hum geo popuplation unit 2 Flashcards
pouplation distrubution
where people live in a geographic area. Is influenced by physical, enviromental, and human factors.
pouplation distrubution patterns
unifrom, clusters, linear, disperased, random
where do most people live
areas with low elevation, temperate climate, and accessibility to water Where they are able to meet basic needs.
climate
long term pattern in weaather
30 to 60 north and sotuh have temperate climates
60 to 90 north and south have freezing cold climates
flat low laying areas are
good for easy building, planting, and transporting goods
River Vally are
rich in soil, support dense pouplations
aqufiers
underground water sources
Economic factros as to where people live
live where they can earn a living, where technocgy and infrastructure is high,
political factros as to where people live
people may not live in areas with war or political instability
cultural factros as to where people live
housing avilibity, saftery, acess to transportation, can be dur to religion and certain roles in society
Historical factros as to where people live
places with more people in the now have a long history of hisrty habitaton in the past
2/3 of the worlds pouplation is clustered in
India, Pakistan, Bagaledesh, Chna, Japan, The islands
emerginf pouplation clusters
notheastern U.S and Sub Saharan Africa
sotht africa
least urbanized but fastest urbanizing
humans aviod to live in places
with dry, wet, cold, high lands
Ecumene
places of permenant human settlemet
consequences of pouplation distrubution social
can affect the quality of life, providing services to a culutered pop is easer than dispersed pop. Clustered pouplations have more public services.
evenly dispered poplated areas
core more developed countires
scattered pouplations
periphery less developed countries
consequences of pouplation distrubution Impact on Environment
can create strain on arebel land and resources, increased risk of an area exceding its carrying capacity, risk of evironmetal degradation.
DEpendacy ratio
the number of people in the dependatn age group divided by the number of people in the working are group. times 100
15 to 65 age
potiental workforce
15 under and 65 over
youth and elderly dependats
Dependacy rations can help to
compare societies over time, compare different areas, show current anf futre productivity, predict challenges for the future
Factors that affect sex ratio
child mortalit, coutres with high immigration for men, deaths of men in war, cultural perferance for boys.
what is the pouplation replacemtn level
the # of childern needd to keep the county’s pouplation constant. 2 childern per womam
Crude Birth RAte
the number od births ina year, can show how developed a country is
Total fertility rate
the averge number of childern one woman will have in her child bearing years
Crude Death Rate
the number od deaths in pouplation
causes and effects of CDR
A high CDR is a result from a high number of natural deaths among old people when that segment is a large % of the Population
A high CDR can result from unclean water, inadequate health care, and poor housing
The CDR can spike due to natural disasters or increase for longer periods due to disease or war.
Demographic Transtion model
represents the shifts in growth that he world’s populations have undergone over time
Each stage of The DTM is characterized by the relationship between birth rates and death rates
Geographers use the DTM to better understand the relative stability of population and the factors that have contributed to population growth.
According to the model, all regions, countries, and societies go through the first 4 stages and they rarely return to an earlier stage.
DTM stage one
- there is never a stage one coutnry
- pre - industrial age, early times, Dark Ages
-Less food no health
-agrarian society ( agricultural society)
-High birth rate, no birth control
-High death rate because of low standard of living and no medical care
Stage 2 DTM
Industrial Revolution/new inventions
Warming period : more food = more people = not everybody needed to farm = Industrial Revolution = Agricultural revolution = Urban revolutio : THESE LED TO STAGE 3
Farming and Medicine starting to emerge
Death rates begin to fall because of higher food supply and medical advancements
Birth rates are still high
Life expect each begins to increase due to agricultural production
CBR = High
CDR= Rapidly decreasing
Population increase
Secondary economic sector
stage 3 DTM
India, Mexico, China
mature industrial economy
both rates droptor
fertility begins to fall as more children live to begin adults
Higher standards of living makes having kids expensive
small families
population growth slows
more people living in cities/ less babies
tertiary sector
CBR = decreasing
CDR = Decreasing
stage 4 DTM
U.S, Canada
post industrial economy more recent
birth and death rates and very low
population grows slowly or can even begin decrease
Birth and Death rates are stable
CBR, CDR, Population : Stable
ZPG : zero Pouplation growth
stage 5 DTM
taly, Germany, Japan in stage 5
Countries that are deindustrializing
Going from manufacturing to service and information based on industries
Countries facing negative birth rates, people not replacing themselves
Death rate stays the same
CDR = stable
CBR = has potential to fall below the death rate
Population has potential to drop
DTM overall overveiw of countires
stage 1 and 2 - developing periphery
stage 3 - Newly Industrail countries, Semi periphery
stage 4 and 5 - More developloed countries, core counties
Epidemilogic trasition model
Describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution - largely as the result of changes causes death.
explains causes of changing death rates
ETM stage 1
famine
death rate high life expectecy low
ETM stage 2
Receding pandemic Disease
medice lowers spread of infection
death rate decreases and life expectancy increases
ETM stage 3
degenerative and huma created diseass
diseases due to aging
death rate low life expectancy increases
ETM stage 4
delayed degetnrattive diseases
medice slows down death rate
life expectancy at its highest
REemergence of infectious dieases
increased proverty. Increased interconnectedness - connected through trains, plans, and evolving bacterias/virus
life expectacy decreases
Limitations of ETM
focuses only on health-related factors, usually diseases
Overlooks the role of poverty, when determining disease risk and mortality
It is unknown how human caused environmental factors might affect the causes of mortality as described in the ETM.
Nonvectored disease
spread directly from person to person
Vectored disease
spread through insect,
Endemic
present in small areas - the Swine flu
Epidemic
spreads over large regions - Ebola
Pandemic
spreads world wide - Covid
Demographic Momentum :
A tendency for growing populations to continue to grow even after decline, because of young age distribution
Megalopolis
A string of cities where it is hard to tell, where one city ends and where one city begins.
Bosnywash- Boston, New York, Washington
SINKS, DINKS
Single income no kids
Double income no kids
Conurbation
When people are older they move into the city or into more rural areas. Moving away from urban areas.
Mega city
- A city that has 10 million or more
has good infrastructure: public transportation, communication, health care. t, education, communication
Metacity
20 million or more people
Has even more services and higher infrastructure- transportation, education, health, communication
economic conswquneses of changes in pouplatin size
- A grwoing pouplation creates greater demand for homes, goods, and services. As demand outgrows supply the price of goods increase
- a shrinking pouplation leads to vacen properties in cities and a decrease in business
political conswquneses of changes in pouplatin size
goverments must cope with a grwoing pouplation’s need for infrastructure
environmental conswquneses of changes in pouplatin size
- a rapidly growing pouplation may exceed the land’s carrying capacity
- land degradation: long term damage to the soil’s ability to support life may result from overuse of resources .
Social challenges of aging population :
traditional family dynamics may be challenged
Fewer young people are available or choose to care for aging parents at home.
Social benefits of aging population
Retired grandparents can take care of grandchildren, no day care
elderly people strengthen community and family networks.
women’s changing roles in society
economic benefits of aging population
Older adults send money on food, clothing, housing, and entertainment.
Retirees contribute volunteer hours which can reduce the government’s burden.
The elderly are less likely to commit crimes and do not attend public school, both of which represent the major expenditures for local governments.
ecomic challenges of aging population
Retirees pay less in income taxes
Long term health care can be costly
political results of aging population
Changes in the voting demographic may influence who is elected and what policies are enacted.
Thmoas Malthus
believed that the world was recklessly procreating and that the population was going to overrun the food source. Wanted to kill the poor, mental disability, and physical disabilities to lower the population.
But the world did not run out of food.
GMO, fertilizers - chemicals, pesticides } have helped to create more crops, he did not think about that, he was wrong
Ester Boserup
said that farmers will always find a way to feed the people no matter what.
neo-mathusians
believed that malthus was rihgt, even tody. They focus on the damage done to the enviromnement by having too many people . Pacticulrty the role weathy countris of the world.
arithimic density
number of people per square mile, just pouplation density
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of arbale land
Agicultural density
the number of famers per unit of arable land.
