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Biology Lab Final Flashcards

0
Q

When Is Phenol Red red?

A

When the ph is 8.2 or higher

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1
Q

When is Phenol Red yellow?

A

When the ph is 6.8 or below

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2
Q

What is Phenol Red?

A

A ph indicator

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3
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

radiant energy
6CO2+6H2O———> C6H12O6+6O2
photosynthetic pigments

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4
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2——>6CO2+6H2O+energy to make ATP

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5
Q

Photosynthesis definition

A

Process in which green plants and other producers contain pigments that absorb different wavelengths of sunlight energy. They use this energy to rearrange atoms from water and carbon dioxide into sugar molecules.

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6
Q

Respiration definition

A

Process that helps heterotrophs break apart sugar molecules, with the help of oxygen. The atoms of sugar molecules are rearranged into carbon dioxide and water molecules, and the energy that was stored in the bonds of the sugar molecule is released to make ATP from ADP and Phosphate.

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7
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

It is the energy currency of the cell and can be used directly to do cellular work.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of chromatography?

A

It separates mixtures into their parts.

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9
Q

Between respiration and photosynthesis: Which must have energy added to it for it to proceed?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

Between respiration and photosynthesis: which will give off energy as a product?

A

Respiration

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11
Q

Between respiration and photosynthesis: which can be carried out by plants?

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

Between respiration and photosynthesis: which can be carried out by animals?

A

respiration

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13
Q

Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?

A

They lack proper sunlight and cholorphyll which leads to other colors becoming more present.

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14
Q

What is the basic function served by plant pigments?

A

To carry out photosynthesis by capturing as much light energy as possible.

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15
Q

What is the phase percentage formula?

A

Number of cells per phase
——————————- X100
total number of cells

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16
Q

What is the formula for the time in hours for phases?

A

phase portion X number of hours

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17
Q

which phase lasts the longest?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction

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19
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

production of gametes for sexual reproduction

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20
Q

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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21
Q

What is a term of”Cell division”?

A

Cytokinesis

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22
Q

What are two differences between plant and animal cell division?

A

plants lack centrioles

cytokinesis in animal cells proceed through production of cleavage furrow, but plant cells are rigid and can’t form cleavage furrow.

Animal cells have asters, but plant cells lack them.

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23
Q

What is G1?

A

cells undergo a growth process in which molecules, such as fats, proteins, and nucleic acids are synthesized from food molecules using energy derived from respiration

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24
Q

What is S phase?

A

synthesis of DNA period, or DNA replication.

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25
Q

What is the G2 stage?

A

stage proteins for spindle fiber formation are synthesized and metabolic activity increases

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26
Q

What occurs during Interphase?

A

Genetic material is in the form of greatly extended strands of DNA that form a tangled mass called chromatin.

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27
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Considers a single genetic trait with two alleles, one dominant and one recessive

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28
Q

What is a dihybrid Cross?

A

A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically heterozygous traits.

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29
Q

What is the principle of segregation?

A

two alleles separate from each other in the formation of gametes

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30
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden

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31
Q

Genotype definition

A

genetic makeup

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32
Q

phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an individual

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33
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

recessive and dominant

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34
Q

What two diseases are caused by mutation?

A

Sickle cell anemia

Cystic Fibrosis

35
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Substitution of one amino acid

Cannot take oxygen away to a cell

36
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Insertion

Causes a shape change and a loss of function– can no longer process chloric ions. 19 changes

37
Q

What is the process of making a copy of the DNA template strand?

A

Replication

38
Q

What is the process of copying DNA into RNA

A

transcription

39
Q

What is the process of building a protein with amino acids from RNA

A

translation

40
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

41
Q

What is a frame shift and what causes it to occur?

A

A genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by 3 from a DNA sequence

42
Q

Where in the cell does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

43
Q

Where in the cell does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

44
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a genetic code in DNA or RNA molecule

45
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

46
Q

What are active sites?

A

A small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

47
Q

Why are active sites important?

A

Specific molecules bind to the enzyme and a reaction occurs

Similar to a key that opens a door lock

48
Q

Which amino acids cause turns in a protein polypeptide chain?

A

Proline- left
serine- right
glutamic acid- right

49
Q

What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

RBC have a sickle shape and cannot pass through capillaries as easily.

Blockage of the flow of blood and oxygen to organs is reduced

Leads to organ damage

50
Q

What are the specific symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

Is a defect in a protein that spans the plasma membrane

Causes abnormal salt transport across membranes.

Results in a very thick, sticky mucus that blocks the airways of lungs

51
Q

What is the name of the body cavity where the lungs are found?

A

thoracic

52
Q

What is the name of the body cavity where the intestines are found?

A

abdominal cavity

53
Q

What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

54
Q

What is the scientific name of a pig?

A

Sus

55
Q

What kingdom is a pig in?

A

Animalia

56
Q

What phylum is a pig in?

A

chordate

57
Q

What order is a pig in?

A

even-toed ungulate

58
Q

What is Ok’s animal?

A

buffalo

59
Q

What is our state reptile?

A

collared lizard

60
Q

What is our state bird?

A

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

61
Q

what is our state’s wild flower?

A

indian blanket

62
Q

What is our state’s tree?

A

Redbud

63
Q

what is our state’s floral emblem

A

mistletoe

64
Q

What are the three major vegetation types in Ok?

A

Forests,
Woodlands,
Grasslands (prairie)

65
Q

What are some endangered species in OK?

A

Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
Black-sided Darter
Long-nosed Darter

66
Q

As CO2 is removed from a solution, will it become more acidic or basic?

A

Basic

67
Q

Do all organisms undergo cellular respiration in the dark, light, or both?

A

Both

68
Q

Can green plants undergo photosynthesis in the light, dark, or both?

A

Light only

69
Q

What color is a neutral solution?

A

Orange

70
Q

Is carbon dioxide released or taken up during cellular respiration?
What color does the liquid turn?

A

Released.

Turns yellow- acidic

71
Q

Is carbon dioxide released or taken up during photosynthesis?
What color does the liquid turn?

A

Taken up

Turns red- basic

72
Q

What do carotenoids do?

A

Capture unique wavelengths of light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll

73
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Uncoiled chromosomes

74
Q

What is a blastula?

A

A hollow mass of cells

75
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromatin starts to condense into discrete chromosomes, the nucleoli disappears, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

76
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are found at the center of the cell

77
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

78
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes gather at the poles and begin to form daughter nuclei

Nuclear envelopes begin to form

Nucleoli reappears

Chromosomes begin to unwind

79
Q

Is meiosis equational or reduction division?

A

Reduction

80
Q

Is mitosis equational or reduction division?

A

Equational

81
Q

What is the name of the specialized cells that carry out meiosis?

A

Germ cells

82
Q

What is a diploid cell and what is the diploid number?

A

Contains two homologous chromosomes

2n

83
Q

How many genetically different gametes can a diploid produce?

A

2^n

84
Q

At the end of meiosis are cells haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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