ANATOMY TEST ONE Flashcards
The 7 basic functions of life that all organisms perform
Responsiveness, growth, differentiation, reproduction, movement, metabolism, excretion
Five primary levels of organization between Atoms and organisms
Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ systems
11 organ systems to help maintain homeostasis
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Anatomical position
Palms up, either faceup or facedown
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
Chest
Proximal
Closer to midline
Distal
Further from midline
Medial
Toward midline
Lateral
Further from midline
Superior
Toward the top
Inferior
Toward the bottom
Proximal and distal have to have what?
A point of reference
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Cranial
Toward head
Caudal
Toward the tail or butt
Frontal plane
Separates anterior from posterior (front and back)
Sagittal plane
Separates the left side from the right side
Transverse plane
Cuts body in half horizontally
Cavity
Dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial, spinal
No separation between the two
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity, pericardial, abdomino-pelvic
Pleural
Connective tissue proper
Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense regular Dense irregular
Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Lymph
Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
Haversion canal
Run parallel to long axis of bone
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
Lamellae
Ring like structures
Volkmanns canals
Run perpendicular to long axis of the bone
Lacunae
“Hollowed out area”. Dark spots
Osteocytes are inside Lacunae
Canaliculi
Lead like extensions that radiate from canal. Can be either haversion or volkmanns
Central canal
Very small canal that allows blood vessels through so bones can “eat”
Osteoclasts
Break down. Reabsorb minerals
Osteoblasts
Produce bone by laying down mineral and protein
Osteocytes
Live in and maintain the bone
Osteolysis
Bone dissolving. The erosion process
Osteoclasts >osteoblasts, bone becomes:
Weaker
Osteoclasts< osteoblasts, bone becomes
Stronger and more massive
Osteoprogenitor
Build up calcium
Precursor to osteoblasts
Is the start of the healing process of fractures
Dense bone
Hard, compact outer layer
Composed of osteons
Spongy bone
Makes blood cells
Spongy looking
Trabeculae(scaffolding) provides structural strength with minimal weight
Location of red bone marrow where blood cells are made; yellow for fat storage.
No complete osteons
Periosteum
Around the bone. Collagenous and tough and continuos with muscle tendons or ligaments.
Think ceran wrap wrapped tightly around bone
Endosteum
Inside the bone.
Membrane lines the medulla
Diaphysis
Shaft of bone
Epiphysis
Each end of bone
Metaphysis
Growth area. “Neck” of bone.
Cortex
Outside. (Dense bone)
Medulla
Inner portion of bone (spongy bone, red and yellow marrow)
Two types of bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Growing between two layers of membrane. (Flat bones)
Head, mandible, and clavicle
Endochondral ossification
First shaped in cartilage.
Has a template to fill in, then Cartilage comes and fills it in.
Regular bones
Metaphysis
=epiphyseal plate= growth plate
Location where growth occurs
Increasing length of bone
Growth occurs at Metaphysis
Chondrocytes outgrow their nourishment supply line, die, and the area becomes ossified
Bone grows from ossification center toward the ends, sealing the epiphyseal plate as bone
Increasing diameter of bone
Bone is added to outer surface by osteoblasts
Remodeling is accomplished from the inside by osteoclasts until bone growth is completed
How is growth rate controlled?
By growth and sex hormones
Classification of bones
Long-femur, humerus
Short-Carpals, tarsals
Flat- ribs
Irregular- vertebrae
Sutural- frontal, parietal bones of skull
Sesamoid- develops inside tendons- patella
How many bones does the skeletal system have?
206
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial
Appendicular
Axial skeletons includes:
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Anything on the long axis
Appendicular skeleton includes:
Remaining126 bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and attached limbs
Appendages, arms, legs, etc.
Hyoid bone
Serves as a base for muscles of tongue and larynx
Doesn’t form a joint with any other bone in the body.
Is anchored in place by 8 muscles.
Infant fontanels
Soft spots on baby’s head because when you are born you don’t have sutures.
Sutures
Seams between bones
Sewed up parts
Sinuses
In the nasal complex
Hollow spots in the bone.
Lighten the face and allow the voice to resonate; filter; warm/humidify air
Vertebral anatomy
Each individual vertebra has 3 distinct parts:
Body
Vertebral arch
Articular process
Why are the first and second vertebraes modified?
To allow range of motion in the head
Intervertebral discs
Exist between every vertebrae except c1 and c2
Very tough
Fibrocartilage spacers
The outer part is the annulus fribrosus filled with softer nucleus pulposus
Lumbar vertebrae
Very tough
Specially modified to bend
More mobile less stable
Manubrium
Shields major vessels and trachea
Body
Anchor/support
Xiphoid
Short dagger-shaped portion at inferior end
Pectoral girdle contains:
Clavicle and scapula
What is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?
Clavicle
Which is stronger:
Pelvic girdle or pectoral girdle?
Pelvic
What does the tibia do?
Transfers weight of body from femur to ankle
Fibula
Non-weight bearing bone.
Stabilizes ankle joint
Muscle attachment
How does weight distribution work on foot?
Talus initially receives total body weight, then Transmits it to rest of tarsals and metatarsals
