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Master Sommelier Theory > Greece / Mediterranean > Flashcards

Greece / Mediterranean Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

When and where did viticulture take off in the Greek Isles?

A

2500 BC in Crete - trade brought vines to the Minoan bronze age civilization of Crete

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2
Q

Who inherited viticulture from the Minoans?

A

The Myceneans - who spread the vine to the Aegean islands and to mainland Greece

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3
Q

What is Retsina

A

Wine made from Savvatiano grapes flavored with pine resin (formerly stored in casks sealed with pine resin), never labeled with a vintage

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4
Q

Traditional sweet wine PDOs fall under the ___ appellation

A

OPE

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5
Q

Superior quality wine PDOs fall under the ____appellation

A

OPAP

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6
Q

Traditional appellation PDIs

A

Verdea (Zakynthos - Ionian), Retsina (most made in Atthiki)

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7
Q

Former ‘vin de pays’

A

Topikos Inos - absorbed into PDI

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8
Q

Reserve Greek wines

A

1 year white (6 mo barrel, 3 mo bottle); 2 year red (1 year barrel, 6mo bottle)

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9
Q

Grand Reserve Greek wines

A

2 years white (1yr barrel, 6mo bottle);

4 years red (18 mo barrel, 18mo bottle)

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10
Q

Cava Greek wine

A

1 year white (6 mo barrel), 3 years red (1 year barrel)

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11
Q

Palaiomenos se vareli

A

Aged beyond required minimums

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12
Q

Major grapes of Thrace (Thraki)

A

CS, CH, Syrah, Mavrud - cult of Dionysus was formed here

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13
Q

Where did Odysseus get the honey-sweet wine to kill the cyclops?

A

Maronia (Thrace) - breezes from the Aegean, now quality wine area

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14
Q

Macedonia wine production

A

5th century BC

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15
Q

Macedonian PDOs for Xinomavro-only wines

A

Naoussa, Amynteo

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16
Q

Amynteo wine styles

A

sparkling - dry or sweet, rose, dry red - coolest region in Greece

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17
Q

Terroir of Amynteo

A

protected from coastal influence by Vermio, Visti, Voras mountains - sandy, alluvial soils - surrounding lakes influence

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18
Q

Producers of Amynteo

A

Alpha Estate, Kir-Yianni, Karanika

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19
Q

Naoussa wine styles

A

dry red, off-dry red - 1st PDO in Greece (1971) - home of Boutari

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20
Q

What is the terroir of Naoussa

A

similar to Barolo; clay and limestone slopes of Mt. Vermio (skii resorts) - 150 - 350m altitude - plain of Cambania to the east

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21
Q

Producers of Naoussa

A

Kir-Yianni, Boutari, Thymiopoulis, Dalamara

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22
Q

Goumenissa wine styles

A

dry red based on xinomavro, 20% minimum Negoska - aged min. 1 year oak

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23
Q

Goumenissa terroir

A

limestone soils, more maritime influence, protection from northern winds by Paikos mountains

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24
Q

Goumenissa producers

A

Chatzivaritis,
Aidirini,
Boutari

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25
Q

PDO on the Halkidiki peninsula

A

Playes Melitona - CS, CF, Limnio - Domaine Porto Carras - Evangelos Geravassiliou who learned from Emile Peynaud

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26
Q

white grapes of Playes Melitona

A

Roditis, Assyrtiko, Athiri

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27
Q

Only 4 sparkling wine appellations in Greece?

A

Amynteo
Zitsa
Mantinia
Rhodes

  • none require traditional method
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28
Q

PDOs of Thessalia

A

Rapsani, Messenikola, Anchialos

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29
Q

Rapsani terroir

A

south-facing slopes of Mt. Olympus 250-750 meters altitude

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30
Q

Rapsani grapes

A

xinomavro, krassato, stavroto

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31
Q

Messenikola terroir

A

shores of Lake Plastira, high altitude

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32
Q

Messenikola grapes

A

mavro messenikola, carignan, syrah

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33
Q

Anchialos terroir, grapes

A

low altitude on the Pagasetic Gulf - whites from Roditis and Savatiano

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34
Q

PDO, grapes from Epirus

cool region - Pindus mountains

A

Zitsa - dry white, dry sparkling, semi-sweet sparkling from Debina grape

The wines may be dry still whites, or sparklers of “dry” or off-dry styles. Remember that is 17-32 g/l RS and 32-50 g/l RS.

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35
Q

Sterea Ellada, Central Greece

A

pine resin is added to the must prior or during fermentation for retsina - savvatiano grape, low acid but varietal character maintained

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36
Q

Birthplace of Dionysus

A

Thebes in Central Greece

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37
Q

Producers of Retsina

A

Gaia, Kechris, Tetramythos

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38
Q

What is the only red wine PDO of Peloponnese?

A

Nemea

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39
Q

Best terroir of Nemea

A

gravelly soils high on the slopes of Mount Kyllini (800m alt.) - sometimes blended with CS

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40
Q

Producers of Nemea

A

Gaia, Tselepos, Skouras, Aivalis

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41
Q

Patras wine styles

A

100% Roditis - dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet

42
Q

Mavrodaphne of Patras (Achaia region)

“Black Laurel”

A

Naturally sweet from ripe or dried grapes then FORTIFIED;
Reserve 3y,
Vielle Reserve 5y,
Grande Reserve 7y,
NV blends - used as an aperitif, foil for briny salty foods

The style was brought to the region by Bavarian Gustav Clauss after a visit to the Douro to see Port production. The Achaia-Clauss winery is one of, or the top, winery for the style and has a solera dating to 1882.

43
Q

Muscat of Patras vs. Muscat of Rio Patras

A

VDN,
VDN Grand Cru,
VDL (mistelle),
Naturally sweet sun-dried - moschato aspro (petit grains) 100%

44
Q

Monemvasia-Malvasia

A

51% Monemvasia with Asproudes, Assyrtiko, Kydonitsa - sweet, oxidative style 2 years minimum (aged in multiples of 4) - VDN or sun-dried

Monemvasia is a separate cultivar from Malvasia, now mostly used in Paros and the Cyclades

45
Q

Styles of Mantinia

A

dry white or vin gris, sparkling (min. 3.5 bars) min. 85% moschofilero + asproudes

Domaine Spiropoulos
Boutari
Semeli Nasaikos

46
Q

Four wine-producing islands of Ionian islands

A

Cephalonia, Corfu, Lefkada, Zakynthos

47
Q

Robola of Cephalonia terroir

A

Western slopes of mount Enos - 750m altitude - gobelet vines on limestone

48
Q

Cephalonia PDOs

A

Muscat of C (petit grains),

Mavrodaphne of C

49
Q

Grapes of Verdea

A

Skiadopoulo, Pavlos, Avgoustiatis

50
Q

Crete PDOs for red only

A

Dafnes - Liatiko (dry red, also VDN and sun-dried);

Archanes - Kotsifali and Mandilaria - only dry red

51
Q

Crete PDOs for white and red

A

Peza - Vilana (white), Kotsifali and Mandilaria (red) - dry only;

Sitia - Vilana and Thrapsathiri (white), Liatiko and Mandilaria (red); dry white and red, sweet red, sun-dried red

52
Q

Producer of Sitia

A

Oikonomoy

53
Q

Producer of Dafnes

A

Douloufakis

54
Q

Producer of Mantinia

A

Troupis, Semeli, Boutari, Tselepos

55
Q

Is Samos Nectar fortified?

A

NO - it is a dried grape wine similar to vin de paille, aged for min. 3 years

mostly vinified by the co-op (moschato aspro)

56
Q

Styles of wine produced in Santorini PDO

A

dry white and vinsanto (sweet dried grape wine) - often some skin contact (min. 51% assyrtiko) aged in multiples of 4;

fortified dried grape wine is authorized but not produced

57
Q

Grapes of Santorini

A

Assyrtiko 75%, with aidani, athiri

58
Q

Situation of Santorini

A

volcanic dessert, eruption in 1653 buried the city of Akrotiri, dry, sandy soils where phylloxera does not survive - ash, pumice, and basalt

59
Q

Nykteri’ wine

A

“night harvest” - richer wines due to extended skin contact and barrel aging 3-10 months

overripe grapes - reach high alcohol levels, up to 16.5% in some cases

60
Q

Viticulture on Santorini

A

vines spaced wide apart, trained into spiral crowns to protect from warm, dry westerlies - grapes have high sugar and acidity

61
Q

Oldest record of Commandaria

A

1191 - King Richard the Lionheart acquired it during the crusades and sold it to the knights Templar

62
Q

Production of Commandaria

A

white and red grapes - left in the sun to dry 10-15 days, matured in solera

63
Q

Commandaria style of wine?

A

non-vintage fortified (mostly mavro),

vintage-dated non-fortified (mostly xynisteri) - usually amber colored

64
Q

Grapes of Cypress

A

Mavro (most planted), Maratheftiko - structured,

Xynisteri - crisp, mineral, Spourtiko, Promara whites, Ofthalmo, Yiannoudi, and quality Syrah

65
Q

Producers of Commandaria

A

Tsiakkas, Kyperounda, St Barnabas (SODAP)

66
Q

Origins of viticulture

A

6-8,000 years ago in the Caucasus - Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey

67
Q

Georgian regional specialties

A

Mukuzani - dry red (saperavi);
Kvanchkara and Kindzmaruli semi-sweet red,
Tsinandali - semi-sweet white

Kakheti - most important region

68
Q

Origin of grape domestication

A

Dr. Vouillamoz - southeast Turkey - 1,200 local native varietals

69
Q

Quality wineries in Turkey

A

Kavaklidere, Sevilen, Pammukale, Kayra

70
Q

Quality grapes of Turkey

A

Narince - complex white,
Emir - lively and crisp;

Okuzgozu - bull’s eye;
Bogazkere - throat puckered,
Kalecek Karasi - delicacy and perfume

71
Q

Most plantings in Turkey

A

Aegean coast - Izmir region

72
Q

Lebanon’s largest producer and first modern winery?

A

Chateau Ksara est. 1857 - founded by Jesuits originally planted cinsaut

73
Q

Port of Byblos

A

World’s oldest continually inhabited city - Phoenician port that was key to the wine trade

74
Q

Lebanese independence from France

A

1943 - civil wars afterwards

75
Q

Rules for Kosher wine

A

Must be made by Jews, or automated processes - not gentiles, some Jews consider heated wine to be kosher

76
Q

Where is Yarden (Golan Heights) winery?

A

Golan Heights - volcanic plateau overlooked by Mt. Hermon

77
Q

Domaine du Castel?

A

Judean Foothills - between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem

78
Q

Carmel winery?

A

Galilee -some terra rossa and limestone

79
Q

Typically, PDOs with “double barrel names” exist for sweet wines, whether done in VDN, VDL, or Liastos style…. Exception?

A 
As an generalization, the following PDO make wines with implied sweetness:
Malvasia Candia
Malvasia Sitia
Muscat of Lemnos (Alexandria)
Muscat of Rhodes
Mavrodaphne of Patras
Muscat of Rio Patras
Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia
Monemvasia - Malvazia
Etc.

However, a notable exception of Robola of Cephalonia makes the rule imperfect and exists solely for dry white wine.

80
Q

What is Kokineli?

A

rose version of Retsina

81
Q

What is Tsipouro?

A

pomace brandy

82
Q

Black Hamburg (red muscat) is prevalent in which PGI?

A

Thessalia

83
Q

Who makes “Mega Oenos”

A

Domaine Skouras. One of the more notable wines of Greece as a whole, the wine is ~80% Agiorgitiko and 20% Cabernet Sauvignon, and subject to 18 months in new French barriques.

The wine is labeled Peloponnese PGI.

84
Q

What is the geology of Santorini?

A

A Caldera rising out of the sea - In 1600BC a volcanic eruption submerged half the island

85
Q

Santorini red grapes

A

While Mandilaria is the most planted red on the island, Mavrotragano is the most sought after, highest quality, and highest priced red wine of the island. It is fiercely tannic and acidic, and possibly more interesting with significant time in the bottle.

86
Q

What is the required vine training of all the Aegean Island sweet wine PDOs?

A

Gobelet

87
Q

What is the only Muscat PDO in Greece that refers to Muscat of Alexandria?

A

Muscat of Limnos

88
Q

Appellations of Crete from West to East?

A

Candia, Dafnes, Archanes, Peza, Sitia

89
Q

What Naoussa winery was founded by a member of the Boutaris to focus on indigenous grapes?

A

Kir Yianni

90
Q

Principal Grape of Verdea

A

Skiadopoulo

91
Q

Amorgiano is a synonym for what grape?

A

Mandilaria

92
Q

Appellations of Crete from West to East?

A

Candia, Dafnes, Archanes, Peza, Sitia

93
Q

What Naoussa winery was founded by a member of the Boutaris to focus on indigenous grapes?

A

Kir Yianni

94
Q

Principal Grape of Verdea

A

Skiadopoulo

95
Q

Amorgiano is a synonym for what grape?

A

Mandilaria

96
Q

Where is the Omala Valley?

A

Cephalonia

97
Q

“Armenia” in native tongue

“Georgia” in native tongue

A

Hayastan

Sakartvelo

98
Q

Qvevri winemaking contributes

A

micro oxygenation

temperature control

99
Q

What are the 6 Muscat VDN appellations of Greece?

A 
Muscat of Rio Patras
Muscat of Patras
Muscat of Cephalonia
Muscat of Lemnos (Alexandria)
Muscat of Rhodes
Samos

(island not making muscat - Paros - monemvasia)

100
Q

What are the 2 dessert wine PDOs on Crete?

A

Malvasia Sitia
Malvasia Candia

only max. 15% malvasia and muscat allowed
=) - w/ assyrtiko, athiri, vidiano

Master Sommelier Theory (68 decks)

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