ANATOMY TEST ONE Flashcards
0
Q
The 7 basic functions of life that all organisms perform
A
Responsiveness, growth, differentiation, reproduction, movement, metabolism, excretion
1
Q
Five primary levels of organization between Atoms and organisms
A
Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ systems
2
Q
11 organ systems to help maintain homeostasis
A
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
3
Q
Anatomical position
A
Palms up, either faceup or facedown
4
Q
Cephalic
A
Head
5
Q
Cervical
A
Neck
6
Q
Thoracic
A
Chest
7
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to midline
8
Q
Distal
A
Further from midline
9
Q
Medial
A
Toward midline
10
Q
Lateral
A
Further from midline
11
Q
Superior
A
Toward the top
12
Q
Inferior
A
Toward the bottom
13
Q
Proximal and distal have to have what?
A
A point of reference
14
Q
Anterior
A
Front
15
Q
Posterior
A
Back
16
Q
Cranial
A
Toward head
17
Q
Caudal
A
Toward the tail or butt
18
Q
Frontal plane
A
Separates anterior from posterior (front and back)
19
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Separates the left side from the right side
20
Q
Transverse plane
A
Cuts body in half horizontally
21
Q
Cavity
A
Dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity
22
Q
Dorsal body cavity
A
Cranial, spinal
No separation between the two
23
Q
Ventral body cavity
A
Thoracic cavity, pericardial, abdomino-pelvic
Pleural
24
Connective tissue proper
```
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular
Dense irregular
```
25
Fluid connective tissue
Blood
| Lymph
26
Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
27
Haversion canal
Run parallel to long axis of bone
28
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
29
Lamellae
Ring like structures
30
Volkmanns canals
Run perpendicular to long axis of the bone
31
Lacunae
"Hollowed out area". Dark spots
Osteocytes are inside Lacunae
32
Canaliculi
Lead like extensions that radiate from canal. Can be either haversion or volkmanns
33
Central canal
Very small canal that allows blood vessels through so bones can "eat"
34
Osteoclasts
Break down. Reabsorb minerals
35
Osteoblasts
Produce bone by laying down mineral and protein
36
Osteocytes
Live in and maintain the bone
37
Osteolysis
Bone dissolving. The erosion process
38
Osteoclasts >osteoblasts, bone becomes:
Weaker
39
Osteoclasts< osteoblasts, bone becomes
Stronger and more massive
40
Osteoprogenitor
Build up calcium
Precursor to osteoblasts
Is the start of the healing process of fractures
41
Dense bone
Hard, compact outer layer
Composed of osteons
42
Spongy bone
Makes blood cells
Spongy looking
Trabeculae(scaffolding) provides structural strength with minimal weight
Location of red bone marrow where blood cells are made; yellow for fat storage.
No complete osteons
43
Periosteum
Around the bone. Collagenous and tough and continuos with muscle tendons or ligaments.
Think ceran wrap wrapped tightly around bone
44
Endosteum
Inside the bone.
Membrane lines the medulla
45
Diaphysis
Shaft of bone
46
Epiphysis
Each end of bone
47
Metaphysis
Growth area. "Neck" of bone.
48
Cortex
Outside. (Dense bone)
49
Medulla
Inner portion of bone (spongy bone, red and yellow marrow)
50
Two types of bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
51
Intramembranous ossification
Growing between two layers of membrane. (Flat bones)
Head, mandible, and clavicle
52
Endochondral ossification
First shaped in cartilage.
Has a template to fill in, then Cartilage comes and fills it in.
Regular bones
53
Metaphysis
=epiphyseal plate= growth plate
Location where growth occurs
54
Increasing length of bone
Growth occurs at Metaphysis
Chondrocytes outgrow their nourishment supply line, die, and the area becomes ossified
Bone grows from ossification center toward the ends, sealing the epiphyseal plate as bone
55
Increasing diameter of bone
Bone is added to outer surface by osteoblasts
Remodeling is accomplished from the inside by osteoclasts until bone growth is completed
56
How is growth rate controlled?
By growth and sex hormones
57
Classification of bones
Long-femur, humerus
Short-Carpals, tarsals
Flat- ribs
Irregular- vertebrae
Sutural- frontal, parietal bones of skull
Sesamoid- develops inside tendons- patella
58
How many bones does the skeletal system have?
206
59
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial
| Appendicular
60
Axial skeletons includes:
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Anything on the long axis
61
Appendicular skeleton includes:
Remaining126 bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and attached limbs
Appendages, arms, legs, etc.
62
Hyoid bone
Serves as a base for muscles of tongue and larynx
Doesn't form a joint with any other bone in the body.
Is anchored in place by 8 muscles.
63
Infant fontanels
Soft spots on baby's head because when you are born you don't have sutures.
64
Sutures
Seams between bones
Sewed up parts
65
Sinuses
In the nasal complex
Hollow spots in the bone.
Lighten the face and allow the voice to resonate; filter; warm/humidify air
66
Vertebral anatomy
Each individual vertebra has 3 distinct parts:
Body
Vertebral arch
Articular process
67
Why are the first and second vertebraes modified?
To allow range of motion in the head
68
Intervertebral discs
Exist between every vertebrae except c1 and c2
Very tough
Fibrocartilage spacers
The outer part is the annulus fribrosus filled with softer nucleus pulposus
69
Lumbar vertebrae
Very tough
Specially modified to bend
More mobile less stable
70
Manubrium
Shields major vessels and trachea
71
Body
Anchor/support
72
Xiphoid
Short dagger-shaped portion at inferior end
73
Pectoral girdle contains:
Clavicle and scapula
74
What is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?
Clavicle
75
Which is stronger:
| Pelvic girdle or pectoral girdle?
Pelvic
76
What does the tibia do?
Transfers weight of body from femur to ankle
77
Fibula
Non-weight bearing bone.
Stabilizes ankle joint
Muscle attachment
78
How does weight distribution work on foot?
Talus initially receives total body weight, then Transmits it to rest of tarsals and metatarsals
