bio midterm reveiw Flashcards
8 characterisics of life
1- matain homsotaiss
2- evolve
3- made up of cells
4- require food and energy
5- have genetic code
6- react to stimuli
7- grow and develop
8- be able to reproduce
levels of organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, pouplation, community, ecosystem, biosphere
diffrence between pouplation, community and ecosystem
a pouplation is a group of animlas that are the same species. However a community is a group of different species in an area. Ecosystem is an area with both biotic and abiotic factors. And then Biosphere is every region on the earth.
what are enzymes
enxymes are porteins and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. So that the reaction can be done eaiser.
catabolic reaction
breaks down into large molecules
anabolic reaction
builds new componests
carb - elements, and monomer
CHO
sugar or monosaccharide
carb - function and examples
- main source of energy
- is used for structural support
- glucose, cellulose
proteins - elements, monomer
CHON
amino acids
proteins functiona and axamples
- speeds up chemicla reactions
- transports molecules
- builds and repairs cells
- defends agaist pathogenes
- enzymes
nucleic Acid - elements, monomer
CHONP
nucleotide
nucleic Acid - functiona and axamples
DNA - storeas and trnamists genetic info
-RNA - directs codes for aminoacids
ATP - cellular energy carrier
lipids - functiona and axamples
makes up cell membrane
- stores long term energy
- phopholipids
lipids - elements, monomer
CHO
fattly acid and glycerol
prokaryotic
no diefined nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, in bacteria, has circular DNA
Eukaryotic
has a defined nucleus, and has membrane bound organells. Has liner DNA, more complex, is in animals and plants.
in both eukayotic and prokariyotic
both have cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic info such as DNA or RNA, and has ribosomes.
function of nuclues
has info for building proteins, DNA, and directs all cellular activities
function of golgi body
packages materials to be sent or recieved
function of ER
passafes that transports materials
function of lysomes
has enzymes that break down food and waste materials
function of cell membrane
controlls and regualtes transport inot and out of the cell, alos protects the cell
function of mitochondria
converts sugars into ATp
function of chloroplast
caputures solar energy and makes glucose, but only in plant cells
function of ribosome
the site of protein sythesis, where proteins grow
function of vacuole
stores food, water, and nutrients. LArger in plants than animlas.
function of cell wall
proveides shape, but only for plant cell ,
how does the endosymbioosis theory expalin the presence of mitochondria
happened through the process of endosymbiosis. prokayyotic cell engulfed the aerobic bacteria which them became the mitochondria. the theory also says that the cell engulfed a photosynthetic bacteria, which then became the chloroplast.
virus
- can only reproduce with host
- has no response to envrionemnt
- does not do life process
- lacks organization and structure
- non-living
- has RNA
why are viruses considered non-living
its beacue they do not have all 8 chrecteristics of life. they also lack organization.
protein spikes in virus help to
infect the host
protein capsid in virus help to
protect the RNA
compoents of cell membrane
- phospolipid bilyalr
- embedded proteins such as channel protiens
- receptor molecules on the outside
- cholosterl in the inside
why is cell membrane a fluid mosaic model
beacause its fluid and allows slight movement.
what does it mean when the cell membrane is semi-permiable
only allows certain particals to enter and leave the cell. This maintains the homeostasis from the cell.
phosphat head of a lipid in cell membrane
hydrophilic
- polar
- likes water
fatty acid tail of lipid in cell membrane
hydrophobic
- non-polar
- hates water
intergral proteins
transports large and polar molecules inot and out of the membrane
peripheral proteins
helps to transport susbstances across the surfance of the membrane.
passive transport does not require
ATP energy
simple diffusion
type of passive transport
transports samll, nonpolar, non charged molecules directly inot the membrane. no proteins required. Goes from high to low gradience.
facilitated diffusion
type of passive transport
traorts large charged polar molecules, they travel through protien channels . go high to low. Protien channels are needed
hypertonic solution
cell have more solvent , water will difuse out of cell. Cell will loose mass and shrink. In plant cells they become plasymac.
Isotonic solution
solevetn is equal in solution and cell. Water will diffuse eqaully. Cells will stay the same , anials cells like this envrionemnt . Plant cells is called staying flaccid.
hypotonic solution
solution has more solvent . water will diffuse into the cell. cell will gain mass . t may burst. plants like this envrionemnt . they become turgid.
crossing over
when homologous chromosomes line up and exchange gentic info. resutls in unique combinations. this happens in prophase 1 of meiiosis.
solvent
water liquid item
solute
slats the thing being dissolved.
plasmolysis
- when plant cells loose water. The cytopmsm pulls away. happens in hypertonic soutions
turgor pressure
when plant cells gain water , but tey do not brust. Occurs in hypotonic solutions.
what does Active transport need
ATP
proteim pumps
type of active transport
- uses proteins to transport materials from low to high gradience
endocytosis
is a bulk transport. Uses vesicles . Importing materials inot the cell
extocytosis
is a bulk transport uses vesicles. exporting materials out of cell.
autotroph
can make their own food using organic molecules . such as sunlight and glucose. EX. plants, algae.
heterotrph
Are comsumers that can not mae thier own food.
Ex . animlas, protists, fungi etc.
ATP - ADP cycle
first its at atp with 3 phosphates. Then the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken. It’s used as energy for the cell. Then it app, where there is only 2 phosphates. The 3rd phosphate bonds with the app which then becomes atp
When app becomes atp
energy synthesis
When atp becomes app
energy hydrolysis
Equation for photosynthesis
co2 + water +enegy ———> glucose + oxygen
Equation for cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen ———> co2+ water + energy
Stomata
oppeanisngs in leaves that exchanges gases.
3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration
1) glycolysis : occurs in cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down int 2 atp
2) kerbs cycle : occurs in mitochondria. CO2 is realeased and 2 atp
3) electron traport chain ETC : occurs in mitochondria. Water is realesed. Results in 32-34 ATP
What is not required for anaerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen
alcoholic fermenatation
- is a anaerobic respiration
- occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria
- used in bread rising and wine brewing
- by product is ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Lacti acid fermentation
- occurs in muscle cells
- is an anaerobic respiration
- by product is lactic acid. This build up causes sore muscles and muscle fatigue.
Structure of DNA
- sugar bonds with nitrogen base
- c rungs of ladder are made out of paired complemnetry nitrogen base.
Covalent bonds
strong hold phosphate and sugar together
Hydrogen bond
bring nitrogen bases together they are weak
DNA
- double stranded
- has thymine
- stores info
- stays in nucleus
- stable
- double helix
- antiparrell
RNA
- single standed
- ribose sugar
- has uracil
- carries genetci info to ribosome synthesis
- less stable
- many types
MRNA
messenger rna. Carries message to ribosome on how to make proteins
TRNA
transfer rna
- brings amino acids to ribosome
rRNA
Ribosomal rna, is part of the ribosome
protien synthesis stpe 1
transcription : mran sequence is produced by a DNA template
1 gene is unzipped
2 DNA is used as a template to make mrna
occurs in the nuclues of cell
protein synthesis step 2
transcribed mran arrives at the ribosome. the mRNA code directs the process. trans brings amino acids to ribosome. rRNA in the ribosomes guides mrna and trna to join amino acids together to form a portien base on the mrna codn.
chargraff rules
c= g
a=t
