exercise physiology test 1 Flashcards
What is a product of glycolysis?
2 net ATP
Pyruvate
Lactate
Hydrogen
What fuels are coming in to begin glycolysis?
Carbohydrates
Triglycerides
Proteins (rarely)
What happens to lactate?
Converted to pyruvate for an energy source
Can be converted back to glucose in the Cori cycle
Forms other amino acids
Can be shuttled to brain and heart as energy source
What is the glycemic index?
Serves as a relative indicator of carbohydrates ability to raise blood glucose levels.
Scale 0-100
100 being foods that cause the most rapid rise in blood sugar
What is glycemic load?
Represents the amount of available carbohydrate in a single serving
What is the byproduct of the Krebs cycle for 1 spin
1 ATP
2 CO2
-3 H2O
What is the by product of 2 spins of the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
4 CO2
-6 H2O
What takes place at the end of the electron transport chain?
Takes hydrogen and strips electrons off to make ATP
Very end: produces 12 H2O
6 Oxygen must be present to make this happen (aerobic)
NAD and FAD become taxi cabs for hydrogen ions to make ATP
How does the electron transport chain need oxygen?
Need 6 O2 to make 12 H2O
What are the four ways glucose is used?
Directly by the cell for energy
Stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver
Converted to fats for energy storage
Provide carbon skeletons to synthesize non essential amino acids
What is the VO2 and lactate threshold for an average, untrained male college-aged student?
VO2: 44mL of O2 of kg per min.
Lactate threshold: 24.2
What is the VO2 and lactate threshold for an average, untrained female college-aged student?
VO2: 38mL of O2 of kg per min.
Lactate threshold: 20.9
How do you find lactate threshold?
VO2 max X .55
How do you find VO2 max of trained person?
Must test it!
What is the def. of lactate threshold?
Exercise intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood stream
What is VO2 max?
Total amount of oxygen used in exercise- delivered to muscles and utilized for energy purposes
Depends on fuels and training
Glucogenesis what it is and when it happens
glucose to glycogen
This happens during recovery. You are taking glucose from the blood stream and store it as glycogen
Gluconeogenesis
non-carbo source to glucose
Taking muscle and breaking it down to form glucose
Creation of glucose in the liver from noncarbohydrate sources
Glucogenolysis: what it is, how it works, and when it works
happens during exercising
You take he glycogen that you have and push it into the blood stream.
Process by which stored glycogen is broken down to provide glucose.
Glycolysis: what is it
Energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10/11 step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with the production of pyruvate or lactate.
How does protein dehydrate you?
Protein breaks into amino acids, which are put together in a long chain, and Body has to process this by the liver.
Liver breaks down amino acids into ammonia
Liver recaptures ammonia and spits it back out as urea.
Need water to package around urea so that it doesn’t come out as a crystal, instead, it comes out as a liquid
Where does energy production mainly come from for energy systems?
Electron transport chain
Deamination: what it is and when it happen and where
Removal of nitrogen from amino acids
Occurs in liver and muscles
Occurs when you break down protein
How much energy does one free fatty acid yield?
460 ATP
Enzyme in lipolysis
Hormone sensitive lipase
Enzyme in glycolysis and function
PFK
Phosphofructo kinase
Rate limiting enzyme. Most important step of glycolysis
Enzymes in glycolysis and function (lactate)
LDH
Converts lactate back to pyruvate to start the Krebs cycle
What is lipolysis
The breakdown of fats
What is the real function of the Krebs cycle?
Water hammer
To make hydrogen so that taxi cabs can take it to the electron transport chain and make ATP
NAD function
Plays a key role in energy metabolism by accepting and donating electrons
Ideal pre-competition meal
Contain 150-300g of carbs
Be consumed 3-4 hours before exercise
8-16 ounces of water room temp.
Carbs during exercise
Consume about 60g of carbs each hour during exercise
Post exercise carbs
Carb-rich foods
High on the glycemic index- consume 50-75g every 2 hrs for a total of 500g
How is fat stored?
As a triglyceride
How many ATP can free fatty acids make?
147
How many ATP can one glycerol make?
460 ATP
Free fatty acids
FFAs undergo beta oxidation so that two carbons can begin to spend Krebs cycle
How many carbons are in one FFA
18- carbon chain
What stimulates lipolysis
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon
Growth hormone
What are we trying to buffer in exercise
Acid
Buffer def.
Reactions that minimize changes in H-
What happens if buffers fail?
Coma or death occurs
What kind of buffers are there?
Chemical buffers- in blood
Ventilatory buffers-
Renal buffers
Steady state exercise
Balance in oxygen and lactate and fuels etc
Blood lactate doesn’t accumulate
Exercise can continue in this state forever
Epoch graph
More fit- Less oxygen you have to pay back
Less fit- takes longer and you have more oxygen to pay back
