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biology lab 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Null hypothesis

A

hypothesis of “no difference.” It is explaining what is occurring in a properly designed control experiment where nothing has been manipulated so the conditions remain constant.

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1
Q

Basic Steps of the Scientific Method

A

Observation of a problem
hypothesis formation-possible explanations
experimentation- testing the question repeatedly
Conclusion

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2
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

explains the experimental groups where variables are being applied and manipulated.

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3
Q

Control Group

A

The group that is left unchanged or un manipulated

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4
Q

Variable group

A

The experimental group in which something (a factor) is manipulated and changed that might influence the outcome of the experiment

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5
Q

Ph

A

The measure of acidic and alkaline (how basic) a solution is

ranges from 0-14
0-7: Acidic
7: neutral
7-14: Basic

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6
Q

Chi-squared

Look over it

A

Look up

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7
Q

Parts of the microscope

Look over

A

Look over

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8
Q

Total magnification

A

Eyepiece magnification of 10x multiplied by individual lens magnification
4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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9
Q

Look up

A

Measuring field of view

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10
Q

Parfocal definition

A

Once you get an object in focus on scanning and/or low power, it remains pretty much in focus as you move up to the higher powers with little adjustment.

Even focus at all magnifications

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11
Q

Field of view–What happens to it

A

As magnification increases, object gets larger but the field of view gets smaller.

think of when looking at “e” in class the more magnification, the less you can see it.

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12
Q

Two types of tissues we looked at

A

Human cheek epithelium

onion and leaf epidermis

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13
Q

Human cheek epithelium

A

The tissue that lines the body cavity, inside the mouth, nose, esophagus, stomach, intestines

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14
Q

Onion and leaf epidermis

A

The tissue found covering the outer surface of plant leaves

Epidermis is your skin

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15
Q

Differences between animal and plant cells

A

Animals- rounder, more irregular shaped, surrounded only by a thin plasma/cell membrane, often scattered in arrangement

Plants- more rectangular, elongated, more regular often appearing in rows and columns. Have a thicker outer boundary composed of both a cell wall and a plasma/cell membrane

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16
Q

Organelles that plants have that animal cells do not:

A

Chloroplasts and central vacuoles

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17
Q

do animal/cheek cells lack a cell wall?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do plant cells have a cell wall and cell/plasma membrane?

A

They have both

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19
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Pro

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20
Q

Ways to identify bacteria:

A

Shape

Arrangement

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21
Q

Different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci- round
Bacilli- rod
Spirilla- spiral

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22
Q

Different arrangements for bacteria

A

Staph- cluster

Strep- chain

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23
Q

Major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:

A

Pro lack a true membrane- bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

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24
Kingdom Monera was subdivided into which two new kingdoms?
Kingdom Archaebacteria | Kingdom Eubacteria
25
unicellular definiton
single celled
26
Eukaryotes have what?
A true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
27
two types of eukaryotes
heterotrophic animals | autotrophic
28
protozoans
heterotrophic (eat others), animal-like members. first animals
29
Algae
Plant-like members. Are autotrophic (make their own food by photosynthesis)
30
Amoeba movement and eating process
Senses food an extends pseudopodia extends pseudopodia around food. engulfs food into vacuole
31
How does paramecium move?
using it's cilla
32
How does euglena move?
Swims using its flagella
33
Euglena
Has both plant and animal-like characteristics. | it's both a hetero and autotroph using chloroplasts to photosynthesize
34
What is spirogyra?
Algae
35
characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
mostly multicellular eukaryotes Reproduce both sexually and asexually by spores a unicellular example is saccharomyces aka yeast. NOTE: to reproductive budding
36
Penicillium
is the genus of the mold that produces the antibiotic medicine penicillin. Note the hyphal filaments and the round spores
37
Common mushrooms
Morels- sponge mushrooms Mushrooms- note: cap with gills underneath that produce spores and are held up by the stalk Shelf or bracket fungi- grow off of dead and decaying matter like old wood. They are composers helping to break down and recycle nutrients back into the soil.
38
Lichens
symbiotic organism made of two distinct organisms living and sharing together. Made of an algae and fungus Algae can photosynthesize and make food for the fungus Fungus can provide a home and nutrients and water for the algae in return. Often an indicator of air pollution and will not grow in polluted environments
39
Who are the proposed ancestors to the plants?
The algae (Kingdom Protista)
40
Bryophytes
mosses Capsules containing spores, leafy base and stalk lack vascular tissue so they are small, low growing plants that live in moist environments. Require water for reproduction since they have motile sperm with flagella that swim over to the female structure for fertilization produce spores for reproduction (a primitive trait shared with the Fungi and Eubacteria)
41
Example of byrophytes
Liverworts
42
female gametophore (archegonium)
produces eggs
43
male gametophore (antheridium)
produces the sperm
44
Means of reproduction
Asexual using gemmae cups that appear on the surface of the ribbon-like body or thallus
45
Ferns
``` have cardiovascular tissue Xylem- transports water Phloem- transports food/sugar Still require water for reproduction Still produce the more primitive spores inside the sori ```
46
Gymnosperms
conifers- cone bearing evergreen plants that produce naked, uncovered, unprotected seeds. Pines, firs, cedars, junipers...
47
Male gymnosperms cones
produce pollen which contains the sperm that will be carried by the wind to the female cones
48
Female gymnosperm cones
after fertilization by the male pollen/sperm develop the seeds or eggs. the cones mature and open up releasing the seeds to be dispersed by the wind
49
angiosperms
flower plants. | they produce covered or protected seeds inside of a fruit
50
Radial symmetry
wheel or pie-cutting into more than one equal piece
51
Bilateral symmetry
Having only two equal sides when cut down the middle like mirror images
52
incomplete vs. complete flower-
having all flower parts or missing one or more
53
composite flower
made of more than one type of flower sunflowers, daisy mum with ray and disk flowers.
54
inflorescence
more than one flower grouped at the end of a single flower stem
55
fruit (angiosperm)
a mature ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds
56
Pollination
the transfer of the male pollen (sperm) to the female stigma for fertilization
57
Monocot leaves
flower parts in 3's and 6's | Parallel leaf veins
58
Dicot leaf
flower parts in 4's and 5's Netted or branched leaf veins
59
Who are the proposed ancestors to the animals?
the protozoa (unicellular animal-like members of the Kingdom Protista)
60
What is a phylogenetic tree?
a tree based on shared characteristics or traits that groups of animals have in common that is supposed to show evolutionary relationships among and between the different groups
61
Asymmetry
the lack of a true body shape Ex: sponges in the Phylum Proifera
62
Protostomes
a type of embryonic development where the mouth is the first opening to from in the developing embryo and the second opening becomes the anus
63
deuterostomes
the second opening to form during embryonic development is the mouth and the first opening to appear becomes the anus
64
Porifera
sponges asymmetrical filter feeders. Mostly marine, sessile (non-moving) no mouth, no tissues, no digestive system trap and capture their food particles out of the water as it passes through their bodies using intracellular digestion
65
Cnidaria
jellyfish and coral hydra-polyp Medusa-jellyfish
66
Platyhelminthes
platy- "Flaty"- flat bodied- worms often with distinctive head region (cephalization) some free living like the Planaria others parasitic like flukes and tapeworms
67
Nematoda
roundworms, smooth cylindrical body that narrows and tapers to pointy ends, often pink and fleshy colored, many parasitic species hook worms, pinworms some live in the soil
68
Mollusca
snails are the gastropods Clams, oysters, and muscles are the bivalves having two shells and the cephalopods are the squid and octopus. Many have a muscular foot and rasping file-like tongue called a radula
69
Annelida
segmented worms Earthworms, sandworms, marine worms, leeches
70
Arthropoda
jointed segmented feet and segmented bodies hard exoskeleton of chitin ``` Classes of Arthropoda: Crustacea Arachnida Chilopoda Diplopoda ```
71
Class Crustacea
Arthropoda | crabs, shrimp, lobster, crayfish
72
Class Arachnida
Arthropoda spiders, scorpions, ticks Have 8 legs
73
Class Insecta
Arthropoda 6 legs ants, butterflies, bees, wasps, beetles, crickets grasshopers
74
Class Chilopoda
Arthropoda Centipedes- 1 pair of legs per body segment- have venom glands, biting mouthparts, and often warning coloration on legs(bright yellow, orange or red)
75
Class Diplopoda
Arthropoda | millipedes- 2 pairs of legs per body segment- herbivores- eat plant material
76
Echinodermata
phylum contains the spiny or rough-skinned animals like the sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar, and sea cucumber bilateral as larvae, but radial symmetry as adults. Deuterostomes so they develop embryonically and structurally in a common pattern Have body parts in five repeating segments called Penteramous- often these body parts can be regenerated when lost
77
Chordata
``` Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Classes: Chondrichthyes Osteichythes Amphibia Repitilia Aves Mammalia ```
78
Class Chondrocytes (Chordata)
cartilage fish- sharks, manta rays, devil rays
79
Class Osteichthyes (Chordata)
Bony fish
80
Class Amphibia (Chordata)
Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, | mudpuppies- smooth often moist or mucous coated skin, reproduce in or near the water
81
Class Repitilia
turtles, snakes, lizards crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs- rough dry scaly skin. More terrestrial
82
Class Aves
Birds
83
Class Mammalia
mammals- have hair and give birth to live young. Fed and nourished by the mammary glands.

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