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Anatomy: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

Heart

A

pumps to keep blood flowing

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1
Q

Vessels

A

Highway system

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2
Q

Capillaries

A

loading and unloading docks

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3
Q

Heart Chambers

A

2 chambers for receiving blood.

2 chambers for pumping

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4
Q

Two circuit systems for the heart:

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

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5
Q

Pulmonary Circuit:

A

Heart-lungs, gas exchange, lungs- heart

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6
Q

What do the veins do?

A

return blood to the heart

De-oxygenated blood

Blood poor

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7
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Take blood away from the heart

oxygenated blood

Oxygen-rich blood

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8
Q

Where does the systematic travel?

A

To and from the rest of the body.

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9
Q

Where does the heart sit?

A

in the thoracic cavity within the pericardium (around the heart)

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10
Q

What is the pericardial sac? And what is within it?

A

Serous membrane.

Very strong connective tissue

Both visceral and parietal pericardium is within it.

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11
Q

Parietal

A

layer of the heart that is stuck to the wall of the pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Visceral

A

layer of the heart stuck to the surface of the heart

CANNOT SCRAPE AWAY

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13
Q

Why is there lubricating fluid produced between the layers of the heart?

A

To reduce friction around the constantly moving heart.

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium(AKA visceral pericardium) Outer surface

Endocardium- innermost layer. Think slick surface for blood to flow past.

Myocardium- middle layer. Thick and heavy on left side, thinner on right.

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15
Q

What are cardiocytes?

A

cardiac muscle cells

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striations, one nucleus, connected by intercalated discs (specialized cell juncts)

Have a high concentration of myoglobin and many mitochondria

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17
Q

What are atrias?

A

Entry ways

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18
Q

What are auricles?

A

Ears for expansion.

Each atria has one

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary circulatory system?

A

Used to feed the heart because it needs nourishment, too.

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20
Q

Where do veins and arteries of the circulatory system attach?

A

at the base, which is the top of the heart

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21
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Lies slightly left of the midline at the bottom of the heart.

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22
Q

What are the three ways that blood enters the right atrium?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

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23
Q

What are valves?

A

Fold of fibrous tissue that help prevent backflow of blood.

Semilunar and cuspid valves

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24
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Systematic circulatory system

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25
Q

Where does the coronary sinus return the blood to?

A

The right atrium from the coronary veins

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26
Q

What forces blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and to lungs?

A

Contraction of the right ventricle

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27
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circuit?

A

The pulmonary capillaries around the alveoli in lungs

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28
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit begin and end?

A

Begins- R. ventricle

Ends- L atrium

29
Q

Where does the systemic circuit begin and end?

A

Begin- left ventricle

End- right atrium

30
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

Supplies the rest of the capillary bed in the body.

31
Q

Why is the wall of the right side of the heart thinner than the left side?

A

Proximity of lungs

Contraction forces and pressure

32
Q

What does the coronary circulatory system do?

A

Nourishes/feeds the heart cells

33
Q

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to? and where is it located?

A

Right atrium, SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, and portions of both ventricles

Originates at the base of the aorta.

34
Q

where does the Left coronary artery supply blood to?

A

Left ventricle, left atrium, interventricular septum

35
Q

Where does the circumflex artery branch off of?

A

The left coronary artery

36
Q

What do arteries of the coronary system show?

A

Anastomosis

37
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Interconnectedness that insures constant blood supply to the heart.

There are multiple routes to get blood from any part of the body

this allows the heart muscle to never go without blood.

38
Q

What is autohythmicity?

A

cells that contract without external stimuli

they are well coordinated and efficient

39
Q

Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes:

A

Impulse begins at SA node (located in wall of R. atrium near entrance of superior vena cava)

Cells of SA node are connected to AV node
AV node found on floor of R. atrium
AV node passes impulse to the ventricles
Action potential travels along the AV bundle, into the Left and Right bundle that branches in the interventricular septum, then along Purkinje cells to each cell of the ventricles

40
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contraction

41
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relaxation/filling

42
Q

What causes the “lubb-dupp” heart sound?

A

lubb- closing of AV valves

Dupp- closing of semilunar valves

43
Q

3 layers of arteries and veins

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

44
Q

Tunica interna:

A

inner layer of the a and v.

includes the endothelium and basement membrane

In arteries- there is also internal elastic membrane in this layer.

45
Q

Tunica media:

A

middle layer.

contains concentric rings of smooth muscles; responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

46
Q

Tunica externa:

A

outer layer

Stabilizes and anchors the blood vessels

Composed of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.

47
Q

What are some differences between arteries and veins?

A

wall of Arteries are generally thicker than veins

when not opposed by blood pressure, arteries contract, appearing smaller in diameter than associated veins

48
Q

3 types of arteries:

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

49
Q

Elastic arteries:

A

large arteries that take blood from the heart

walls are not as thick proportionally as other arteries

Extremely resilient

50
Q

Muscular arteries:

A

distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

Large amount of smooth muscle

51
Q

Arterioles:

A

small muscular arteries

52
Q

Capillaries:

A

blood vessels that allow exchange of fluids and gases

Blood flow is slow; surface of walls modified to allow for a diffusion surface.

53
Q

Veins:

A

collect blood from capillary beds and tissues and returns it to the heart.

Categorized by diameter:
Venules
medium-sized veins
large veins

54
Q

Venules:

A

smallest vessels

Lack a tunica media

55
Q

Medium- sized veins

A

Few fibers of smooth muscle in them.

Have all the tunicas but tunica media is thin

56
Q

Large veins:

A

all three layers of tunica are present.

57
Q

Naming of vessels:

A

names refer to the part of the body where the vessels lie, or the organ that they supply.

left and right are important

usually veins lie parallel to arteries (exception- neck and extremities)

arteries are deep to the veins

vessels visible on anterior surface of arm are veins; they help in temperature maintenance.

58
Q

Hepatic portal system:

A

Subdivision of systemic venous circulation

Composed entirely of veins and are found in the liver.

59
Q

Where do all digestive organs drain their blood? and what happens there?

A

drain into the liver, except the liver

The blood is cleansed and detoxified

60
Q

Alcohol consumption in the hepatic portal system:

A

excessive quantities results in intoxication

Intoxicated state lost after liver breaks down alcohol.

61
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Destruction of liver tissue

62
Q

fetal circulation- life in utero:

A

Different blood pathways.

Umbilical arteries take fetal blood to the placenta to be cleansed and pick up oxygen and nutrients.

Umbilical vein brings nutrient-rich oxygenated blood back to the fetus.

63
Q

what is a problem with fetal circulation?

what is the solution?

A

There is no gas exchange in the fetal lungs

2 adaptations to fetal heart prevent large volume of blood flow through pulmonary circuit.

64
Q

What are the two adaptations to the fetal heart?

A

foramen ovale- between the two atria

ductus arteriosus- between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk.

65
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

A

Fetus takes a breath an expands lungs and pulmonary vessels, and shuts the DA.

66
Q

What is the remnants to the ductus arteriosus?

A

ligamentum artiosum

67
Q

How is the fossa ovalis formed?

A

the foramen ovale is shut by a valvular flap at birth leaving a slight depression in the adult heart (fossa ovalis)

68
Q

What does the inhalation of nicotine result in?

A

vasoconstriction of arterioles

69
Q

What does nicotine stimulate the secretion of and what does it do?

A

epinephrine

a heart stimulant and thus increases cardiac output

this leads to a raised BP and increase strain on the heart.

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