Biology Test Three

Question 0

Population

Answer 0

Group of organisms of the same species living together in the same geographic area.

Formed by a new allele making genetic changes in a species, thus making or changing a species to have an advantage.

Question 1

Natural selection/ Adaptive evolution

Answer 1

Darwin

Environment selects favorable traits to have species be more adaptive and have higher reproduction rate.

Differential survival and reproduction of individuals in response to environmental pressure that leads to change in allele frequencies In a population over time.

Leads to adaptation
Acts on the phenotypes of organisms

Question 2

Descent of modification

Answer 2

Darwin’s idea of natural selection was original contribution to this theory.

Combines the ideas that all living things are related sharing common ancestors in distant past and that organisms have changed over time.

Question 3

Evolution

Answer 3

Change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

It’s the gradual change of species over time.

Question 4

Nonadaptive evolution

Answer 4

Any change in allele frequency that does not by itself lead a population to become more adaptive to its environment

Caused by mutations.

Caused by genetic drift

Caused by gene flow

Question 5

Mutations

Answer 5

Cause of Nonadaptive evolution

Introduces new alleles into a population.

Change in a gene frequency

Results in evolution.

Question 6

Genetic drift

Answer 6

Cause of Nonadaptive evolution

Change in allele frequencies between generations that occurs purely by chance.

Completely random

Decreases the genetic diversity of a population

Two types: founder effect, bottleneck effect

Question 7

Founder effect

Answer 7

Type of genetic drift

Small number of individuals or founders leave one population and establish a new population .
May have lower genetic diversity than original population.

Question 8

Bottle neck effect

Answer 8

Type of genetic drift

Occurs when a population is suddenly reduced to a small number of individuals and alleles are lost from the population As a result

Less genetic diversity or extremely poor gene pool.

Can occur from natural causes

Question 9

Gene flow

Answer 9

Cause of Nonadaptive evolution

Movement of alleles from one population to another

May increase genetic diversity of a population

Aka migration

Ex. Pollen being blown to a new destination.

Question 10

Fit

Answer 10

Organisms fitness

Question 11

Fitness

Answer 11

Relative ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Question 12

Gene pool

Answer 12

Each population of any organism has its own particular collection of alleles.

Total collection of allele in a population.

Question 13

Allele frequency

Answer 13

Within the gene pool

Relative proportion of an allele in a population.

Question 14

Genetic diversity importance

Answer 14

Diverse gene pool gives a pop. More flexibility to survive in a changing environment

Improve evolutionary success.

Question 15

Tiktaalik roseae

Answer 15

Between 4-9 ft long

Had fins, scales, a mobile neck, jointed wrist, finger like bones, flat skull, flexible neck, long sturdy ribs.

It was a predatory fish with sharp teeth.

Intermediate or transitional fossil between figs and tretrapods

Question 16

Fossils

Answer 16

Preserved remains or impressions of a once living organism that provides a record of past life on earth.

Direct evidence of evolution.

Question 17

Ways fossils are formed

Answer 17

Frozen, trapped, buried, leave imprint

Question 18

Two kinds of fossil dating

Answer 18

Relative-determine age of fossil from its position relative to layer of rock or fossils of known age.
Deeper down they are buried, the older they are.

Radiometric- the rock layers formed from volcanic eruptions. Can be directly dated using Radiometric dating.
Used as a geological clock.
Ratio of radioactive elements of uranium and lead in the rock determine the age.

Question 19

Fossil record

Answer 19

Group of fossils arranged in order of age providing evidence of changes in species over time.

Question 20

Homology

And the three forms

Answer 20

Anatomical genetic DNA,or developmental similarity among organisms due to common ancestry.

3 forms:
Anatomical- number, order, and structure of the forelimb bones.
Embryological- similar e structures in vertebrates are evidence that all vertebrates share common ancestor.
DNA- closely related species have similar DNA inherited from ancestors.

Question 21

Biological species concept

Answer 21

Defines a species as a population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 22

Taxonomy

Answer 22

The process by which scientists systematically identify the name and classify organisms on the basis of a shared trait.

Question 23

Taxonomists

Answer 23

Scientists who identify, name, and classify organisms.

Question 24

Scientific name

Answer 24

Written in italics Genus is first and uppercase Species is second and lower case

Question 25

Classification of species

Answer 25

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 26

Modern system of classification

Answer 26

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya- encompasses multicellular and unicellular organisms that are grouped together by their similar DNA sequences Kingdom- Plants, animals, fungi, Protists within eukarya domain.

Question 27

Reproductively isolated species

Answer 27

Members of different species cannot breed with each other Occurs as a result of mechanisms that prevent mating including the gene flow between members of different species.

Question 28

Factors that cause isolated species

Answer 28

Ecological- two species live in dif environments become isolated and never encounter one another Temporal- mating fertility or behavior at dif times Mechanical- mating organs are incompatible Gametic-gametes of two species cannot unite.

Question 29

Speciation

Answer 29

Genetic divergence of population of the same species when a barrier prevents gene flow between them, leading over time to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species. Barrier can be river, mountain, hill, ocean.

Question 30

Extinction

Answer 30

Elimination of all individuals in a species | May occur over time or a sudden mass die off

Question 31

Two massive extinctions

Answer 31

Permian- occurred 290mil years ago. 95% of species died off. Cretaceous- occurred 65mil years ago. 60% of other species and dinosaurs died off.

Question 32

Three domains of life

Answer 32

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. | Three fundamental branch points in the trunk of the evolutionary tree.

Question 33

Prokaryotes

Answer 33

Unicellular organisms that lack internal membrane bound organelles. No nucleus Single circular DNA molecule floats freely in cytoplasm. Bacteria and archaea

Question 34

Bacteria

Answer 34

Domain of prokaryotes Some are autotrophs- self feeders and harmless and beneficial. Ex. Cyanobacteria. Heterotrophic- obtain food by consuming materials. Important de composers. Disease causing pathogens by producing toxins. Staff bacteria is bad.

Question 35

Domains of archaea

Answer 35

Domain of prokaryotic life. Known as extremophiles since they live in harsh environments. Many are anaerobic- no oxygen and rely on sulfur in their metabolism. Ex. Methanogens.

Question 36

Eukaryotes

Answer 36

In the eukarya domain. Have membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. Contains plants, fungi, animal, and Protists

Question 37

Plant diversity

Answer 37

Multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis. Has cell wall and is adapted to living on land. Land plants evolved first from water dwelling algae. Vascular plant- plant with tissue that transports water and nutrients thorough plant body. Evolution: bryophytes-made transition from water to land. Non vascular and don't produce seeds. Moss Fern-first true vascular plant. No seeds. Can stand upright reproduces by spores. Gymnosperm-vascular. Cell walls provide support. Grows tall. Naked seeds. Pine Angiosperm- flowering plants. Vascular. Have seeds contained in fruit. Rose, Lilly, maple

Question 38

Animal diversity

Answer 38

Multicellular eukaryotic organism. Heterotrophs. Body is symmetrical. Vertebrae: bony backbone CHORDATES. Invertebrate: animal lacking backbone. Insects and Arthropods.

Question 39

Fungi

Answer 39

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organism. Obtains nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes onto organic matter or dead organisms and absorbing digested product. Decomposers- digest and use organic molecules in dead organisms as fuel.

Question 40

Protist

Answer 40

Eukaryotes. Cannot be classified as plant, animal, or fungus. Usually unicellular. Include photosynthetic plantlike algae and animal like protozoans. Lack adaptations to live on land such as roots stems and leaves.

Question 41

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 41

DNA in the mitochondria. Solely inherited from mothers. Located in the mitochondria of our cells. Powerful tool by which to track human ancestry back hundreds of Generations. Used to construct an evolutionary tree of humanity. There is a mitochondrial eve that we all can trace back to.