bio unit 2 quiz 2

Question 1

cell division

Answer 1

the process that allows a single cell to beocme an orgnism with trillons of cells

Question 2

cell differentioaion

Answer 2

the process where newly formed cells become more specialized to perfom diffenrt funcions

Question 3

cell specialization

Answer 3

cells take on specifc functions. accomplshed by differntial gene expression.

Question 4

differntial gene expression.

Answer 4

the activation of differnt instructins within a given cell by chmical signals causing it to differenntiate. Same gene in all cellls. cell truing on and off.

Question 5

gene expression and the environment

Answer 5

cells have contral over which gene are beig expressed so we say its a regulated process. cells can also respond to envronmental factors such as light and temperature.

Question 6

purpose of cell division

Answer 6

happens in eukayotics
- for growth and developemnt
- for repair : replace dying cells, wear and tear, and regeneration of new cells.

Question 7

cell cycle

Answer 7

the sequence of grwoth and division that occurs in cells. In cell cycle there is cell growth, DNA replication, Cell gowth, and then cell division.

Question 8

phases of the cell cycle

Answer 8

interphase if first which consists of : G1 - growth , S phase - DNa synthesis and replication, G2 - more cell growht and cell geting ready to divide.

Then mitosis which consists of PMAT, which does nuclear division

then cytokinesis which is where the cytoplams divides

Question 9

chromatin

Answer 9

the form of the DNA during interphase. Loose noodle like. Able to transcribe

Question 10

Chromosome

Answer 10

the DNa when cell enters mitosis. The chromatn coils up to from chromoosmes. we have 46

Question 11

interphase

Answer 11

befoer mitosis. Nuleus in visible. The DNA is in loose strands of chromatin.

Question 12

G1

Answer 12

evryday cellular activity and the cell grows

Question 13

G2

Answer 13

cell is prepared for mitoosis

Question 14

g0

Answer 14

some cells can enter this. Is a resting pahses. Where the cell doe snot prepare to divide.

Question 15

s phase

Answer 15

• DNa replication
  this has to happend befreo cell division. Create new set of DNa identical to the fisrt.

Question 16

DNa replication

Answer 16

DNa in chromosome is copied. Each chromosome has an identical copy. Each copy is called chromatid. they are refered to as siter chromatids. A centromere joins them together.

Question 17

somatic cell

Answer 17

have a full set of chromosomes

Question 18

Diploid

Answer 18

if a cell has a full set of chromosomes. symbol = 2n=#

Question 19

pourpose of mitosis

Answer 19

the division of the nuclues, and its contents. 4 steps : PMAT

Question 20

prophase

Answer 20

• nuclear envelope breaks down
• chromatin coild into the chromosome
• Centroles move to oppsosite ends, with spinde fibers in between.

Question 21

metaphase

Answer 21

chromosmes duplicate with sister chromatids. They line up across the middel fo the cell.

Question 22

Anaphase

Answer 22

the sister chromatids seprate inot indidual chromosomes. Are pulled to the oppposite ends of the cel.

Question 23

telephase

Answer 23

the chromose is at eh oppise end of the cell. 2 new nuclear evelopes form and 2 nuclei appear. BUt not yet duplicated

Question 24

cytokinesis

Answer 24

the cytoplam divided. Then 2 cells form. They are identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes.

Question 25

cell plate

Answer 25

formed in cytokinesis. This is used to create the cell wall.

Question 26

results of the cell cycle

Answer 26

2 genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes. Same DNA.

Question 27

cancer

Answer 27

disruption of the cell cycle. unontrolled cell division of abmnormal and damaged cells. The caner cel donts respond to regulatory signals. The cells dont listen to G0 or protein signals.

Question 28

cycline

Answer 28

Cycline proteisn regulate the cell cycle.

Question 29

external factors

Answer 29

directs cell to speed up or slow down. Can include growth factors. respond to the events outside of the cell

Question 30

protoocgenes adn tumor suppressor genes

Answer 30

codes for porteins that help regulate cell growth and diviison. Tumer suppergenses stop the growth of abonral cell growht and division.

Question 31

mutations in protoocgenes adn tumor suppressor genes

Answer 31

can crate diffent proteins that fail to regulate cell growh and function. can prevent cells from doing cell division. the most commn is p53.

Question 32

g1 checkpoint

Answer 32

check to see if DNA is damaged

Question 33

g2 checkpint

Answer 33

Check to see f DNA is replicated properly

Question 34

M checkpint

Answer 34

spindel assembly checkpijt, check for the alignment of the shromosomes.

Question 35

checkpoints

Answer 35

checkpoint see if anything is wrong during the cell cycle =. is worng then cell go throuhg repainr or the apoptosis they die.

Question 36

some causes of cancer

Answer 36

uv-light, x -rays, smoking, chemicals, radiation expoture, and viral infection.