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Biology Test Two Flashcards

0
Q

Cell cycle description

A

Process by which a cell reproduces itself.

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1
Q

Cell cycle phases

A

Interphase

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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2
Q

Cell cycle purpose

A

Producing sufficient ingredients such as organelles, cytoplasm, and DNA to make two new daughter cells.

Segregating a complete copy of those ingredients to each daughter cell to create two genetically identical cells.

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3
Q

Mitosis products

A

Two identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Mitosis sub divisions

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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5
Q

Number of chromosomes

A

46

23 pairs

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6
Q

Why cell division is important

A

For normal growth, development, and repair of organisms.

Heals wounds

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7
Q

Cell checkpoints

A

G1-S
G2-M
M-A

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8
Q

Cell checkpoint jobs

A

Monitor each stage of cell cycle and check for mistakes such as DNA damage.

Prevent a cell from progressing to next stage until it accurately finishes current stage

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9
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint two mechanisms in regulating the cycle

A

If DNA damage is detected at checkpoint, a cell conducts DNA repair mechanism to repair damage.

If case is severe or irreversible damage, cp directs cell to commit suicide or apoptosis

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10
Q

Cancer cells caused by….

A

Specific proteins sometimes become damaged and can’t detect DNA damage. Cells can divide over and over again causing cancer.

Cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division. Inappropriate cell division and cells divide

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11
Q

Methods of fighting cancer

A

Chemotherapy- treatment that interferes with the cell cycle

Plant derived drugs- Interfere with chromosome separation during mitosis

Radiation therapy- beams of high energy electrons that kill dividing cells in specific area. Severely damages molecules and DNA.

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12
Q

Meiosis products

A

Gametes (sex cells)

4 genetically unique haploid gametes (daughter cells)

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13
Q

Purpose of meiosis

A

To halve the chromosome number from 46 to 23

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14
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm or egg are specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome. Haploid. Carry 23 chromosomes.

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15
Q

Order of events in Meiosis

A

When haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg, the result is a diploid zygote.
The zygote carries 2 copies of every chromosome and 2 copies of every gene on 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
Zygote will divide by mitosis to become an embryo
That will eventually grow into a human child.

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16
Q

Gene

A

Physically transmitted from parents to children.

Sequence of DNA that contains information to make up at least one protein.

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17
Q

Allele

A

Alternative version of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences and are on homologous chromosomes.

Ex. Ff FF ff

Ff is gene and F is allele and f is allele.

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18
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

Ex. Blood AA, AO, BO…..

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

Visible traits or physical appearance of an individual

Ex. Curly hair

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20
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that can mask the trait of a recessive allele

Dark eyes
Curly hair
Freckles
Dimples

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21
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that reveals itself in the phenotype only of the organism has two copies of that allele.

Tongue rolling
Straight hair
Blue eyes

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22
Q

Location of X-Linked Traits

A

Located on X chromosome of mother or father

23
Q

Who are carriers of X-Linked traits

A

Mom and dad

24
Q

Who is affected by X-Linked Traits

A

Boys are affected more than girls, because if they get harmed X from mother, they definitely have disease, but girls get two X so they can be carrier only.

25
Q

Duchenne Muscular Disease

A 
X-linked disease
Neuromuscular disease that is caused by a mutation on X-Chromosome
Recessive disease gene
Passed from mother to children
Affects more boys than girls

Muscle slowly degenerates. Leads to paralysis
Most affected boys are in wheelchair by teenage years

26
Q

Hemophilia

A

Blood clotting disease.

X-Linked trait

27
Q

Color blindness

A

Some men cannot distinguish red from green

X-Linked trait

28
Q

Y chromosome and it’s importance or use

A

Used to analyze and study ancestry, to fill in missing pieces of historical info and to identify paternity.

Transmitted unchanged from father to son.

29
Q

Recessive Trait Diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis
Affects chromosome #7
CF alleles are defective

Symptoms:
Mucus build up in lungs
Trouble breathing 
Susceptible to bacterial infections
Lung damage caused by repeated infection
May cause death
30
Q

Dominant trait disease

A

Huntingtons- mental retardation
Polydactyly- having more than five fingers or toes

Caused by inheriting one or two dominant alleles having defective genes

31
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When chromosomes fail to separate accurately during cell division in meiosis
Resulting gametes carry an abnormal number of chromosomes
Egg or sperm cell has too many or too few chromosomes

Can cause death in fetus
Or Down syndrome

32
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome

Results when an embryo inherits extra copy of chromosome 21.

33
Q

Karyotype

A

Diagram of all chromosomes in a cell or it represents the chromosomal make up of a cell in an Individual.

34
Q

DNA function and importance

A

Hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring.
Instructs for making proteins.
Serves as the instruction manual of how to build an individual.
“Blue print”

35
Q

DNA double helix

A

made up of two strands of molecules.

Each strand consists of a chain of molecules called nucleotides that are bounded together.

36
Q

Nucleotides

A 
Building blocks of DNA. 
Adenine
thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
37
Q

DNA replication base pairing rule

A

Between DNA strands guides replication of two new strands.
1st original strands of double helix unzip
Then new strands zip to original ones
Two new molecules of DNA are formed. One original and one side new.

38
Q

DNA profile

A

Visual representation of a persons unique DNA sequence.

Takes advantage of the fact that no two people have exact same DNA sequence except for twins.

Used in forensic science analysis. STR sequence.

39
Q

STR

A

Short tandem repeats.

Sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated.

Found in non coding regions of DNA.

40
Q

Non coding regions

A

DNA sequences that do not hold instructions to make proteins. Strs are found here.

Act act act act act act act

Noncoding sequences are dif between ind.

41
Q

Coding regions

A

Sequences of DNA that serve as instructions for making proteins.

Atcccggtctactg

Coding sequences are similar from person to person.

42
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecule made up of repeating subunits known as amino acids.

43
Q

Function of protein

A

Allow muscles to contract, give hair texture, facilitate thousands of chemical reactions in our cells.

44
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Hemoglobin- carries oxygen in blood vessels.

Anti thrombin- prevents the blood clotting in vessels such as in heart and lungs.

Antibody molecules- part of body’s defenses

45
Q

Protein shape

A

Come in many dif shapes and sizes depending on repeating amino acids.

Three dimensional figure

46
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins.

Determine shape and function of produced protein.

20 dif.

Shape of protein determines it’s function.

47
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
First step in gene expression
Copies coding sequence of DNA into complementary mRNA

DNA- mRNA
mRNA copy from DNA, leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm to enter ribosome for translation and production of protein

48
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in ribosomes.
Second stage of gene expression.
On ribosome in cytoplasm, translation reads mRNA sequence to assemble corresponding amino acid sequence with help of tRNA to make protein.

mRNA- tRNA- protein.
Ribosome moves along mRNA and reads it in groups of three nucleotides which are called codons.

49
Q

Complete path of gene expression

A

DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Protein

50
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

51
Q

Anticodon

A

Part of the mRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon

52
Q

mRNA

A

RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription

53
Q

tRNA

A

Type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation

54
Q

Transgenic organism

A

GMO
Carryover me or more genes from a different species.
Have been genetically modified by humans.

55
Q

Steps of production of anti thrombin using GMOs

A
  1. Goats regulatory sequence and humans anti thrombin coding sequence are joined together.
  2. Micro injection and embryo transfer process in which the prepared gene is injected into fertilized goat embryo. These embryos are implanted into a surrogate goat mother who give birth to transgenic offspring.
  3. Anti thrombin protein is expressed in milk in females. Can be isolated and from milk and used as medicine to treat antithrombin deficient people.

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