hum geo unit 5 Flashcards
what is the 1st agricultural revolution
farming new to the earth. Root plants cultivated in Asia.
what did the 1st agricultural revolution create
Diffusion of farm technique, plant domestication, animal domestication such as cattle. And argicultural innovations such as the simple plow.
how did the first agricultural revolution go
surplus exta people to sedentary. Where people became still. Which then created urban civilizations.
subsistence farming
growing enough food to survive. People do not usally own land anf may move often.
what did the 1st agricultural revoluion lead to
it lead to the frist urban anf neolithic revolution.
how did colonilism imporvershed poor subsistence famers
the owner told hte famers what crops they were supposed to grow, which was not for the farmers benefit.
shifting cultiviation
nutrients are leached out of the soil so crops wont grow there anymore. SO the people move to a differnt area.
ex slash and burn, swidden the use of fire
why is shifting cultivation not as wastful and destructive
although the land is being destroyed not in the level of how it would be if commercial farming were to take place. there is no use f chemicals.
who does shifting cultivation
mostly nomadic people do this so its is lower in pouplation.
milpa
means small feild in mesoamerica
what are the 3 sisters
corn, beans, squash
why are those crops called the 3 sisters
they complement each other, take up differnt nutrients, and has an efficent use o the land. corn gtows up, squash down , and the beans in a vine.
root crops
things you pick out of the ground
columbian exachange from NA to europe
sweet potato, potato, corn, bean, squash, tobacco, coffe bean
columbian exachange from europe to NA
olive, sugar cane, grape, grains, livestock, many diseases
what did the second agricultural revolution lead to
the industrial revolution which led urban revolution.
second agricultural revolution
farming revoluntinized. such as tools, animal fertilization, storgae and disrubution. The productivity increased to meet the demand. The beeter diet led to longer life span.
esther bosarupt
famers meet the needs of the people. this was seen the 2n agr revolution
landscape in the 2nd agrcultural revolution
the landscape altered regionally. This resulted in differnt types of farmng. This was due to latitude and altidute.
3rd agrculturl revolution
new high yielded crops, and techniques. However agricutlure uses more water than the human pop.
when was 2dn agr revoltion
17th and 18th century
green revolution
happned in the 3rd agr revoltion. Saved the world from famine. so people started using chemical fertilization and drip irrigation
political disadvantges of green revolution
- gov has the see the regualtion of chemicals. they can be used for bombs.
environemntal disadvantages of green reolution
- the runoff of fertilizer causes drastic effects to the ecosystem
social disadvantages of greeen revolution
- the food grwon is not being distrubuted equally
gender disadvantages od green revolution
- the chemicals put in the food can alter human hormones.
- woman dont have equal oppertunities in farming
economic disadvantages in green revolution
- too expensive for samll farmers, as fertilizers cost a lot of money. so the small famrs go out of businuess
industrialization of food production
most famring is taken over by agribusnesis . the business takes over agriculture.
GMO or GMF
o-orgnisms
f- fertilizers
the plants beome resistent to it
double cropping
were the fist crops to be genetically modified : RICE and CORN. this is so that in 2 seasons they can grow double the amout of crops.
hybridization
breeding
cominign organimisms DNA
specialization
becauses of certain climates n an rea farmers spelize in one type of crop
mechanization
- machcines that help with famring that use fossil fuels. This uses resources faster and create pollution.
oil is used more on plants to make the pestisicdeds stick beeter so they donts wash off.
when is the 3rd agr revoltuion
late 19th anf 20th centry - is the present.
aquaculture
farming of fish, shrimp. occurs in developing countires. and women usally do the work.
what happens to the woman becuase of the Aquaculture
the companies put in harmones in the water to make the fish grow better. becuase the woman work in the water thier bodies are modified by the hormones.
farming statistiscs - developed
less than 10% of the pouplation in core and upper semi-periphery are famers.
Us and farming
less than 1% of the pouplation wokrs in agriculture. there are now more machines than people in the feild.
the area of cultivation or land use has not increased since 1870. this shows effiencny.
farming statistiscs - less developed
in periphery countires up to 70% of the people work in agriculture.
abt Thomas Malthus now
he said that there would not enoguh food for everyone. however there is engough food, however it is inequitablebly distrubuted. famnies occurs becuase people are malnurished with out protein.
why was there famines in somalina
due to natrula disaters, war, bad climate, degradation of soil and the nutirets gone.
organic agr
the developing counitres have the most or organic foods. they are more expensive cause its grown least and this is so that people can make profits.
where is the greatest demad for organic agrc
U.S
where are the most orgnic foods sold.
core counites such as the EU. there is no GMO there
what are the costs for organic foods
they aare 20% above the normal price
certified orgaic
no prehibited susbtences such as fertilizers and chemiclas in the soil 3 years preyer to harvest. the U.s has the inspect the farm to garentee its organic. the pesticides can not kill animasl.
environmantal benefits of organic
benefits :
no chemical in soil
improves biodiverty
does not pollute ground water
does’nt use oil, less uasage of fossil fules.
cons of organic
its smaller
more expensive to priduce
makes less of a profit
there is a potential for ecole
loopholes to organic
- process foods and food from other countires:
- imorted foods from other countires their version of organic is differnt than ours.
what foods do the U.S export
- exports the most foods
- corn, soy, wheat.
food desert
an area where there is limited acess to nutirous and affordable food. often found in urban area. tipically people who can not afford nutruious food. so they are limited grocieres.
food swamp
lots of acess to fast food
vertiacl famrs
urban farms are doing more things to become sustain. there are 2 types of famrs.
aquaponic : has fish to poop as fertilizer
hydroponic : water + chemical fertilizer
hotel rooftop gardens
- they completly cover the rooftop and plant stuff. this brings prestige and pulls in the melinials. the balc soil alos cools the building, saving electricity.
benefits of vertical farms.
- can be done in urban areas to provide food for inner city neighborhoods. its relativly sustainablbe.
cons of vertical farms
need electricity to have a controled temperature
on demand farming
grow specifc things for resturants . and these resturants garentee to buy it. this is most common in the U.S
urban garden
differnt people invest money into vaccent lots where they can grow and harves food.
land allocation, land ownership, what is grown and how
in core countires woman can own ladn. however in pheriphy countires woman can;t. And in core counitres people can decide what to grow and how to make profit. this is no the case in pheriphry.
core periphery relationship
primanry countires grow the food but the core counitres control the price. many gov keep farm products prices atificially low.
sustainable agriculture
organic foods aare sustainable agr however the rly only only way to be sustanable is locally becomming subsistance farming.
food security
knowing that you can buy nutirous food
plantation agr
- commercial tropical system which is exort oriented
- gov expolit naturl resources to make short term economic profit
- they do this by replacing nitive plants and flora with what they want desiable.
- this disturbs the naturl landscape and ruins the envornment
- by premantly removing naturl vegetation, doing graniage impovement, soil imporvent and the application of chemicals.
ex is tea plantaation in Kenya
commercial agr
- has roots in colonialsm
- europe became a market for agr products and othr raw materials brouhgt in from the colonies. the colonies sold finshed prodects back to the countires where the resource came from.
- imporvishes already poor farmers.
monoculture agr
many colonized countires became famous for the one crop they grow. however this can degrade the land .
ex
Ghana - cacao
Mozambique - cotton
Sri lanka - tea
staple crop
a crop which people can eat tand use everyday
cash crop
nonsubsistence famring practices andn prodicts unslly impleted by colonial powers
ex. cotton rubber, sugar
luxury crop
crops that are not necessary for human survival
tea, coffe, sugar, tobacco
market garnding
-intensive farming
- cultivation on suburban land of higher value neaar the cuty so that they can imdealy supply the cties.
- heavy fertilizing and the plantig of successive crops so that they can rean money for the high rent.
truck farming
- growig more vegetable crops on a large scale or shipment to distant markets. less intensive and more diversifed than market garding.
- the food lasts on truck while shipping
where is mediterranena agr
southern california
vertical intergration 1
the big compy like tyson owing all the stageas an process of priduction from hatcheris to marketing.
fast food chains
fast food chains increased agrbusiness and got rid oof animal farms. fast food resturants made agr uniform.
another vertical integration
diversigin commodies so that if ones fail they can make profit on the others. like disny they have mnay diffent chians such from moves to food
horizontal intergraton
when the compny competes with itself in one categroy.
what do vertical and horizaontal intergation do
they increase the comanpy’s profit
where does tyson f=grown chicken s
south eat states such as the states rght abvoe florida. these areas are rural, poor, and less pouplated. there tyson helps the poor farmers grow the chickens but they can not get out of a loos of tyson .
von thunen
- german farmer and economist during the industrial revolution and 2 agr revoltuion.
his model now outdated
wild caught
a marketing tactic. the process of catching the slamon is tradtional, but they still add the gmo ad stuff
what did Von thunen notice
that one crop or commidity gave away as one moved away from the market. each marckt has its own set of layers around in. alos noticed that farmers near the market produced very differnnt things than farmers far from the market.
isolated state
what the cenral market in Von Thunen’s model is called.
this maket is flat, homogoneous, has no rivers pr mountais, no barriers, soil is consistent. and that farmers behave rationally to maximize profit.
the rigns of von Thunen’s model
outter to inner
5- ranching animal famrs
4- feild crops
3- forest - for hutning and building homes
2- market graden and dariy - near makret : perishables
1- central city
BId rent theory
the land coloer to the market is more expensive. the land within the city is the more expensive. beacue the profit with this land is hight because there is no transportation. as the distance increases from market then the land cheaper but profit lower due to transportation cost.
why von thunene model can not be applied today
new techonoglies have ehlped with refrigration, perservitaves , modern transport , argibusness
loocavores
people who only buy locally grown food
CSA
community supported agriculture
farmers markets have
local foods, low carbon footprint, sustainable farming methods, perishabbility
cadastre or cadastral
a public record, survay, map that shows ownership of land as a basis of taxation
long lot survay system
french
everybody got water
elongated in apperarnace
mostly found along bodies of water
meets and bounds survay system
- used east of missisispi river and mid atlantic
- unses landmarks in measurements. uses paces nad feet to measure.
- irregular in apperance
township and range survay system
- created by Thomas Jeffernson, used after lousinana purchase
- geometic use of lat and long lones
- west of the mississippi r
problems of township and rage survay system
acess to reasources sch as water is hard to get .
problems with GMO
- not organic/natural
- was not meat to be
- uses growth harmones
- can create allergens
another name for GMO and advantages
- trangenic
- has helped developed countires overcome malthues theroy
- foods have become pest and disease resistence
- foods have become environment resistence
what happens with non-GMO
the workload is higher and its expensive
webers let cost theroy
the location of manufactuting plant is determied by trasnportaation, labor, and agglomeration
industries locate their production facilities based on
1- easy acess to ressources
2- labor
3- near the market and trasportation cost
4- profit
webers let cost theroy - transportation and labor
- taking in accout to the cost of movie raw mat to factory and movinf fisnished product from factoy to market.
- labor should be cheap
webers let cost theroy - agglomeration
several industries in one city that work together to save money. they can share talents, services =, and facilitires
bulk gaining industry
whew finished product wighs more than the resources. any time water is added tot he final product
Bulk reducing industry
new finished product weighs less than the resources.
deglomeration
deindustrilization
- this is caoused by ecessive agllomeration which causes high l=ret anf riaisgning wages.
sos
socially optimal solution. the consumers benefit.
nash equlibrim
when two sellers of the same product both locate in the middle of a line and charge the same price
loschs model
trying to fisn the best place to put a businessis. wherre the cost is low but the profit is high.
economies of scale book definition
an increase in effiency to lower the per unit production sot resulting in grater profits.
economies of sacle expalnation
indicisual sellers can not compete with big business. small business have to charge more than big companies because they have a more spelized process in makijg these thing in bulk.
3 factors of production
land, labor, capitlalism
first phase of industrial revo
textiles, iron production, stem power
second phase of industrial revo
steel, chemicals, gasoline, mass production
thrd phase of industrial revo
high technology anf computerization
why did Britian invade England - geograhpic reason
the island was not yet invaded. resurces such as coal, iron, wate power was there
why did Britian invade England - political
- has a stable gov that encorguged business
why did Britian invade England culturaal
inventos and enterprenurs willing to take risk.
why did Britian invade England - economic
- banking system and avaliable capital
- supply of cheap and abudunant labor
- started fencing off properties
- efficent navy
- had mercantilism
out sourcing
when we put our manufacturing in other countires because labor is cheap. led to colonization
fordist
all the consumer goods being made and put together in one site. not efficent and costs lots of money.
post fordist
each companies make different parts. Those specific thing are spelized. Then put together. each part of the produce tcomes from differnt countires.
- foucus on splizatation one item
- labor cheap
- differnt parts can be made where the resources are.
just in time delivery
the product is bought only when nessary. So they dont lose money. These products are more uncommon. so companies order the product when needed.
footloose industry
labor and industry is all u need. call centers are the most common . all is needed is people and basic infastructure. most common in India, where most peoppe speak english.
techople
an area with a large amount of aglomiration of technology. like slicon vally.
corridors that relate to 1 type of industry
maquidora
a manufactuing put right near the border of Mexico. Beauses labor is cheap.
