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ANATOMY TEST ONE Flashcards

0
Q

The 7 basic functions of life that all organisms perform

A

Responsiveness, growth, differentiation, reproduction, movement, metabolism, excretion

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1
Q

Five primary levels of organization between Atoms and organisms

A

Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ systems

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2
Q

11 organ systems to help maintain homeostasis

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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3
Q

Anatomical position

A

Palms up, either faceup or facedown

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4
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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5
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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6
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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7
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to midline

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8
Q

Distal

A

Further from midline

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9
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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10
Q

Lateral

A

Further from midline

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11
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom

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13
Q

Proximal and distal have to have what?

A

A point of reference

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14
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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15
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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16
Q

Cranial

A

Toward head

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17
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail or butt

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18
Q

Frontal plane

A

Separates anterior from posterior (front and back)

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19
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separates the left side from the right side

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20
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cuts body in half horizontally

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21
Q

Cavity

A

Dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity

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22
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Cranial, spinal

No separation between the two

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23
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Thoracic cavity, pericardial, abdomino-pelvic

Pleural

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24
Q

Connective tissue proper

A 
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular 
Dense irregular
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25
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood

Lymph

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26
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

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27
Q

Haversion canal

A

Run parallel to long axis of bone

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28
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cell

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29
Q

Lamellae

A

Ring like structures

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30
Q

Volkmanns canals

A

Run perpendicular to long axis of the bone

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31
Q

Lacunae

A

“Hollowed out area”. Dark spots

Osteocytes are inside Lacunae

32
Q

Canaliculi

A

Lead like extensions that radiate from canal. Can be either haversion or volkmanns

33
Q

Central canal

A

Very small canal that allows blood vessels through so bones can “eat”

34
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down. Reabsorb minerals

35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone by laying down mineral and protein

36
Q

Osteocytes

A

Live in and maintain the bone

37
Q

Osteolysis

A

Bone dissolving. The erosion process

38
Q

Osteoclasts >osteoblasts, bone becomes:

A

Weaker

39
Q

Osteoclasts< osteoblasts, bone becomes

A

Stronger and more massive

40
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Build up calcium

Precursor to osteoblasts

Is the start of the healing process of fractures

41
Q

Dense bone

A

Hard, compact outer layer

Composed of osteons

42
Q

Spongy bone

A

Makes blood cells
Spongy looking
Trabeculae(scaffolding) provides structural strength with minimal weight
Location of red bone marrow where blood cells are made; yellow for fat storage.
No complete osteons

43
Q

Periosteum

A

Around the bone. Collagenous and tough and continuos with muscle tendons or ligaments.

Think ceran wrap wrapped tightly around bone

44
Q

Endosteum

A

Inside the bone.

Membrane lines the medulla

45
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

46
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of bone

47
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth area. “Neck” of bone.

48
Q

Cortex

A

Outside. (Dense bone)

49
Q

Medulla

A

Inner portion of bone (spongy bone, red and yellow marrow)

50
Q

Two types of bone formation

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Growing between two layers of membrane. (Flat bones)

Head, mandible, and clavicle

52
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

First shaped in cartilage.

Has a template to fill in, then Cartilage comes and fills it in.

Regular bones

53
Q

Metaphysis

A

=epiphyseal plate= growth plate

Location where growth occurs

54
Q

Increasing length of bone

A

Growth occurs at Metaphysis

Chondrocytes outgrow their nourishment supply line, die, and the area becomes ossified

Bone grows from ossification center toward the ends, sealing the epiphyseal plate as bone

55
Q

Increasing diameter of bone

A

Bone is added to outer surface by osteoblasts

Remodeling is accomplished from the inside by osteoclasts until bone growth is completed

56
Q

How is growth rate controlled?

A

By growth and sex hormones

57
Q

Classification of bones

A

Long-femur, humerus
Short-Carpals, tarsals
Flat- ribs
Irregular- vertebrae
Sutural- frontal, parietal bones of skull
Sesamoid- develops inside tendons- patella

58
Q

How many bones does the skeletal system have?

A

206

59
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial

Appendicular

60
Q

Axial skeletons includes:

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

Anything on the long axis

61
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes:

A

Remaining126 bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and attached limbs

Appendages, arms, legs, etc.

62
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Serves as a base for muscles of tongue and larynx

Doesn’t form a joint with any other bone in the body.

Is anchored in place by 8 muscles.

63
Q

Infant fontanels

A

Soft spots on baby’s head because when you are born you don’t have sutures.

64
Q

Sutures

A

Seams between bones

Sewed up parts

65
Q

Sinuses

A

In the nasal complex

Hollow spots in the bone.

Lighten the face and allow the voice to resonate; filter; warm/humidify air

66
Q

Vertebral anatomy

A

Each individual vertebra has 3 distinct parts:
Body
Vertebral arch
Articular process

67
Q

Why are the first and second vertebraes modified?

A

To allow range of motion in the head

68
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Exist between every vertebrae except c1 and c2

Very tough

Fibrocartilage spacers

The outer part is the annulus fribrosus filled with softer nucleus pulposus

69
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Very tough

Specially modified to bend

More mobile less stable

70
Q

Manubrium

A

Shields major vessels and trachea

71
Q

Body

A

Anchor/support

72
Q

Xiphoid

A

Short dagger-shaped portion at inferior end

73
Q

Pectoral girdle contains:

A

Clavicle and scapula

74
Q

What is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?

A

Clavicle

75
Q

Which is stronger:

Pelvic girdle or pectoral girdle?

A

Pelvic

76
Q

What does the tibia do?

A

Transfers weight of body from femur to ankle

77
Q

Fibula

A

Non-weight bearing bone.

Stabilizes ankle joint

Muscle attachment

78
Q

How does weight distribution work on foot?

A

Talus initially receives total body weight, then Transmits it to rest of tarsals and metatarsals

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