Glencoe: Section 66 Flashcards
wall framing lumber should be
stiff, free from warpage and twist, and have good nail holding capability.
Bottom plates for wall framing lumber should be made of preservative-treated lumber when installed on a
concrete slab.
Common species of lumber for wall-framing
douglas fir and southern yellow pine
Lengths of general framing lumber are available in increments of
2’
Even though lengths of general framing lumber are available in increments of 2’,
wall studs are usually precut to a particular length.
standard precut wall studs are usually X” long for a 8’ wall
92 5/8”
The building code considers finger-jointed lumber to be .
no different than solid-sawn lumber of the same species and grade
Wall studs should be at least No. X, Y, or Z
No. 3, standard, or studgrade lumber.
Why is lumber used for wall plates sometimes higher than that used for studs?
Because of the need for long straight lengths.
Why must wall plates be straight
or else the wall will not be straight.
High quality construction may require what grade of lumber to minimize shrinking problems
Kiln Dried
The primary framing members for walls are
studs and plates.
Other wall framing members not primary for walls are
headers, sills, cripple studs, and trimmer studs.
The non primary wall framing members are what to the primary ones?
are connected to either or both studs and plates.
Stud:
vertical framing member
Conventional construction commonly uses X studs spaced Y OC.
2x4
16” OC
King stud
full length stud on either side of an opening.
Why is the use of 2x6 studs for exterior walls increasingly popular.
The extra wall space allows for additional insulation
2x6 studs may be placed X or Y OC
16” or 24”
Why would an interior wall be framed with 2x6 studs
to allow for main drain pipes for plumbing fixtures.
Why must the ends of studs be cut square?
So they bear evenly on the plates.
Plate:
is a horizontal framing member used to tie together interior and exterior wall framing.
The with of plates determines:
the thickness of the wall.
So in a 2x6 wall, the plates would be made from 2x6 lumber.
Each wall has X plates:
3 plates.
Bottom plate and two top plates
Sole plate:
bottom plate, which ties the bottom ends of the studs together and
The sole plate, aside from tying the bottom ends of studs together, does what?
also provides nailing surface for the bottom edge of wall coverings and wall sheathing.
The bottom plate is not only nailed to the stud, but also
the subfloor
The top plate has the same dimensions as
bottom plate
The top plate does what:
nails to top ends of the studs and ties them together. and provides a nailing surface for wall coverings and sheathing.
Double plate:
the second top plate. also called a rafter plate
When is the double plate installed
it is nailed to the first top plate after the walls have been erected.
The second top plate (double plate) has four purposes
adds strength and rigidity to top of wall
supports ends of joists and bottom ends of rafters
helps distribute structural loads that do not fall directly over studs
ties intersecting walls together
the double plate can be omitted
when inline framing system is used.
If the double plate is omitted, intersecting walls must
be tied together with a steel plate.
Whereever an opening in a wall is wider than the stud spacing, parts or all of some studs will have to be left out. To prevent the wall from being weakened at this point. A X is installed
Header
Header:
or lintel, is a wood beam placed at the top of an opening.
What does a header do?
Supports structural loads above the opening and transfers them to framing on each side of the opening.
What are headers made out of
sometimes solid lumber,
other times two or more pieces of 2x lumber laid on edge with spacer blocks to match the thickness of the wall.
LVL
Step 1:
Cut the bottom plate and top plate to length. If the plates will require more than one piece, make sure the break falls where a stud can support the end of both pieces. Usually 16” OC.
Step 2:
Align the bottom plate with the top plate, tack them together temporarily
Step 3:
Lay out the location of the windows, partitions, studs, and other components on the edges of both plates simultaneously.
Step 4:
Spread the top and bottom plates apart
Step 5:
place the required number of precut studs between the plates
Step 6:
install cripple studs, headers, and other parts of the framing. Nail the bottom and top plates to the studs by driving nails through the plates and into the end of each stud. At this stage, some carpenters also install the double top plate. If this technique is chosen, spaces must be left where the double plate of intersecting walls will tie in.
Step 7:
Square the wall and brace the corner
Step 8:
Install panel sheathing (plywood or oriented-strand board)
Step 9:
Tilt the wall into place
Step 10:
Make sure the wall is plumb then install temporary braces to prevent it from tipping over
Step 11:
Repeat the process for adjacent walls. As walls are erected, the double top plate can be installed. It overlaps the top plate of intersecting walls to tie walls together.
Rough sill:
horizontal member placed at the bottom of a window opening to support the window.
The rough sill connects the X of cripple studs that are below the window
upper ends
Why does the rough sill not need the same strength as the header?
Because it supports only the window, not structural loads.
What kind of lumber is the rough sill made out of?
the same kind of lumber used for the studs having the same dimensions
If extra strength is required for the rough sill, what do you do
make it out of two pieces (double sill)
Rough sill is a X
while the windowsill is X
framing member
part of the window itself
Cripple stud:
cripple, is a stud that does not extend all the way from the bottom plate to the top plate of the wall because of an opening such as window framing
Cripple studs are installed where?
above headers and below rough sills.
Trimmer stud:
trimmer, or jackstud, supports a header over a window or door opening.
Compared to a cripple and standard stud, how long is a trimmer stud
shorter than a standard stud but longer than a cripple stud.
A cripple stud transfers structural loads from the X to the Y
header to the bottom plate.
For wide openings in wall framing, additional X may be needed
trimmer studs.
Estimating wall framing:
For exterior wall studs spaced every 16” OC, figure X stud(s) for every lineal foot of wall
1 stud
To determine the number of lineal feet of top and bottom plates for walls having double top plates,
multiply the lengths of the wall by three.
Then add materials for such items as gable-end studs, corner braces, fireblocking, and wall blocking.
Sometimes a builder may wish to get a rough idea of how much lumber will be required for a house. A rough estimate can be made as follows:
- Figure the total length of the outside walls then X it. This will will give you the approx. combined total length of all walls exterior and interior.
- Multiply the total length of all walls by X. This will give you the approx. total lineal footage of plate material plus the additional miscellaneous framing for gables, bracing, and blocking.
Double
Five
The dimensions of each header will sometimes be found on the building plan. The length of a header is generally X” longer than the rough opening width. Assuming that the header will be supported by one trimmer stud on each end. Which is generally the case with opening less than X’ wide
3”
6’
Headers over larger opening should be supported by X at each end.
In that case, the length of the header will be X” greater than the rough opening width
two trimmers
6”
Framing lumber is usually sold by X
lineal foot.
To estimate total cost of framing lumber
multiply the number of lineal feet by the cost per lineal foot. Then add that to X
another way is to determine the total cost by multiplying the total number of board feet by the cost of one board foot of lumber
the cost of precut studs.
Wall sheathing is:
a panel of product nailed to the outside surface of exterior walls
Wall sheathing has several functions:
adds strength and braces wall framing
forms a solid nailing base for siding
seals house by reducing air infiltration
ties wall framing to floor framing.
Another way to strengthen a wall aside from wall sheathing
diagonal bracing, sometimes called corner or wind bracing
Let in bracing:
studs are notches to receive 1x4 pieces that are let into the notches.
A third way to brace studs aside from sheathing and let in bracing:
metal angle strips are nailed to outside edges of studs
In mild climates, plywood sheet siding is sometimes
applied directly to the outside of wall studs. It serves as siding and sheathing. Plywood must be thicker and higher grade
Most common sheathing used in residential construction are
square-edged 4x8 panels made of plywood or OSB.
Sheathing panels range from X” to Y” in thickness
5/16” to 1”
Walls spaced with 16”OC studs must have sheathing that is at least X” thick but Y is more common
5/16”
1/2”
Sheathing started at the foundation wall may require
blocking behind the uppermost joint
When finish siding required nailing between studs (as with wood shingles) the sheathing should be at least X” thick
!important
3/8”
Though OSB is different from plywood in terms of manufacture, it is considered the X by codes in terms of sheathing.
same
Why do carpenters apply sheathing as soon as possible to walls
because they provide more support for ceiling and roof members.
Estimating sheathing:
Number of sheets needed:
————————-
Step 1: Get area of all walls
Step 2: Get area of roof (in example get area of one gable (height * 1/2 base) * num of gables)
Step 3: Add area of each wall and roof together
step 4: There are 32 sq ft in a 4x8’ sheet of plywood. Divide the total wall are of house by 32 to get the amount of plywood sheets requried to sheath house.
However add waste factor of 10% to allow for cut pieces that cant be used.
How many sq. ft. are in one 4x8 sheet of plywood?
32 sq ft
Advantage of applying sheathing while wall frame is lying on subfloor completely framed and squared:
Disadvantage is:
it can be nailed in place while the wall sections are laying flat. Which eleminates need for ladders and scaffolding.
More weight to lift when erecting wall
Sheathing is usually applied X, using X nailing with no additional blocking.
vertically
perimeter
If a sheathing panel does not extend to top of the wall, its top edge should be nailed to
blocking
Some building codes may require sheathing to be applied only X near corners of buildings
vertically.
Plywood can also be applied X, although the horizontal joints between panels should be supported by X as a base for nailing.
horizontally
blocking
Building codes sometimes allow sheathing to be fastened by X although Y is more common
stapling
nailing
Extra nailing strengthens a sheathed wall to the point that it can be considered a
shear wall, sometimes called braced wall.
Shear wall:
wall that resists severe forces that tend to separate the sheathing from the framing.
To create a shear wall, the sheathing must be nailed to all studs, blocking, and sills X” OC using X common or galvanized box nails.
Another way to create a shear wall is to prefab
3
8d
light guage steel panel and wood framing.
Light guage steel panel sheathing is bolted
to foundation
Moment frame
load bearing assembly that resists bending or twisting forces.
Lead carpenter
most expirienced carpenter
The lead carpenter translates the plans into a series of lines and symbols marked on the subfloor: this is called a
layout
Layout includes two main steps:
marking location of walls on the subfloor
marking the location of studs, windows, and doors on the wall plates.
The lead carpenter must keep what in mind while marking the layout
special framing requirements for work to be done by other skilled workers.
In some parts of the country it is common to build houses on a slab foundation instead of foundation walls.
All wood framed walls of such a house must be bolted directly to the foundation.
