Glencoe: Sections 48 - 52 Flashcards
Deductions: The amount of money you receive before deductions is known as
Gross Pay
Deductions: The amount of money you receive after deductions is known as
Net pay or take home pay
Deductions:
Amounts withheld from your gross pay for taxes, insurance and other fees.
Example of deductions:
FICA, federal, state, and local income tax, gross pay, net pay, retirement, medical, dental and life insurance.
Net 30: 2% 10, Net 30:
Net 30: pay withing 30 days 2% 10, Net 30: 2% discount if paid within 10 days, full due withing 30 days
Who examines plans to make sure they meet local codes?
Building dept.
Spec home:
Home is built before a buyer is found
Custom house:
A house for a particular client
Cost: It is recommended that a homeowner spend not more than X% of gross monthly income on housing.
25%
Location: What concerns to look our for when choosing location:
How close is the property to jobs school service facilities Is the neighborhood stable, are their utilities
Lot Shape and Contour: What concerns to look out for with lot:
Is the lot wide enough and deep enough for the desired house? Does it have unusual contours or other problems.
Lot or house selection: Special Conditions:
Is the lot on a flood plain, are there underground springs, is there industrial contamination
Zoning restrictions: Common Zones:
Most communities are divided into zones which certain types of buildings are encouraged or restricted Common zones: single-family, apartment, condos, commercial. industrial
Deed restriction:
Specify things such as the minimum-size house that can be built or requirements for certain architectural feature. or setback distance
Setback distance:
Minimum distance allowed from house to adjacent features such as other houses or the street. For example a house near a stream might have to be located a certain distance above the flood level
Legal documents for purchase of house: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The official survey - boundaries of property The deed - evidence of ownership abstract of title - history of deed and other papers affecting ownership contract of sales - describes details relating to purchase
What should a purchaser do before buying a property:
Purchaser should have property surveyed to confirm its dimensions match the one noted on the sales contract.
What document should buyer maintain after purchasing property:
The official survey - boundaries of property The deed - evidence of ownership abstract of title - history of deed and other papers affecting ownership contract of sales - describes details relating to purchase
For a contract of sale to be valid, it must:
Be written (not verbal) Clearly state the terms of the agreement include price and terms of payment dated signed by bother parties, seller and buyer.
Stock plan:
standard house plan that can be fit to many different lots
floor plan:
scale drawing showing the size and location of rooms on a given floor
Where can house plans be obtained:
local builders, or hire an architect or building designer.
Financing: Typically a borrower starts with an X loan
construction loan
construction loan:
short term loan used during construction where the lender provides money periodically as the work progresses
After the construction is finished, the construction loan is converted to X
a mortgage (15- 30)
Who may establish certain requirements for home construction:
Loan providers, as well as some federal agencies. These are not the same as building codes
To determine building costs, builders and designers often start with
average cost per square foot sq ft * cost of construction per sq ft
Why can actual costs be higher than average cost per square foot?
special features, unique building material, unusual materials
Best way to get an accurate price on estimate:
ask subcontractor to bid on the project
Types of drawings: Sketch:
quick and informal drawing
Architectural Plans:
sometimes called construction drawings or work drawings are more formal drawings.
What do architectural plans provide:
an organized and precise way of showing how an entire structure should be built
Blue Prints:
copies of the original architectural plan
Modern blue prints have:
blue lines on a white background
One inch is equal to X mm
25.4
Two most common length measurements in residential construction are:
inch and foot
Two most common length measurements in residential construction in metric are:
milimeter and meter
In the customary system, liquids are measured in
quarts and gallons
In the metric system, liquids are measured in
liter
Kilgram = X pounds
2.2
On architectural plans all measurements are given in:
milimeters
Residentail Construction uses X scale most commonly
1/4” = 1’
What tool does an architect use when making a scale drawing:
architects scale
What does an Architects scale allow:
The measurements in reduces scale drawing to be measured as though they were in actual feet and inches
An architects drawing consists of X
Lines, dimensions, symbols and notes
Lines:
lines show the shape of an object and are sued for many other purposes as well.
Center lines:
are used to indicate the center of an object. They’re composed of Long and Short dashes alternatively.
Centerline intersections:
short dashes cross
Dimension lines:
indicate the start and endpoint of a particular dimensions. They have arrowheads at each end.
The dimension in dimension lines is written as:
a break in the middle of the line.
Leader lines:
connect a note or reference part of the drawing.
how do leader lines end:
They usually end in an arrowhead or a large circular dot. Dots should be within the outline of an object. Leaders should end at any suitable portion of the note reference or dimension.
Break lines:
may be solid, free hand lines that indicate short breaks.
Break lines for land breaks:
free hand zigzags
Sectioning lines:
Indiciate exposed surfaces of an object in a sectional view. They are generally full thin lines, but they vary with the kind of material shown.
Extension Lines:
mark the end points of a dimension and should not touch the outline of the object
Hidden Lines:
Short evenly spaced dashes that show the hidden features of a part of a drawing
What do hidden lines always begin with:
a dash in contact with the line from which they start, however a space is added when such a dash would form the continuation of a full line.
Outlines or visible lines:
represent those edges of the object that can actually be see
Cutting plane lines
show sections that would otherwise be hidden.
What is a Section:
A section is a view that shows an object as if part of it were cut away to expose the inside
Dimensions:
Dimension are numbers that tell the size of something.
Where are plans dimensioned:
outside and inside building lines. Outside show openings and exterior wall changes. Inside locate walls relative to one another
How do you derive dimensions not shown?
Adding or subtracting other dimensions
Symbols:
Symbols are used to represent things that would be impractical to show in other types of drawings doors windows plumbing fixtures
What does WC mean?
water closet
Horizontal-sliding window also referred to as:
glide-by or gliding window
Notes:
Short written explanations of things that might not be clear from the drawing or that requires extra emphasis. Materials, construction, finish
Two kinds of notes:
Specific Notes General Notes
Specific Notes:
Clarify dimensions or suggest a construction technique.
General Notes:
Refers to many or all drawings in a set of plans. “All dimensions are given from stud face to stud face”
Advantage of CAD
features can be drawn once and reused in subsequential projects
What comprises a complete set of architectural plans
various views of the site and the building. General and detailed
General Drawing:
consist of plan views and elevations to show a large portion of the building.
Detail drawings:
details are shown with sectional view and detail drawings
Plan view:
top view or birds eye view which allows you to see the width, length, and location of objects as if you were standing on a platform high above them and looking down.
Site Plan or Plot plan:
shows the building lot with boundaries, contours, existing roads, utilities
Site Plan or Plot plan:
shows the building lot with boundaries, contours, existing roads, utilities, and other existing details such as existing trees and nearby buildings.
1 Acre =
43,560 sq ft
The basic elements of a site plan are drawn from
notes and sketches based upon a survey
Foundation plan is a
top view of the footings and foundation walls
Floor plans:
Sliced views of each floor level showing the outside shape of the building, arrangement, size and shape of rooms, materials
Cutting plane:
imaginary slicing horizontally to show floor plans
Reflected ceiling plans:
drawn as the ceiling would appear in a mirror placed on the floor
Framing plans:
Shows the size, number, and spacing of structural elements.
Framing plans:
Shows the size, number, and spacing of structural elements. Floor framing plans must specify the sizes and spacing of joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor. Roof framing plans must show size and spacing of rafters as well as information about the roof slope and sheath.
Mechanical plan:
shows the arrangement and location of plumbing and heating features.
landscaping plan:
location of existing features such as trees and streams and provides info about new landscaping features that will be provided later.
landscaping plan:
location of existing features such as trees and streams and provides info about new landscaping features that will be provided later.
Elevation:
a side view that allows you to see the height and width of objects.
An interior elevation shows:
a wall inside the building as if you were in the room looking straight at it.
Section views:
section views provide important information about materials, fastening and support systems, and concealed features. They show how an object looks when “cut” vertically by an imaginary cutting plane.
Where a section view is used to give more information about a larger drawing, the cutting plane is shown on the larger drawing by
thick lines
Sections may be classified as X or Y
Typical or Specific
Typical sections:
shows construction features that are repeated many times throughout the structure
Specific sections:
feature occurs once and is not shown clearly elsewhere
Detail Drawings:
When precise information is needed about a small or complex portion of the building. Such drawings are used whenever the information given in elevations, plans and sections is not clear enough.
Isometric drawings:
are constructed around three basic lines that form 120 degree angles to one another.
Engineering drawings:
Many parts of house are built using components that are manufactured elsewhere then delivered to the job site. When these components are part of the house structure engineering drawings may be required. Engineering drawings are sometimes prepared by a civil or structural engineer hired to solve a particular problem related to the house or its site. Like unusual walls. In other cases, drawings are made by the engineers who manufacture such products.
How do you locate an engineers drawings:
Look for the official stamp
Rendering:
Sometimes called presentation drawing. Computer generated image of architecture when completed, often includes plants and shadowing.
Schedule:
a list or chart of items used in the building including sizing, material, glazing, trim, finish
Room finished schedule:
identifies the materials and finishes to be used for floors, walls, and ceilings for each room, including hallways.
specifications:
written notes that may be arranged in list form. They may give instructions about materials and methods of work, especially those having to do with quality standards.
Fire ratings:
Specifications for fire-resistant materials.
Fire-spread ratings:
how quickly flames will engulf the surface of a material. Rated: A B and C. from most to least resistant.
Smoke density:
measure of smoke created when a material is burning
Fire resistance:
how long a piece of assembly will resist fire on one side from penetrating to the other.
Why is estimating important?
Because it relates directly to how profitable the contractors business is. If the contractor underestimates he may not be able to make a profit. Overestimate, and lose bids.
Bid:
a signed proposal to do work and/or supply a material for a specified price.
What 4 things must a person who prepares estimates be able to do:
Be able to read and measure building plans accurately Have an excellent understanding of the materials and techniques used to build houses Have an excellent understanding of local building codes. Be precise in assembling and computing numerical data.
Types of estimates:
Pre design, quantity takeoff, and Unit Cost
Pre-Design Estimate:
Ball park estimate without spending hours studying plans, usually calculated by multiplying sq ft by construction cost per square foot.
Quantity Takeoff:
cost estimate in which every piece of material required to build the house is counted and priced. Sometimes called a complete construction cost estimate or quantity survey.
Unit-Cost Estimate:
estimator divides the house into components such as walls or roof and the estimate made of the cost per each component.
Board foot:
unit of measure that represents a piece of lumber having a flat surface area of 1sq ft and a thickness of 1” nominal size.
Caluclate board foot please:
Number of Pieces x Thickness(in) x Width(in) x Length(ft) / 12
Allowances:
dollar figure representing the cost of products that have not yet been chosen when a detailed estimate is made.
Contingency allowance:
Money set aside in a builders construction budget to cover costs unforeseen situations.
Type of Costs:
Direct costs and indirect costs.
Direct costs:
related to a certain project such as labor, materials, building permits, temporary power, some insurances.
Indirect costs or overhead:
not related to a particular house. These costs relate to the organization and supervision of the project. They include the cost of office equipment and supplies, construction tools and equipment, office payroll and taxes.
A percentage of profit must be added to every estimate. The percentages may from from X to Y percent.
10 to 40
Checklists:
Identifies every piece of material used at each stage of construction. The purpose is to ensure that nothing is left out of the construction.
Construction order checklist:
Checklist that is ordered in the same way as the building tasks that need to be done.
CSI MasterFormat Checklist:
The Construction Specificiations Institute’s standard that organanizes all aspects of construction into 16 main categories.
Sources for cost information: Gathering information about the exact cost of materials and labor can be time-consuming. The estimator must check at least these 4 sources:
Material Suppliers
Prior Bids
Pricing Guides
Online Databases
Scheduling:
Organizes the construction process so the contractor can make the most efficient use of resources. It also enables the builder to determine when the project is ahead or behind schedule.
Two elements must be scheduled when building a home:
Materials and activities
Material Scheduling:
General must order and store materials
Material Schedule First Load:
All items needed to complete the house up to an including the subfloor
Material Schedule second Load:
Wall framing and ceiling joists
Material Schedule third Load:
roof framing materials and roof coverings. If roof trusses are used these will be shipped to the site on a special truck. This truck sometimes has a crane to lift trusses into position
Material Schedule fourth Load:
exterior doors, windows, exterior trim, and siding, as needed after the house has been enclosed with doors and windows and can be locked up, the interior wall finish is applied. If the walls are plastered, adequate drying time must be allowed before additional material shipments are made.
Material Schedule fifth Load:
hardwood flooring and underlayment materials
Material Schedule sixth Load:
interior doors, trim, and built in cabinet materials
Activity Scheduling:
- Survey:
Activity Scheduling:
- Permit:
Activity Scheduling:
- Excavation:
Activity Scheduling:
- Temporary Power:
Activity Scheduling:
- Temporary Water:
Activity Scheduling:
- Foundation:
Activity Scheduling:
- Plumbing:
Activity Scheduling:
- Slabs:
Activity Scheduling:
- Framing:
Activity Scheduling:
- Backfilling:
Activity Scheduling:
- Mechanicals:
Backfill Timing:
Activity Scheduling:
- Windows and Doors:
Activity Scheduling:
- Roofing and Siding:
Activity Scheduling:
- Roofing and Siding:
Activity Scheduling:
- Interior and Exterior Finishes:
Activity Scheduling:
- Finish Carpentry:
Activity Scheduling:
- Exterior Painting:
Activity Scheduling:
- Finish Grading:
Activity Scheduling:
- Concrete Driveways and sidewalks:
Activity Scheduling:
- Landscaping:
Activity Scheduling:
- Interior Painting:
Activity Scheduling:
- Floor Coverings:
Activity Scheduling:
- Finish Electrical:
Activity Scheduling:
- Finish Plumbing:
Activity Scheduling:
- Wood Flooring:
Activity Scheduling:
- Carpeting:
Activity Scheduling:
- Cleanup:
Activity Scheduling:
- Punch List:
Why is it important to maintain contact with subcontractors well ahead of time when their work begins?
This will often give the general contractor advance warning of any delays that could affect the building schedule.
Bar charts:
Planning tool that keeps track of simple projects. When tasks take place and how they overlap.
Centerline
Dimension Line
Leader Line
Break Line (long)
Sectioning Line and extension Line
Hidden Line
Outline or visible line
Break Line (short)
Cutting plane line or viewing plane line
Cutting plane line for complex of offset views
Outlet
Pull Switch
Duplex convenience outlet
Range Outlet
Special-purpose Outlet
Single-pole switch
Three-way switch
Power Panel
Outside Door
Inside Door
Swinging Door
Bypassing sliding door
Double Hung window
Horizontal-sliding window
aka glide-by or Gliding Window
Casement window
Tub
Lavatory
Toilet
Brick
Concrete block
Cinder block
Brick
End Grain (alternative)
Concrete
Sand
End grain wood
Face grain wood
Cinder block
Earth
Stone
Cut stone
What view is this?
Elevation
What view is this?
Section
What view is this?
Detail
What view is this?
A site plan
House and Lot
What view is this?
Site Plan
The Foundation
What view is this?
Floor Plan
First Floor
