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Anatomy Test 4: Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

contains many neurons

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1
Q

Nervous system’s functions

A

sensation- internal and external
Integration- interpretation and response to sensation
Motor control- responses via muscular control

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2
Q

What happens in the CNS?

A

Sensory information is interpreted, thoughts and emotions are produced, initiate motor impulses to control muscles and glands

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nerves between CNS and receptors/factors. Emerge from the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the two cell types of nervous tissues?

A

Neurons- nerve cells

Neuroglia- support and protect (glial cells)

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5
Q

Which do you have more of: glial cells or neurons?

A

Glial cells

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6
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped glial cells.
Wrap around neurons
Insulation and isolation from other neurons and fluids in which they are Immersed.
Form a protective shield – blood brain barrier
Provide scaffolding- Physical support, repair, maintenance, and growth and development

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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Provide the myelin sheathing (insulation) for CNS neurons.
Wrap around the axons of neurons.
Improve speed and action potential, or nerve impulse

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8
Q

What do you myelinated axon’s make up?

A

White Matter

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9
Q

What do you unmyelinated areas make up?

A

Gray matter area

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10
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between wrappings that are not sheathed

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11
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Ciliated glial cells lining the ventricles of the brain.

They assist in creating and circulating cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Schwan cells

A

Wrap themselves completely around the axons.

Similar in function to oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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13
Q

List the sensory neuron’s

A

A.k.a. afferent.
Somatic
Visceral

Aka efferent
motor neurons

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14
Q

Somatic neurons

A

From the outer body, mostly skin senses and body positions

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15
Q

Visceral neurons

A

From internal organs.

Information about internal visceral conditions

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent.

Carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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17
Q

What do visceral effectors include?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

All under unconscious control

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18
Q

Do interneurons belong to the CNS or PNS?

A

The CNS only.

Connect sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

Major regions and landmarks of the brain

A 
Telencephalon, 
diencephalon, 
mesencephalon, 
metencephalon, 
Myelencephalon
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20
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum

Conscious thought,
memory,
skeletal muscle contractions

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21
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest region of the brain.
Two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum.
Conscious thought and all intellectual processes. Processing of somatic sensory and motor information

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Hey thin blanket of gray matter folded into gyri and sulci

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23
Q

Gyri

Sulci

A

G- wrinkles

S- depressions

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24
Association fibers
Only connects nerve cells within one hemisphere
25
Commissural fibers
Transmits information from left to right hemispheres
26
Projection fibers
Link cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord
27
Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus
28
Epithalamus
pineal gland internal clock of day-night cycles. Reproductive function
29
Thalamus
acts as a relay station for ascending sensory information
30
Hypothalamus
``` small but very important Integrates the ANS with the CNS Involuntary somatic motor activities control of automatic functions coordination of activities of nervous and endocrine system secretion of hormones production of emotions and behavioral drives (thirst, hunger, sex) Regulation of body temperature ```
31
Mesencephalon
Midbrain Visual and Auditory Maintenance of consciousness
32
Metencephalon
cerebellum and pons | Balance and coordination
33
Cerebellum
2nd largest brain region adjusting the postural muscles programming and fine-tuning voluntary and involuntary movement
34
Pons
Bridge between the cerebellar hemispheres and mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord Relays sensory information to thalamus autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions
35
Myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
36
Medulla oblongata
relays sensory information to the thalamus | autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions
37
what are Ventricles of the brain?
Hollow areas within the brain | continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
38
What produces cerebrospinal fluid and where?
specialized structures choroid plexus, within the ventricles of the brain
39
What does Choroid plexus mean?
Choroid- vascular | Plexus- braid, network
40
What is the brain protected by?
cranial bones
41
What are the three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord and what do their names mean?
Dura mater- tough mother arachnoid- spider like pia mater- gentle mother
42
What do the connective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord do?
hold blood vessels nerves, and CSF
43
Dura mater has how many layers?
two
44
Where is the endosteal layer located?
It is fused to the periosteum of the cranial cavity (layer on the inside of the skull on the cadaver)
45
Meningeal layer
Has blood above it
46
What does the CSF do?
Suspend and cushion the brain Transports nutrients
47
What happens to CSF if reabsorption is inadequate?
It will accumulate the damage brain tissue by compression (hemorrhage)
48
What happens if fluid accumulates before closure of fontanelles in babies?
cranium will be greatly enlarged (hydrocephalus)
49
Are cranial nerves a component of the CNS or PNS?
PNS
50
Where do cranial nerves originate?
originate in and connect to the brain rather than the spinal cord
51
List the Cranial Nerves
``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal ```
52
What does the Spinal cord contain?
all ascending and descending tracts of CNS
53
What are the expanded areas on the spinal cord called?
Enlargements
54
what is the Cauda Equina?
hair-like structures
55
where are enlargements of the spinal cord found?
where grey matter of cord is expanded to incorporate more sensory input for innervation of limbs Cervical, brachial, and lumbar enlargements cervical is the largest
56
Where are cell bodies of the sensory neurons located?
In the dorsal root ganglia
57
Where are cell bodies of motor neurons found in?
ventral horns of the gray matter
58
What does each segment of the spinal cord have?
An associated pair of dorsal roots and a pair of ventral roots
59
What do each pair of the dorsal and ventral roots do?
join together to leave the intervertebral foramen as a spinal nerve
60
What is a spinal nerve?
a mixed nerve, containing fibers from both dorsal and ventral roots
61
What does a peripheral nerve consist of?
an outer epineurium enclosing a variable number of fascicles
62
What is a nuclei?
masses of non myelinated cell bodies, neuroglia, and dendrites
63
Where are nuclei located?
inside the spinal cord
64
What are nuclei organized into?
Points called gray horns Anterior lateral, and posterior horns
65
What is the organization of white matter?
Very very organized into columns
66
Do neural reflexes require the brain?
NO
67
List the steps of a reflex
1. arrival of stimulus; activation of a receptor 2. Sensory neuron activated and impulse taken to spinal cord 3. Processing the information 4. processing activates the motor neuron 5. Causes response of peripheral effector organ

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