bio unit 2 vocab Flashcards
process by which the nucleus is divided into two nuclei (division of nuclear/genetic material), each with same number of chromosomes
mitosis
one of the distinct strands(a copy of the the other) that makes up a duplicated chromosome
sister chromatids
type of RNA that carries amino acids
tRNA
structure that attaches pairs of chromatids to one another
centromere
the time between divisions when the DNA synthesis and growth occurs
interphase
change in one or a few nucleotides bases
point mutation
based on Chargaff’s rule regarding the number of A=T and number of C=G
base pairing
formed during cytokinesis in plant cell
cell plate
in animal cells this structure aids in mitosis
centriole
the twisted ladder shape of DNA formed by hydrogen bonds between bases
double helix
process by which message on mRNA is decoded into a polypeptide chain/protein
translation
series of steps that include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis where a cell grows, and divides to make an identical copy of itself.
cell cycle
insertion or deletion of nitrogen bases causing a change in the grouping of codons
frameshift mutation
is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their growth rate since they do not respond to normal cell cycle control mechanisms and will divide continuously
cancer
Invented X-Ray diffraction technique for discovery of structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
type of RNA found in ribosome and helps with the translation
rRNA
phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms around the new nucleus
telophase
a series of 3 bases on tRNA that pair with the codon on mRNA
anticodon
process where a cell cytoplasm is divided
cytokinesis
monomer of DNA and RNA that is made up of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
football shaped structure that aids in the movement of chromosomes
spindle fiber
DNA makes an identical copy of itself during interphase
replication
series of three bases in a strand of DNA or mRNA
codon
the 5’ end of mRNA connects to this structure and code is read and translated and a protein is made - site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up on the equator
metaphase
a haploid sperm or egg formed as a result of meiosis
gamete
a diploid body cell for growth and repair made by the process of mitosis
somatic cell
process in which a section of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA
transcripton
phase of the interphase when DNA synthesis and replication occurs
S phase
the 1st growth phase of interphase
G1 phase
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
gene expression
the process by which genes are “turned on” or expressed in different cell types
differential gene expression
*is the process during development where newly formed cells become more specialized and distinct from one another as they mature.
cell differentiation
Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell division
is the process during development where newly formed cells become more specialized and distinct from one another as they mature.
cell specialization
ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
gene regulation
