biology lab 1 Flashcards
Null hypothesis
hypothesis of “no difference.” It is explaining what is occurring in a properly designed control experiment where nothing has been manipulated so the conditions remain constant.
Basic Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation of a problem
hypothesis formation-possible explanations
experimentation- testing the question repeatedly
Conclusion
Alternative hypothesis
explains the experimental groups where variables are being applied and manipulated.
Control Group
The group that is left unchanged or un manipulated
Variable group
The experimental group in which something (a factor) is manipulated and changed that might influence the outcome of the experiment
Ph
The measure of acidic and alkaline (how basic) a solution is
ranges from 0-14
0-7: Acidic
7: neutral
7-14: Basic
Chi-squared
Look over it
Look up
Parts of the microscope
Look over
Look over
Total magnification
Eyepiece magnification of 10x multiplied by individual lens magnification
4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
Look up
Measuring field of view
Parfocal definition
Once you get an object in focus on scanning and/or low power, it remains pretty much in focus as you move up to the higher powers with little adjustment.
Even focus at all magnifications
Field of view–What happens to it
As magnification increases, object gets larger but the field of view gets smaller.
think of when looking at “e” in class the more magnification, the less you can see it.
Two types of tissues we looked at
Human cheek epithelium
onion and leaf epidermis
Human cheek epithelium
The tissue that lines the body cavity, inside the mouth, nose, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Onion and leaf epidermis
The tissue found covering the outer surface of plant leaves
Epidermis is your skin
Differences between animal and plant cells
Animals- rounder, more irregular shaped, surrounded only by a thin plasma/cell membrane, often scattered in arrangement
Plants- more rectangular, elongated, more regular often appearing in rows and columns. Have a thicker outer boundary composed of both a cell wall and a plasma/cell membrane
Organelles that plants have that animal cells do not:
Chloroplasts and central vacuoles
do animal/cheek cells lack a cell wall?
Yes
Do plant cells have a cell wall and cell/plasma membrane?
They have both
Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Pro
Ways to identify bacteria:
Shape
Arrangement
Different shapes of bacteria
cocci- round
Bacilli- rod
Spirilla- spiral
Different arrangements for bacteria
Staph- cluster
Strep- chain
Major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:
Pro lack a true membrane- bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Kingdom Monera was subdivided into which two new kingdoms?
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
unicellular definiton
single celled
Eukaryotes have what?
A true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
two types of eukaryotes
heterotrophic animals
autotrophic
protozoans
heterotrophic (eat others), animal-like members.
first animals
Algae
Plant-like members.
Are autotrophic (make their own food by photosynthesis)
Amoeba movement and eating process
Senses food an extends pseudopodia
extends pseudopodia around food.
engulfs food into vacuole
How does paramecium move?
using it’s cilla
How does euglena move?
Swims using its flagella
Euglena
Has both plant and animal-like characteristics.
it’s both a hetero and autotroph using chloroplasts to photosynthesize
What is spirogyra?
Algae
characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
mostly multicellular eukaryotes
Reproduce both sexually and asexually by spores
a unicellular example is saccharomyces aka yeast.
NOTE: to reproductive budding
Penicillium
is the genus of the mold that produces the antibiotic medicine penicillin.
Note the hyphal filaments and the round spores
Common mushrooms
Morels- sponge mushrooms
Mushrooms- note: cap with gills underneath that produce spores and are held up by the stalk
Shelf or bracket fungi- grow off of dead and decaying matter like old wood. They are composers helping to break down and recycle nutrients back into the soil.
Lichens
symbiotic organism made of two distinct organisms living and sharing together.
Made of an algae and fungus
Algae can photosynthesize and make food for the fungus
Fungus can provide a home and nutrients and water for the algae in return.
Often an indicator of air pollution and will not grow in polluted environments
Who are the proposed ancestors to the plants?
The algae (Kingdom Protista)
Bryophytes
mosses
Capsules containing spores, leafy base and stalk
lack vascular tissue so they are small, low growing plants that live in moist environments.
Require water for reproduction since they have motile sperm with flagella that swim over to the female structure for fertilization
produce spores for reproduction (a primitive trait shared with the Fungi and Eubacteria)
Example of byrophytes
Liverworts
female gametophore (archegonium)
produces eggs
male gametophore (antheridium)
produces the sperm
Means of reproduction
Asexual using gemmae cups that appear on the surface of the ribbon-like body or thallus
Ferns
have cardiovascular tissue Xylem- transports water Phloem- transports food/sugar Still require water for reproduction Still produce the more primitive spores inside the sori
Gymnosperms
conifers- cone bearing evergreen plants that produce naked, uncovered, unprotected seeds.
Pines, firs, cedars, junipers…
Male gymnosperms cones
produce pollen which contains the sperm that will be carried by the wind to the female cones
Female gymnosperm cones
after fertilization by the male pollen/sperm develop the seeds or eggs.
the cones mature and open up releasing the seeds to be dispersed by the wind
angiosperms
flower plants.
they produce covered or protected seeds inside of a fruit
Radial symmetry
wheel or pie-cutting into more than one equal piece
Bilateral symmetry
Having only two equal sides when cut down the middle like mirror images
incomplete vs. complete flower-
having all flower parts or missing one or more
composite flower
made of more than one type of flower
sunflowers, daisy mum with ray and disk flowers.
inflorescence
more than one flower grouped at the end of a single flower stem
fruit (angiosperm)
a mature ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds
Pollination
the transfer of the male pollen (sperm) to the female stigma for fertilization
Monocot leaves
flower parts in 3’s and 6’s
Parallel leaf veins
Dicot leaf
flower parts in 4’s and 5’s
Netted or branched leaf veins
Who are the proposed ancestors to the animals?
the protozoa (unicellular animal-like members of the Kingdom Protista)
What is a phylogenetic tree?
a tree based on shared characteristics or traits that groups of animals have in common that is supposed to show evolutionary relationships among and between the different groups
Asymmetry
the lack of a true body shape
Ex: sponges in the Phylum Proifera
Protostomes
a type of embryonic development where the mouth is the first opening to from in the developing embryo and the second opening becomes the anus
deuterostomes
the second opening to form during embryonic development is the mouth and the first opening to appear becomes the anus
Porifera
sponges
asymmetrical filter feeders. Mostly marine, sessile (non-moving)
no mouth, no tissues, no digestive system
trap and capture their food particles out of the water as it passes through their bodies using intracellular digestion
Cnidaria
jellyfish and coral
hydra-polyp
Medusa-jellyfish
Platyhelminthes
platy- “Flaty”- flat bodied- worms often with distinctive head region (cephalization)
some free living like the Planaria
others parasitic like flukes and tapeworms
Nematoda
roundworms, smooth cylindrical body that narrows and tapers to pointy ends, often pink and fleshy colored,
many parasitic species
hook worms, pinworms
some live in the soil
Mollusca
snails are the gastropods
Clams, oysters, and muscles are the bivalves having two shells and the cephalopods are the squid and octopus.
Many have a muscular foot and rasping file-like tongue called a radula
Annelida
segmented worms
Earthworms, sandworms, marine worms, leeches
Arthropoda
jointed segmented feet and segmented bodies
hard exoskeleton of chitin
Classes of Arthropoda: Crustacea Arachnida Chilopoda Diplopoda
Class Crustacea
Arthropoda
crabs, shrimp, lobster, crayfish
Class Arachnida
Arthropoda
spiders, scorpions, ticks
Have 8 legs
Class Insecta
Arthropoda
6 legs
ants, butterflies, bees, wasps, beetles, crickets grasshopers
Class Chilopoda
Arthropoda
Centipedes- 1 pair of legs per body segment- have venom glands, biting mouthparts, and often warning coloration on legs(bright yellow, orange or red)
Class Diplopoda
Arthropoda
millipedes- 2 pairs of legs per body segment- herbivores- eat plant material
Echinodermata
phylum contains the spiny or rough-skinned animals like the sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar, and sea cucumber
bilateral as larvae, but radial symmetry as adults.
Deuterostomes so they develop embryonically and structurally in a common pattern
Have body parts in five repeating segments called Penteramous- often these body parts can be regenerated when lost
Chordata
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Classes: Chondrichthyes Osteichythes Amphibia Repitilia Aves Mammalia
Class Chondrocytes (Chordata)
cartilage fish- sharks, manta rays, devil rays
Class Osteichthyes (Chordata)
Bony fish
Class Amphibia (Chordata)
Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts,
mudpuppies- smooth often moist or mucous coated skin, reproduce in or near the water
Class Repitilia
turtles, snakes, lizards crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs- rough dry scaly skin. More terrestrial
Class Aves
Birds
Class Mammalia
mammals- have hair and give birth to live young. Fed and nourished by the mammary glands.
