hum geo unit 6 Flashcards
city
conglomeration of ppl and building together serves as a center of politics, culture, and economics.
urban
the buildup of the city and the suburbs around it
urbanization
movement of pple from rural to urban areas very quickly. can lead to unnadequate infrastructure.
why does U.s have a high urban population
our land is big and the cities are spread out
why does italy have a high urban population
has phusical features that forces people to live closer together, which leads to urbanization
why does australia have a high urban population
most of the countiy is desert so have to live closer together leading to urbanization.
egalitarian
ppl worked for the common good of the village
orignis of urbanization
first there where small villages where most of the pouplation was involved in agriculture for food. however as more food came, it meant more people, so then some ppl did not need to farm. And thes when cilivations where created. the first urban revelotuion came from the first agricultural revolution.
social stratification
back in the first cilivations social hierachy, there had to be some sort of gov. which imposed taxes in the form of food.
characterizations of civilizations
- advanced cities that r planned for growth
- Adavnced technology, the abily to build simple machines
- record keeping sucha as birth, death, tax certificates
- spelized jobs
- complex institutions sucha as gov and religon.
hearths of civilazation
- 5- mesoameria , the connection between north and south ameriea
- 3 - indus valley near india
- 2 -nile valley connected between africa and europe
- 1- mesopotamia, the fertile creasnt
- 4- Huang he river valley near china
they all had riveres in common as its needed to start a cilization
when and why did pple start to live in cities - mesopotamia
3500 bce in mesopotamia. this is because of hierchey, the temple/ reeligous center in where the most important ppl lived, then in the outside of the walls is where the less important lived
when and why did pple start to live in cities - nilve river valley
in 3200 bce in nile river valley, had a priest king idelogy, had no walls for protection because it was desert on one side and river on the ther. they had a theocracy
indus river valley
- harappa and mohenjo daro is where the river start and runs
- was intericatly planed, even had irrgiation and sewage system
- however is the only hearth that died out, this was because of famine caused by land degradation.
Huang He and wei river valleys
was purposefully planne citiesm had a grid pattern. had walls and temples and places fort he lerdership/higher class.
Mayan and aztec cities
theocratic centers wheere hte rulers had divine authroity and where god-kings.
what is Borcherts epochs
epoc means era. kinda like DTm and ETM but whith technology
Borcherts epochs
1- 1790-1830: sail-wagon epoch
2- 1830-1870 : industrial revolution / iron horse epoch
3- 1870-1920 : steel rail epoch
4- 1920- 1970: auto air eminty epoch
5- 1970 - presnet day : high technology epoch
roman cities
a sytem of cities and small town s, tlinked tgh by lots for road and sea routes. thery were sites for trade. had a porum whihc is a agora and acropolis puttogether. had eitheri extreme wealth or poverty.
how urbanization was diffused.
acropolis and agroa
acropolis : a religous place and a gov
agora : a market center
maritime exploration led to
- change is situation to favor costal location, cause trade is faster in water
- was continued under colonialism : making money for the mother coutny
- allowed wealth for mercantile cities in europe
- and the europe modeled as cicites for tother colonies
the 2nd urabn revelution
movement of people to cities to work in amnufacturing
what caused the second urban reveloution
the sendond agr revelution, which improved food production and created a surplus of food
and industrialization which was encouraged the growth of cities near industrial resources. needed land labor and capital.
how was the send urbadn revelotuom
as people becoem to move in quickly there was no time for infrasture to suppor thrm. so cities become messy abd busy. overcrwoding, sanitation issues, child labor and more.
the us. and the 2nd urban rev
- the negetves for us was not as extrme because we were able to spread out more
- every industiilexed county had a rust belt and abondaded area of urbanization
site and situation of cities
site : chosen near trade, defense, relgion
situation : trade area : where u r willing to go to buy somth such as goods and services.
urban hierachy
hamlet, village, town, ctity, metropolis, and megalopolis
low and high order goods
low : essentials
high : spelialty and designer, only forund in cities
range
how far r people gonna go for the good
threshold
how many people are needed to make a profit.
rank size rule
ordering sities based on pop and serives. a primate city goes with this rule. 1 city an # then 2 city half of that number. then 3 city 1/3 of the number then 1/4 and so on
basic and non-basic sector
non : jobs neded inside the city
basic : goods within a city that provide goods for ppl outdie of the city. like factory goods to ship else where.
multiplier effect
whne one business comes in other jobs nultiply. like a jail. that brings in garuds, construction workers and moe ppl to that area.
central place theory
why and how urban places and heirachy is where it is.
- large cities have an nverse relationship
Assumes that :
- surface is falt with no phiical barriers
- soil is the ame everywhere
- pouplation adn purchasing powers r evenly distrubuted
-
hexagonal hinterlands
big is the city then town village and then hamlet
why r the hamlets so equally distanced
the frames met toghether at one location for goods and services and trade.
shaping of urban places
low order areas such as hamlets will be closer together and big ordert areas sucha as cities will be frather apart.
urban morphology
the layout of a city and its physical from and structure
Punctional zonation
- zoning laws
the division of the coty inot certain regions zone for diff purposes
comercal zoning :nwhere busniseses are put
residentail zoning : where homes are put
genral zones of a city
1 - cbd
2- cbd + older housing zones
3- suburb
bid rent theory
land costs more near the city than farther away.
primate city
Sisproprotionalty bigger than the next largest city in the county. can not hae a primate city and floww the rank size rule.
red lining
financial institutions that refuse to lend money in certain neighborhoos
blockbusting
realtors purposelly sell a home at a low price to a balck person and then solicitate white residents to sellt heri homes at low prices. to creates white and balck neighborhoods.
public housing
in ww2 ferdal works program was built. goc bulds public hoses but the rent is subdisdeed. bute the public hosng near the ferdarl building was giving to the white. while the ones build using bad resoources were given to the balck.
land deeds
in south there are certain laws that say a certain race can not own land. but ppl now jus dont invoke that law
GI bill
written to cover verterns. gives low intersest loasn with low morgages but the whites got the loasn they moved out of the coty to the surbub but eh balcks moved inot the public housing in the city, but he loans were already given out. this created blck busting.
gentrification
younf ppl buying house rehabilitating them, which rasies the house vaule in the neighborhood.
what does gentrification cause
forces a out of people who can not affford the property tax out. shuts down businesses, brings in new comercial busniess. gets ppl to come back inot the down town area.
commercialization
city gov tranformming a central city to attract residents and torurists
tear downs
new house buy the house then tear it down to build mch larger homes. leads to msmansions
mcmansions
large houses that care built to the outer limit of the lot.
how to fix genterfication
- subsideize local businesses
- fix propety taxes. taxes stay the same
- community meeting, town meetings, giving ppl the voice.
problems with new urbanism
- the privatization of public spaces
- failure to adress problems like crime
- urbawn spwral, lots of houses
- attitude chage as middle calss becomes more whealthy while lower class stays poor
hDI
human development index looks at
the GDP, literacy and decation rates, and life expectancy
important thing abt development
is that the geographic development is uneven all throughout the country
what is the gender inequality index used to see
the # of woam in the magenmnt of housold activities, in the gov, in reproductive heath and the motaltiy rate of them. more developded countrieas are getting more equlality for woamn
Micro credit
samll loans given to people who can not affrod money, empowers woamn and uplifts communitties.
effects of the microcredit
loan - goats - money by vaule added products - kids get to go to school - kids get higher paying jobs due to the higher education - the country moves to the secondary economy - people begin to move to cities - the area becomes a city.
united nations
promotes peace
world bank
financial assistance and loans owned by UN memebrs
International monetary Fund
overseas international money exchange
non govermnetal organizations
chriaties that help developing or war torn countries.
sometimes there are so many NGOs that they are parrell to the people. SO the NGO provide for the ppl
structurlist theroy
- all economic theiroies started with this
- pracoess that created a large scale economic system
- created by colonization and mercantilism and capitalism, so some countires rise above others which creates core, pherphy, and semi pherohy
self sufficiency model
in order for a counry to be sefl sufficent and not rely on tride. ifs is all 3 of its sectors are working together at an equal.
how to do the slef sufficiency model
- encoring domestic roduction of good and discoring foreign ownership
- Barries : sucha as high tariffs, quatoas, and licenses
- protecign small bussines sfrom big bussiness
invesment in all the sectors
-
Rostow’s ladder of development
stafe 1 : tradtional soocyt = gricutlure, subsitaence, barter
stage 2 : Trasitional stage = surpluss, infastructure, specialization
stage 3 : idustrialization, regional growth, investment,
stage 4 : diversification, nnovation, less reliance on imports
stage 5 : servise ssector is higher, consumer orianted
supernation orgniazations
had few natural resources so focused on making specilized products for export. created fast development. countries like south korea, singapore, taiwn, hong kong
