovaries are paired with female repro. Organs that contain eggs

Estrogen and progesterone

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23
Q

Oviduct

A

Tube connecting an ovary and the uterus

Ovary releases one egg into the oviduct.

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24
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of an egg from an ovary into the oviduct.

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25
Q

Uterus

A

Elastic muscular organ that can support a growing fetus.

Lined with endometrium tissue.

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26
Q

Vagina

A

First part of the female repro. Tract. Extends up to cervix

Aka birth canal.

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27
Q

Embryo vs fetus

A

Embryo- early stage of development

Forms when a zygote undergoes cell division.

Fetus- after 8weeks of conception.

Organs in body are growing.

28
Q

Placenta

A

Disc shaped structure that provides nutrients and support, oxygen, and other key molecules to the developing fetus.

Embryonic and maternal endometrial tissues form it.

29
Q

Hormones involvement in conception

A

Hypothalamus controls levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in both males and females.

Hypo secretes hormones that signal pituitary gland to release two key hormones which travel through blood stream to stimulate ovaries in a female to produce e and p and testis in male to produce testosterone.

Females-e and p are responsible for menstrual cycle. During cycle e and p levels rise and fall to trigger release of an egg

30
Q

Pathway of sperm in conception

A

During intercourse sperm enters females repro. Tract and swim up through the opening of uterus, and into the oviducts to fertilize a ovulated egg.

Only one sperm will be successful.

If sperm fuses with an egg in the oviduct, egg is fertilized

Fertilized egg is called zygote. Travels to uterus. Implants into uterine wall and develops into fetus.

31
Q

Infertility

A

Advanced age, infections in repro. Tracts and organs, hormonal imbalance, low sperm count and abnormal sperm, physical blockage and damage of repro. Passage

32
Q

Male repro. System anatomy

A

Testes are paired with repro. Organs or glands which contain spermatozoa and produce testosterone.

Each testes contain 250meters of tightly coiled semi ferrous tubules within which sperm develop.

Sperm travels through the seminiferous tubules and I
Enter epididymis where they mature and are stored until ejaculated

33
Q

Urethra

A

Shared passageway by repro. And urinary tract.

34
Q

Semen

A

Sperm and fluid that is ejaculated to help survival rate in the female repro. Tract

35
Q

Two types of neurons of the pns

A

Sensory and motor

36
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Cells that transmit info. Both inside and outside the body to the CNS.

37
Q

Motor neuron

A

Cells that control the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle.

Known as effector cells.

38
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Pns.

Enable us to sense the environment in skin

Keep our body operating without conscious thought.

39
Q

Synapses

A

Site of communication between a neuron and another cell. This gap is called synaptic cleft.

40
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical signaling molecule released by a neuron to communicate with neighboring cells.

Serotonin- active in CNS and digestive tract. Regulates emotion, mood, anxiety, appetite, and sleep.

Acetylcholine-involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction.

Dopamine-involved in feeling of pleasure and joy.

41
Q

Dopamine

A

Leads to addictions because drugs stimulate dopamine region of brain.

Certain drugs cause massive amounts of dopamine to be released into the synapses.

Person has fewer receptors to bind dopamine. Larger quantities are now required.

42
Q

Response to a stimulus

A
  1. Sensory happens. Sensory receptors of pns detect pain.
  2. pain signal is transmitted to spinal cord and up to the brain of CNS
  3. Brain decided to respond to stimulus. Brain sends signal back through spinal cord and pns in opposite side of body
  4. Muscle tissues respond in which way the brain signaled.
43
Q

Cell body

A

Part of a neuron that contains most of the cells organelles.

44
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched extensions from the cell body of a neuron

Receives signals or incoming info.

45
Q

Axon

A

Long extension of a neuron that carries electrical signal away for the cell body toward the axon terminal

46
Q

Axon terminal

A

Tip or end of axon that transmits signal to next cell in the pathway

47
Q

Terminal bulb

A

Tiny sac like structure at very tip of axon terminal that releases chemicals into a small space or gap, synaptic cleft, between two cells or neurons.

48
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction.

49
Q

Catabolism

A

Enzymes are able to break the chemical bonds of macromolecules to release their subunits

50
Q

Anabolism

A

Enzymes are able to create bonds between subunits to build organic molecules for cells to use.

51
Q

Metabolism

A

All the biochemical reactions occurring in an organism.

Includes the reactions that break down food molecules into smaller subunits

52
Q

Enzyme functions

A

Made so that it’s active site fits only one particular substrate molecule.

53
Q

Benefit of fiber

A

Combining fiber with digestible carbohydrates slows the release of sugar, and blood sugar level remains low, which is regulated by fiber.

54
Q

Digestive tract organs

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
55
Q

Digestive tract accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

56
Q

Mouth

A

Chewing. Mechanically breaks down the food into smaller pieces

57
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secretes enzymes into saliva in mouth that chemically digest macromolecules into their subunits.

58
Q

Tongue

A

Muscular organ that aids in swallowing, compresses the food into a ball and pushes it to the back of the mouth into esophagus.

59
Q

Esophagus

A

Long tube between mouth and stomach.

60
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contraction that forces food down digestive tract.

61
Q

Stomach

A

Expandable muscular organ that stores, breaks down, and digests proteins in food.

Contains acidic juice known as gastric juice.

62
Q

Gastric juice purpose

A

Stomach acid has ph close to 1, and it destroys harmful bacteria in our food that helps us against food borne illness.

Denatures food proteins, unfolding their three dimensional structure and make proteins more digestible.

63
Q

Small intestine

A

Organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs.

It is the major organ that digests food.

Receives enzymes and other substances from the accessory organ such as pancreas liver and gallbladder to complete digestion.

Breaks down macromolecules.

64
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Helps the small intestine not get damaged by acidic chyme.

65
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorption of water

Waste elimination

66
Q

Absorption

A

Colon is first and longest portion of large intestine
Water, vitamins, minerals, and salt mix with mucus and are absorbed back into the blood stream to be used by the body’s cells.

Colon plays big role in water reabsorption.

67
Q

Elimination

A

As large intestine expands and contracts, it pushes leftover material into rectum, from which it is eliminated from the body as feces.

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