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biology lab 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Null hypothesis

A

hypothesis of “no difference.” It is explaining what is occurring in a properly designed control experiment where nothing has been manipulated so the conditions remain constant.

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1
Q

Basic Steps of the Scientific Method

A

Observation of a problem
hypothesis formation-possible explanations
experimentation- testing the question repeatedly
Conclusion

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2
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

explains the experimental groups where variables are being applied and manipulated.

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3
Q

Control Group

A

The group that is left unchanged or un manipulated

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4
Q

Variable group

A

The experimental group in which something (a factor) is manipulated and changed that might influence the outcome of the experiment

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5
Q

Ph

A

The measure of acidic and alkaline (how basic) a solution is

ranges from 0-14
0-7: Acidic
7: neutral
7-14: Basic

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6
Q

Chi-squared

Look over it

A

Look up

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7
Q

Parts of the microscope

Look over

A

Look over

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8
Q

Total magnification

A

Eyepiece magnification of 10x multiplied by individual lens magnification
4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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9
Q

Look up

A

Measuring field of view

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10
Q

Parfocal definition

A

Once you get an object in focus on scanning and/or low power, it remains pretty much in focus as you move up to the higher powers with little adjustment.

Even focus at all magnifications

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11
Q

Field of view–What happens to it

A

As magnification increases, object gets larger but the field of view gets smaller.

think of when looking at “e” in class the more magnification, the less you can see it.

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12
Q

Two types of tissues we looked at

A

Human cheek epithelium

onion and leaf epidermis

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13
Q

Human cheek epithelium

A

The tissue that lines the body cavity, inside the mouth, nose, esophagus, stomach, intestines

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14
Q

Onion and leaf epidermis

A

The tissue found covering the outer surface of plant leaves

Epidermis is your skin

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15
Q

Differences between animal and plant cells

A

Animals- rounder, more irregular shaped, surrounded only by a thin plasma/cell membrane, often scattered in arrangement

Plants- more rectangular, elongated, more regular often appearing in rows and columns. Have a thicker outer boundary composed of both a cell wall and a plasma/cell membrane

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16
Q

Organelles that plants have that animal cells do not:

A

Chloroplasts and central vacuoles

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17
Q

do animal/cheek cells lack a cell wall?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do plant cells have a cell wall and cell/plasma membrane?

A

They have both

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19
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Pro

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20
Q

Ways to identify bacteria:

A

Shape

Arrangement

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21
Q

Different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci- round
Bacilli- rod
Spirilla- spiral

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22
Q

Different arrangements for bacteria

A

Staph- cluster

Strep- chain

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23
Q

Major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:

A

Pro lack a true membrane- bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

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24
Q

Kingdom Monera was subdivided into which two new kingdoms?

A

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

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25
Q

unicellular definiton

A

single celled

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26
Q

Eukaryotes have what?

A

A true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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27
Q

two types of eukaryotes

A

heterotrophic animals

autotrophic

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28
Q

protozoans

A

heterotrophic (eat others), animal-like members.

first animals

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29
Q

Algae

A

Plant-like members.

Are autotrophic (make their own food by photosynthesis)

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30
Q

Amoeba movement and eating process

A

Senses food an extends pseudopodia
extends pseudopodia around food.
engulfs food into vacuole

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31
Q

How does paramecium move?

A

using it’s cilla

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32
Q

How does euglena move?

A

Swims using its flagella

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33
Q

Euglena

A

Has both plant and animal-like characteristics.

it’s both a hetero and autotroph using chloroplasts to photosynthesize

34
Q

What is spirogyra?

A

Algae

35
Q

characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

A

mostly multicellular eukaryotes
Reproduce both sexually and asexually by spores

a unicellular example is saccharomyces aka yeast.

NOTE: to reproductive budding

36
Q

Penicillium

A

is the genus of the mold that produces the antibiotic medicine penicillin.

Note the hyphal filaments and the round spores

37
Q

Common mushrooms

A

Morels- sponge mushrooms
Mushrooms- note: cap with gills underneath that produce spores and are held up by the stalk
Shelf or bracket fungi- grow off of dead and decaying matter like old wood. They are composers helping to break down and recycle nutrients back into the soil.

38
Q

Lichens

A

symbiotic organism made of two distinct organisms living and sharing together.
Made of an algae and fungus
Algae can photosynthesize and make food for the fungus
Fungus can provide a home and nutrients and water for the algae in return.
Often an indicator of air pollution and will not grow in polluted environments

39
Q

Who are the proposed ancestors to the plants?

A

The algae (Kingdom Protista)

40
Q

Bryophytes

A

mosses
Capsules containing spores, leafy base and stalk

lack vascular tissue so they are small, low growing plants that live in moist environments.

Require water for reproduction since they have motile sperm with flagella that swim over to the female structure for fertilization

produce spores for reproduction (a primitive trait shared with the Fungi and Eubacteria)

41
Q

Example of byrophytes

A

Liverworts

42
Q

female gametophore (archegonium)

A

produces eggs

43
Q

male gametophore (antheridium)

A

produces the sperm

44
Q

Means of reproduction

A

Asexual using gemmae cups that appear on the surface of the ribbon-like body or thallus

45
Q

Ferns

A 
have cardiovascular tissue
Xylem- transports water 
Phloem- transports food/sugar
Still require water for reproduction
Still produce the more primitive spores inside the sori
46
Q

Gymnosperms

A

conifers- cone bearing evergreen plants that produce naked, uncovered, unprotected seeds.

Pines, firs, cedars, junipers…

47
Q

Male gymnosperms cones

A

produce pollen which contains the sperm that will be carried by the wind to the female cones

48
Q

Female gymnosperm cones

A

after fertilization by the male pollen/sperm develop the seeds or eggs.
the cones mature and open up releasing the seeds to be dispersed by the wind

49
Q

angiosperms

A

flower plants.

they produce covered or protected seeds inside of a fruit

50
Q

Radial symmetry

A

wheel or pie-cutting into more than one equal piece

51
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Having only two equal sides when cut down the middle like mirror images

52
Q

incomplete vs. complete flower-

A

having all flower parts or missing one or more

53
Q

composite flower

A

made of more than one type of flower

sunflowers, daisy mum with ray and disk flowers.

54
Q

inflorescence

A

more than one flower grouped at the end of a single flower stem

55
Q

fruit (angiosperm)

A

a mature ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds

56
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of the male pollen (sperm) to the female stigma for fertilization

57
Q

Monocot leaves

A

flower parts in 3’s and 6’s

Parallel leaf veins

58
Q

Dicot leaf

A

flower parts in 4’s and 5’s

Netted or branched leaf veins

59
Q

Who are the proposed ancestors to the animals?

A

the protozoa (unicellular animal-like members of the Kingdom Protista)

60
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a tree based on shared characteristics or traits that groups of animals have in common that is supposed to show evolutionary relationships among and between the different groups

61
Q

Asymmetry

A

the lack of a true body shape

Ex: sponges in the Phylum Proifera

62
Q

Protostomes

A

a type of embryonic development where the mouth is the first opening to from in the developing embryo and the second opening becomes the anus

63
Q

deuterostomes

A

the second opening to form during embryonic development is the mouth and the first opening to appear becomes the anus

64
Q

Porifera

A

sponges
asymmetrical filter feeders. Mostly marine, sessile (non-moving)
no mouth, no tissues, no digestive system
trap and capture their food particles out of the water as it passes through their bodies using intracellular digestion

65
Q

Cnidaria

A

jellyfish and coral
hydra-polyp
Medusa-jellyfish

66
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

platy- “Flaty”- flat bodied- worms often with distinctive head region (cephalization)

some free living like the Planaria

others parasitic like flukes and tapeworms

67
Q

Nematoda

A

roundworms, smooth cylindrical body that narrows and tapers to pointy ends, often pink and fleshy colored,

many parasitic species
hook worms, pinworms

some live in the soil

68
Q

Mollusca

A

snails are the gastropods
Clams, oysters, and muscles are the bivalves having two shells and the cephalopods are the squid and octopus.

Many have a muscular foot and rasping file-like tongue called a radula

69
Q

Annelida

A

segmented worms

Earthworms, sandworms, marine worms, leeches

70
Q

Arthropoda

A

jointed segmented feet and segmented bodies
hard exoskeleton of chitin

Classes of Arthropoda:
Crustacea
Arachnida
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
71
Q

Class Crustacea

A

Arthropoda

crabs, shrimp, lobster, crayfish

72
Q

Class Arachnida

A

Arthropoda
spiders, scorpions, ticks
Have 8 legs

73
Q

Class Insecta

A

Arthropoda
6 legs
ants, butterflies, bees, wasps, beetles, crickets grasshopers

74
Q

Class Chilopoda

A

Arthropoda
Centipedes- 1 pair of legs per body segment- have venom glands, biting mouthparts, and often warning coloration on legs(bright yellow, orange or red)

75
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

Arthropoda

millipedes- 2 pairs of legs per body segment- herbivores- eat plant material

76
Q

Echinodermata

A

phylum contains the spiny or rough-skinned animals like the sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar, and sea cucumber

bilateral as larvae, but radial symmetry as adults.

Deuterostomes so they develop embryonically and structurally in a common pattern

Have body parts in five repeating segments called Penteramous- often these body parts can be regenerated when lost

77
Q

Chordata

A 
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Classes: 
Chondrichthyes
Osteichythes
Amphibia 
Repitilia
Aves
Mammalia
78
Q

Class Chondrocytes (Chordata)

A

cartilage fish- sharks, manta rays, devil rays

79
Q

Class Osteichthyes (Chordata)

A

Bony fish

80
Q

Class Amphibia (Chordata)

A

Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts,

mudpuppies- smooth often moist or mucous coated skin, reproduce in or near the water

81
Q

Class Repitilia

A

turtles, snakes, lizards crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs- rough dry scaly skin. More terrestrial

82
Q

Class Aves

A

Birds

83
Q

Class Mammalia

A

mammals- have hair and give birth to live young. Fed and nourished by the mammary glands.

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