bio unit 4 vocab

Question 1

theory about the process of heritable change over time; all living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and the differences are due to modifications in successive generations

Answer 1

Evolutionary Theory

Question 2

a natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment and that leads to the perpetuation of genetic qualities best suited to that particular environment

Answer 2

Natural selection

Question 3

trait that helps an organism be more suitable to its surrounding environment

Answer 3

Adaptation

Question 4

remnants of a structure with no apparent function ex. appendix in humans

Answer 4

Vestigial structure

Question 5

same function , different structure Ex. wing of a bird and wing of a butterfly

Answer 5

Analogous structure

Question 6

same structure, different function ex. arms, wings, flippers

Answer 6

Homologous structure

Question 7

process by which two new species are formed due to reproductive isolation mechanisms

Answer 7

Speciation

Question 8

when populations are reproductively isolated by courtship rituals

Answer 8

Behavioral Isolation

Question 9

species isolated by different times of reproduction

Answer 9

Temporal Isolation

Question 10

2 populations reproductively isolated by a body of water, or a mountain

Answer 10

Geographic Isolation

Question 11

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

Answer 11

Founder Effect

Question 11

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce

Answer 11

Genetic drift

Question 12

the total of the genes of every reproducing individual in a population

Answer 12

Gene pool

Question 13

proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in his book “ On Origin of Species”

Answer 13

Charles Darwin

Question 14

explained long necks of Giraffe by Law of use and disuse

Answer 14

Lamarck

Question 15

evolutionary history of a species

Answer 15

Phylogeny

Question 16

Species evolve by adapting to surrounding environment from one common ancestor species

Answer 16

Adaptive radiation

Question 17

Unrelated organisms are similar due to their evolution in similar environments. Show analogous structures

Answer 17

Convergent Evolution

Question 18

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

Answer 18

Bottleneck effect

Question 19

Also known as adaptive radiation

Answer 19

Divergent evolution

Question 20

Analysis of evolutionary relationships based on the order of the derived characteristics

Answer 20

Cladistic Analysis

Question 20

Characteristics that appear in later organisms as an “innovation” in a cladogram

Answer 20

Derived characteristics

Question 21

Heritable differences that exist in natural populations due to gene shuffling and mutations; the differences in characteristics between organisms of the same population

Answer 21

Variation

Question 22

natural selection in which both extremes of the phenotype have a higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve; a single curve splits into two; may lead to speciation over time

Answer 22

diversifying selection

Question 23

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait; form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

Answer 23

directional selection

Question 24

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes; form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve

Answer 24

stabilizing selection

Question 25

the history of life as documented by fossils; the remains or imprints of organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock

Answer 25

Fossil record

Question 26

similar DNA (amino acid sequences) among different species from a common ancestor; the similarity that two organisms share at the genetic level for a particular molecule

Answer 26

molecular homology

Question 27

a principle in evolutionary theory that explains the long periods of geologic time over which species evolve slowly and continuously

Answer 27

gradualism

Question 27

Similarities in structures among species that exist because of descent from a common ancestor.

Answer 27

anatomical homologies

Question 28

when a species is not undergoing any reactive evolutionary change over a long period of time

Answer 28

Stasis

Question 29

Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool

Answer 29

Allele frequency

Question 29

a group of interbreeding organisms of the same species within an environment

Answer 29

population

Question 30

the transfer or exchange of genetic material (alleles) from one population to another through interbreeding, migration, or dispersal

Answer 30

Gene flow

Question 31

the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes ; the product of the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, producing novel combinations of alleles in the gametes that did not exist in the parent

Answer 31

Genetic recombination

Question 32

a change to a gene's DNA sequence

Answer 32

mutation

Question 33

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments - such analogous structures of wings in a butterfly and a bird

Answer 33

convergent evolution