Glencoe: Section 66 pt. 3 Flashcards
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Framing a window opening:
—————————————–
Once all the full length studs are in place, gather the components surrounding the window and openings as shown in window framing brackets on pg. 449
- The cripple studs at A are toenailed with X nails, two on each side
- The full stud is nailed to the header at B with X nails and to the trimmer at C with X
- The full studs are x to the bottom plate or nailed through the bottom plate.
- The lower part of the double sill is nailed with X nails into the ends of the cripples at D
- The upper part of the sill (E) is nailed to the lower with X OC and staggered
- The ends of the sills are nailed through the trimmer studs with X nails at each end (F)
four 8d
four 16d
10d nails 16 OC”
toenailed
two 10d
10d nails 8”
two 16d
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Framing a window opening: ----------------------------------------- Aligning studs: If studs have a bow in them
the bows should all face the same way. If they don’t, it could give the wall a wavy appearance. If the bow is significant, dont use it.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Framing a door opening:
—————————————–
* The cripple studs (A) are toenailed with X, Y on each side
- The full studs (B) are nailed to the header with X nails on each side and toenailed to the bottom plate with X nails. The full stud (B) could be nailed from the bottom up through the plate, with X nails, if the plate is attached before the wall is erected.
- The trimmer (C) is nailed with X OC.
- X nails are driven into the end of the bottom plate at D
four 8d nails
two
four 16d
two 8d
two 16d
16d nails staggered 16” OC
Two 10d
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
General details:
—————————————–
Trimmer studs fit under a X. They are nailed to a king stud with X, spaced X” apart and X. Notice that the trimmer stud for a door may extend from the header to the bottom plate.
The portion of the plate within the door opening will be cut out later, after the wall is erected so that finish flooring can be laid. If this portion of the plate is cut out earlier, the wall will be more X
window or door header
16d nails spaced 16” and staggered
difficult to erect.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Split free nailing:
—————————————–
When securing the studs at the ends of a wall, do what to stop the nail from splitting the plate?
slightly blunt the ends by tapping them with a hammer.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
General details:
—————————————–
Nail through the king studs and into the header with 16d nails. Once the header is secure, insert the X above it. Nail their tops as if they were studs, but X the bottom ends of each cripple to the header with 8d nails on each side.
cripple studs
Toenail
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
General details:
—————————————–
When you have fully assembled the wall on the subfloor, X.
To figure out if it is X, do this:
Square it
Do this by running a tapemeasure across diagonally opposite corners, as shown in squaring a wall.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
General details:
—————————————–
After you have assembled and squared the wall on the subfloor. Some apply sheathing at this point and some do not because its awkward to lift. In order to lift it easier:
Use a prybar to lift the top end of the wall off the deck. Slip a scrap 2x4 block underneath.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Temporary bracing:
—————————————–
Temporary bracing is bracing that has the following 2 purposes:
- It prevents walls from tipping as they are being erected.
* It holds walls in position after they have been plumbed and straightened.
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Temporary bracing: ----------------------------------------- What may temporary bracing consist of?
Wall braces may also be nailed into
2x4 or 2x6 members nailed to one face of stud and to a 2x4 block nailed to subfloor.
stakes driven into the ground outside the perimeter of foundation.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Temporary bracing:
—————————————–
Take care not to let the ends of the temporary braces project
above the top plate
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Temporary bracing:
—————————————–
Why do you not want the ends of the temporary braces to project above the ends of the top plate?
Because the braces could interfere with ceiling and roof framing and would have to be removed. This would disturb the plumbed and straightened walls.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Temporary bracing:
—————————————–
How do you nail in nails for temporary bracing
not all the way to allow for easy removal
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Temporary bracing: ----------------------------------------- Leave temporary bracing in place until
ceiling and roof framing have been completed, and sheathing has been applied to the outside walls.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Temporary bracing:
—————————————–
The temporary brace pivots into place as the wall is raised. The block nailed on the subfloor holds it in place. A X keeps the wall from slipping off the subfloor.
safety cleat.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Raising the Wall:
—————————————–
As the wall is lifted into position, what do you align the bottom plate with?
the chalk lines made earlier
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Raising the Wall: ----------------------------------------- How do you lift the wall into position
What should you have in place when the wall is lifted into position
For added safety what should you install?
This is a job for several carpenters. One at either end of the wall.
Temporary braces
2x4 cleats to outside rim joist to prevent exterior wall from slipping off subfloor
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Plumbing the Wall: ----------------------------------------- The plumb a wall means to
make sure its perpendicular to the subfloor.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Plumbing the Wall:
—————————————–
What can a carpenter use to plumb a wall?
carpenters level or plumb bob
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Plumbing the Wall: ----------------------------------------- When do you plumb a wall?
After all the framed walls are in position and temporarily braced.
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Using a plumb bob: ----------------------------------------- How do you plumb a corner post.
Attach plumb bob to top of post.
Hang plumb bob down near bottom of post.
Tack one block near top of post and another identical block near bottom post called “gauge blocks”.
If the entire face of the second block makes contact with the line the post is plumb
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Using a carpenters level:
—————————————–
When using a carpenters level to determine if a wall is plumb, do not
place the level directly against the wall in case the stud is bowed
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Using a carpenters level: ----------------------------------------- To plumb a wall with a carpenters level:
place 8’ level against blocks nailed to top and bottom plates.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Using a carpenters level:
—————————————–
If an 8’ carpenters level is not available, what do you do?
place the smaller level against 1x4 straightedge which is placed against the two blocks.
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Using a carpenters level: ----------------------------------------- To plumb the outside corners:
check them on two adjacent surfaces, then brace them.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising exterior walls:
Using a carpenters level:
—————————————–
After you have plumbed and braced all exterior walls:
plumb and brace all the intersecting interior walls.
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Straightening Walls: ----------------------------------------- To straighten walls:
fasten a string line to the outside top of one of the corner posts. stretch line to the outside top of corner post on opposite end of building. Place a 3/4” wood block under each end of line to give clearance. Place additional temporary braces at intervals close enough to hold the wall straight. When the wall is far enough away from the line to permit another 3/4” block to slide between the line and the plate, nail the braces.
Assembling and Raising walls: Assembling and raising exterior walls: Straightening Walls: ----------------------------------------- The straightening procedure is called
“Lining the walls”
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising Interior walls:
—————————————–
After all the exterior walls are plumbed and braced, and the bottom plates securely nailed,
assemble and erect the interior walls.
Assembling and Raising walls:
Assembling and raising Interior walls:
—————————————–
Interior walls are easier to assemble than exterior walls because
the usually do not require framing for windows. But they do require framing for doors
A wall that is being raised must be braced quickly to lessen the chance that it will topple. Carpenters often secure the tops of braces to X before erecting the wall. A single nail at this point allows the brace to X as the wall is being raised.
the studs
swing into position
The double plate is nailed to the top plate after
the exterior walls have been erected.
The double plate must use
the same type and quality of material as for the top plate.
Cutting to length is sometimes done when the top and bottom plates are cut. However, it is most often done after the walls are erected because
the double plates are different length than the other two plates.
One of the main purposes of the double plate is to X
Therefore, it laps over the joint formed at the Y
tie the walls together at the top.
corners of intersecting exterior walls.
On a long wall, the joints in the double plate should be at least X’ away from any joint in the top plate.
This is Y’ in the code
4’
2’
Fasten the double plate with X nails spaced X” OC and X.
Nail end laps between adjoining plates with X 16d nails on each lap.
10d nails spaced 16” and staggerd
two
Double plates are joined by a
lap joint
Assembling and Erecting Interior Walls
Step by Step
Refer to page 454.
———————————————————
Step 1:
Raise, fasten, and temporarily brace the X.
Work should then proceed from the center wall out to the exterior walls, and from one end of the building to the other. Complete operations in one area before moving to the next area.
Step 2:
Note that partition 1, though interrupted by openings, is considered to be X. Erect and plumb partition 2 next. Note that it helps support partition 1 and connects it to the previously plumbed exterior wall. Partition 3 comes next, then 4, 5, and 6 etc.
Step 3:
Continue erecting partitions that are at X to each other, all the way to the back of the building. This sequence is better than erecting two parallel partitions (such as 2 and 4) and then working in a confined area to erect the connecting partition (3).
longest center partition
one piece
right angles
Assembling and Erecting Interior Walls
Step by Step
Refer to page 454.
———————————————————
Step 1:
Raise, fasten, and temporarily brace the X.
Work should then proceed from the center wall out to the exterior walls, and from one end of the building to the other. Complete operations in one area before moving to the next area.
Step 2:
Note that partition 1, though interrupted by openings, is considered to be X. Erect and plumb partition 2 next. Note that it helps support partition 1 and connects it to the previously plumbed exterior wall. Partition 3 comes next, then 4, 5, and 6 etc.
Step 3:
Continue erecting partitions that are at X to each other, all the way to the back of the building. This sequence is better than erecting two parallel partitions (such as 2 and 4) and then working in a confined area to erect the connecting partition (3).
longest center partition
one piece
right angles
Plate Lap Wall Intersections:
Tie Walls Together,
The double plate is usually fastened in place after
the walls have been plumbed and straightened
Special Framing Details:
Dealing with Special conditions:
———————————————
Special framing adds strength and quality to the construction. Its requirements are not always noted on the building plans. However, the carpenters should be familiar with them. Special framing details are required in the following situations:
- X features
- To provide openings for X
- To provide openings for heating ducts
- To add support for X
- To add blocking that supports the edges of interior X
- To provide extra strength to houses built in X .
- In some cases, for X
Unusual architectural
plumbing vents and fixtures
heavy items
wall coverings
earthquake or hurricane zones
fire safety
Special Framing Details:
Dealing with Special conditions:
———————————————
Why would a builder install special framing as fill-in work during slack periods in later construction stages?
Because a building must be enclosed quickly to protect against weather, and special framing features are time consuming.
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Gable Walls: --------------------------------------------- Gable Wall:
Also called Rake wall.
Walls that angle upward to meet the underside of the roof framing
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Gable Walls:
———————————————
What is different about the studs of gable walls?
The spacing of the studs is the same but precut studs cannot be used. Instead, each stud in the gable wall must be cut to specific length.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Gable Walls:
———————————————
The top end of gable wall stud must be cut at an angle that matches the
roof pitch (slope)
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Gable Walls: --------------------------------------------- The top plate slopes follow
the roof angle
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Gable Walls:
———————————————
Gable walls are sometimes built and erected along with the rest of the wall framing.
In other cases the roof framing is installed X and the gable-wall framing is added X.
If the roof framing consists of trusses, the truss manufacturer X.
first
afterwards
supplies the gable-wall framing
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Gable Walls:
———————————————
The cuts involved in building a gable wall are directly related to the X. For this reason, gable-wall construction is discussed in Chp. 18
slope of the roof
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
Bay windows project X from a wall or roof and have special framing requirements.
outwards
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
Bay window floor framing is provided during an X.
earlier stage
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
The projecting walls of the bay may be framed and erected as if they were X. Sometimes, however, and angled bay may call for framing that has been X
standard walls
beveled with a circular saw or table saw
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
Note also that a bay window may required X headers. One header is over the X in the main wall and one is over the X itself.
two
opening
window
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
The ceiling joists in the framing of this bay window are set on top of the .
window headers
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
Why will the wall header not be a standard header height?
The top of a bay window should be kept in line with other windows and doors in the room.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Bay Windows:
———————————————
Because the Bay Windows wall header will not be standard height
It will have to be raised so that its X is in line with the X of the bay ceiling joists.
bottom
bottom
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Shear Walls: --------------------------------------------- A shear wall:
a wall that has been engineered to withstand unusual stresses.
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Shear Walls: --------------------------------------------- Why are shear walls installed?
To make the structure of a house more rigid.
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Shear Walls: --------------------------------------------- What do shear walls require?
Extra nailing, hold-downs, special anchor bolts.
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Shear Walls: --------------------------------------------- Wider studs may be needed to accommodate
close nailing patterns.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Shear Walls:
———————————————
Shear walls may also call for the use of construction X and or sheathing on X of the wall.
adhesives
both sides
Dealing with Special conditions:
Unusual Walls:
Shear Walls:
———————————————
The requirements for a shear wall are specified by an X and detailed on the plans.
architect or engineer
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Radius Walls: --------------------------------------------- Radius wall:
Curved walls
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Radius Walls: --------------------------------------------- The studs on a radius wall may be
the same dimensions are the surrounding wall
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Radius Walls: --------------------------------------------- The curved plates are cut from
plywood instead of lumber
Dealing with Special conditions: Unusual Walls: Radius Walls: --------------------------------------------- The ends of blocking must be cut to
an angle
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
———————————————
Why is it important for carpenters to understand special framing requirements while performing their trade?
Because carpenters often encounter special framing requirements related to providing framing for the work of other trade people.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Plumbing vents are usually installed in a XxX wall
2x6 or thicker
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Plumbing wall:
wall that is 2x6 or thicker to allow plumbing
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Why is a plumbing wall 2x6 or thicker?
It provides needed wall thickness for bell (large end) of a 4” cast-iron soil pipe which is larger than the thickness of a 2x4 stud wall.
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- To create a thick wall:
2x4 studs can be installed sideways on a 2x6 or 2x8 plate, or 2x6 studs can be installed.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
How do builders sometimes mask sound with framing?
They stagger studs, fiberglass batt insulation or sound deadening batts are then added in the space between.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Why might thick walls need sound proof insulation and staggered studs?
To block sound where drain pipes generate it
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Aside from sound proof insulation, what else might be done to resist sound transmission?
Sound resistant drywall
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Sound wall:
A thick wall of staggered studs and insulation, and sound resistant drywall
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Blocking: !important
Backing that is usually made from short lengths of 2x lumber but in some cases is 3/4” plywood.
Helps to support plumbing fixtures
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
What might some plumbing fixtures require prior to instation?
extra backing (known as blocking)
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Step-by-step install Blocking
Step 1:
Step 2: X on the side of the stud and set it back from the edge a distance equal to the X
Step 3: Cut the backing to fit in between the studs and nail it in place. The backing material can also be notched into the studs at correct height and nailed with X nails.
Determine height of fixture and mark location
Nail a block
thickness of the backing material
10d nails
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Where a bathtub is enclosed by walls,
blocking might be used to support its edges
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Shower arm fittings and grab rails must be supported by
blocking
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Sometimes a hatch will be installed on the back of the shower wall. This provides access to the tub drain and overflow riser. What would be done?
Backing should be installed to support the edges of the hatch.
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Plumbing needs --------------------------------------------- Wall mounted sinks and toilets require
Special blocking to ensure a secure attachment to the wall
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Cabinets
———————————————
Inset cabinets that are to fit between the studs and be flush with wall covering needs
Special support and blocking
Cabinets designed to fit in between studs and be flush with wall are fastened directly to
the faces of studs or to blocking
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
Backing for nailing the wall coverings must be provided at the X of cabinets
top and bottom
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
The location of blocking can be determined by the
studying of building plans
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Plumbing needs
———————————————
When building an upper cabinet, it is sometimes advisable to install an extra X or even a Y in the wall
extra stud or even a 2x6 flat in the wall
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Cabinets
———————————————
What is especially true in kitchens where upper and lower cabinets will be installed?
You might want to install an extra stud or even a 2x6 flat in the wall
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Cabinets
———————————————
To install the blocking:
1.
2. Blocks for attaching the cabinets backing are then fastened between the studs. These blocks must be back from the edges of the studs a distance equal to the X
- Mark the position of the X onto the blocks.
- X to the blocks at the location marks.
Mark on the studs the top and bottom of the cabinets.
thickness of the cabinet backing.
cabinet backing
Fasten the cabinet backing
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Cabinets
———————————————
There are other ways to provide support for cabinets. Some carpenters inset X into the framing in the area of the cabinetry.
Others inset continuous strips of 2x lumber where the X and Y of the cabinets will be.
3/4” plywood panels
bottom
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Drywall blocking:
———————————————
Drywall must be nailed or screwed around the entire perimeter of each sheet. This means that the edges of drwall must
fall on solid wood.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Drywall blocking:
———————————————
Though the carpenter does not install the drywall, why should he or she need to know what type of support it needs?
Added blocking or even whole studs that support drywall is much easier to install while the framing is being assembled.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Trim blocking:
———————————————
The installation of baseboard, chair rail, crown, and other moldings is made easier if blocking is provided for nailing at the X.
ends
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Trim blocking:
———————————————
Without blocking provided for nailing at the ends, the nails must be driven very near the ends of the molding and usually at slight angle to reach the corner posts. This often results in X.
splitting the ends of the molding
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Trim blocking:
———————————————
Trim backing is often X at the Y unless specifically noted on the plans
left out
framing stage
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Heating ducts:
———————————————
Heating ducts require openings in the X, Y or Z
ceiling
floor
or wall
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Heating ducts:
———————————————
Heating ducts require openings in the ceiling, floor, or wall. Therefore X must be provided for fastening in wall-covering material.
An opening in the wall larger than the distance between the studs requires X
It also requires a X to support the bottom end of the shortened stud and serve as a nailing surface for the wall covering.
backing
cutting off one or more studs.
header
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Soffit: --------------------------------------------- Soffit:
(Bulkhead), is a lowered portion of the ceiling.
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Soffit: --------------------------------------------- What are some common uses of soffits
Sometimes contains lighting,
most of the time it is used where upper cabinets do not extend to the ceiling.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Soffit:
———————————————
A soffit is usually X” deeper than the cabinets, so that X
2” deeper than the cabinets so that molding may be installed at the cabinet top.
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Soffit: --------------------------------------------- Two methods of installing soffits: 1. 2.
Whatever the method, the soffit must be level and securely attached to the surrounding framing.
Some will assemble it from framing lumber and lift it into place as unit
Others install it in place
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Soffit:
———————————————
The bottom of the soffit is usually about X” from the finished floor. It is assembled from X and Y lumber nailed together with 16d and 10d nails. It should be fastened directly to the X and Y framing.
84”
2x2
2x4
wall and ceiling
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Soffit:
———————————————
After the wall covering has been applied and painted, The X are attached to the wall and to the bottom of the soffit.
A piece of X may be used to close the joint between the cabinet and the soffit.
cabinets
cove or quarter-round molding
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Chases: --------------------------------------------- Chase:
A chase is a framed passageway that contains drainage pipes, wiring, or other features that must be concealed.
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Soffit: --------------------------------------------- How may a chase be oriented?
Vertical or horizontal
Dealing with Special conditions: Other special conditions: Soffit: --------------------------------------------- Does a chase carry structural loads?
No
Dealing with Special conditions:
Other special conditions:
Soffit:
——————————————–
What is the benefit of have a soffit above cabinets?
Makes cabinet installation easier
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
Building codes may require fireblocking in walls that are over X’ high.
10’
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
Fireblocking:
Fireblocking is meant to slow the passage of flames through wall cavities. It also strengthens the walls.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
How is fireblocking made:
made from short lengths of 2x framing lumber installed crosswise between studs.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
Fireblocking width must be
Same as surrouding framing.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
How can fireblocking be installed to make nailing easier
staggered.
Dealing with Special conditions:
Fireblocking:
———————————————-
In standard height walls, the top and bottom plates are considered sufficient X
fireblocking
Dealing with Special conditions:
Estimating sheathing:
———————————————-
To find the area of a gable:
Multiply the height of the gable by one half its width at the bottom. Multiply the result by the number of gables to determine the total gable area.
