Biology Lab Final Flashcards
When Is Phenol Red red?
When the ph is 8.2 or higher
When is Phenol Red yellow?
When the ph is 6.8 or below
What is Phenol Red?
A ph indicator
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
radiant energy
6CO2+6H2O———> C6H12O6+6O2
photosynthetic pigments
What is the equation for respiration?
C6H12O6+6O2——>6CO2+6H2O+energy to make ATP
Photosynthesis definition
Process in which green plants and other producers contain pigments that absorb different wavelengths of sunlight energy. They use this energy to rearrange atoms from water and carbon dioxide into sugar molecules.
Respiration definition
Process that helps heterotrophs break apart sugar molecules, with the help of oxygen. The atoms of sugar molecules are rearranged into carbon dioxide and water molecules, and the energy that was stored in the bonds of the sugar molecule is released to make ATP from ADP and Phosphate.
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
It is the energy currency of the cell and can be used directly to do cellular work.
What is the purpose of chromatography?
It separates mixtures into their parts.
Between respiration and photosynthesis: Which must have energy added to it for it to proceed?
Photosynthesis
Between respiration and photosynthesis: which will give off energy as a product?
Respiration
Between respiration and photosynthesis: which can be carried out by plants?
photosynthesis
Between respiration and photosynthesis: which can be carried out by animals?
respiration
Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?
They lack proper sunlight and cholorphyll which leads to other colors becoming more present.
What is the basic function served by plant pigments?
To carry out photosynthesis by capturing as much light energy as possible.
What is the phase percentage formula?
Number of cells per phase
——————————- X100
total number of cells
What is the formula for the time in hours for phases?
phase portion X number of hours
which phase lasts the longest?
Interphase
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
What is the purpose of meiosis?
production of gametes for sexual reproduction
What are the phases of mitosis in order?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
What is a term of”Cell division”?
Cytokinesis
What are two differences between plant and animal cell division?
plants lack centrioles
cytokinesis in animal cells proceed through production of cleavage furrow, but plant cells are rigid and can’t form cleavage furrow.
Animal cells have asters, but plant cells lack them.
What is G1?
cells undergo a growth process in which molecules, such as fats, proteins, and nucleic acids are synthesized from food molecules using energy derived from respiration
What is S phase?
synthesis of DNA period, or DNA replication.
What is the G2 stage?
stage proteins for spindle fiber formation are synthesized and metabolic activity increases
What occurs during Interphase?
Genetic material is in the form of greatly extended strands of DNA that form a tangled mass called chromatin.
Monohybrid Cross
Considers a single genetic trait with two alleles, one dominant and one recessive
What is a dihybrid Cross?
A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically heterozygous traits.
What is the principle of segregation?
two alleles separate from each other in the formation of gametes
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden
Genotype definition
genetic makeup
phenotype
Observable characteristics of an individual
allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
recessive and dominant
What two diseases are caused by mutation?
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic Fibrosis
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Substitution of one amino acid
Cannot take oxygen away to a cell
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Insertion
Causes a shape change and a loss of function– can no longer process chloric ions. 19 changes
What is the process of making a copy of the DNA template strand?
Replication
What is the process of copying DNA into RNA
transcription
What is the process of building a protein with amino acids from RNA
translation
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
What is a frame shift and what causes it to occur?
A genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by 3 from a DNA sequence
Where in the cell does transcription occur?
nucleus
Where in the cell does translation occur?
cytoplasm
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a genetic code in DNA or RNA molecule
What is an anticodon?
a sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
What are active sites?
A small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
Why are active sites important?
Specific molecules bind to the enzyme and a reaction occurs
Similar to a key that opens a door lock
Which amino acids cause turns in a protein polypeptide chain?
Proline- left
serine- right
glutamic acid- right
What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
RBC have a sickle shape and cannot pass through capillaries as easily.
Blockage of the flow of blood and oxygen to organs is reduced
Leads to organ damage
What are the specific symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Is a defect in a protein that spans the plasma membrane
Causes abnormal salt transport across membranes.
Results in a very thick, sticky mucus that blocks the airways of lungs
What is the name of the body cavity where the lungs are found?
thoracic
What is the name of the body cavity where the intestines are found?
abdominal cavity
What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
What is the scientific name of a pig?
Sus
What kingdom is a pig in?
Animalia
What phylum is a pig in?
chordate
What order is a pig in?
even-toed ungulate
What is Ok’s animal?
buffalo
What is our state reptile?
collared lizard
What is our state bird?
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
what is our state’s wild flower?
indian blanket
What is our state’s tree?
Redbud
what is our state’s floral emblem
mistletoe
What are the three major vegetation types in Ok?
Forests,
Woodlands,
Grasslands (prairie)
What are some endangered species in OK?
Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
Black-sided Darter
Long-nosed Darter
As CO2 is removed from a solution, will it become more acidic or basic?
Basic
Do all organisms undergo cellular respiration in the dark, light, or both?
Both
Can green plants undergo photosynthesis in the light, dark, or both?
Light only
What color is a neutral solution?
Orange
Is carbon dioxide released or taken up during cellular respiration?
What color does the liquid turn?
Released.
Turns yellow- acidic
Is carbon dioxide released or taken up during photosynthesis?
What color does the liquid turn?
Taken up
Turns red- basic
What do carotenoids do?
Capture unique wavelengths of light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll
What is a chromatin?
Uncoiled chromosomes
What is a blastula?
A hollow mass of cells
What happens during prophase?
The chromatin starts to condense into discrete chromosomes, the nucleoli disappears, and the nuclear envelope breaks down
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes are found at the center of the cell
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes gather at the poles and begin to form daughter nuclei
Nuclear envelopes begin to form
Nucleoli reappears
Chromosomes begin to unwind
Is meiosis equational or reduction division?
Reduction
Is mitosis equational or reduction division?
Equational
What is the name of the specialized cells that carry out meiosis?
Germ cells
What is a diploid cell and what is the diploid number?
Contains two homologous chromosomes
2n
How many genetically different gametes can a diploid produce?
2^n
At the end of meiosis are cells haploid or diploid?
Haploid
