Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Undeleted > Genitourinary > Flashcards

Genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

blood urea nitrogen (“normal”)

A

5 - 25 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

creatinine (“normal”)

A

0.5 - 1.5 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phimosis

A

narrowing or stenosis of the opening of the foreskin that prevents retraction of the foreskin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

paraphimosis

A

retracted foreskin that cannot be replaced in normal position over glans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

paraphimosis significance?

A

urological emergency!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hydrocele: non-communicating

A

often subsides spontaneously(surgery if not spontaneously resolved at one year)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hydrocele: communicating

A

requires surgery if not spontaneously resolved at one year- scrotum smaller in the morning, larger after activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hydrocele

A

presents as soft, painless swelling of scrotum (palpable bulge in inguinal/scrotal area) - asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute scrotum

A

acute PAINFUL swollen scrotum in prepubertal childurgent/emergent finding!!!- requires immediate diagnosis and possibly surgery- treatment delay may result in loss of testicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testicles (one or both)- not painful- doesn’t interrupt urination- scrotum appears underdeveloped on affected side- WATCH AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

orchiopexy

A

surgical treatment for cryptorchidism - happens at 1 to 2 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why orchiopexy?

A
  • prevents teste overexposure to body heat (protect fertility)- decrease incidence of malignancy (high in undescended testes)- avoid rigorous activity for 2 weeks (education needed!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

AMS significant…

A

in geriatric populations with UTI. Usually no other symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

normal range: 5-25 mg/dl- by-product of protein breakdown in liver. Urea nitrogen is produced mostly from liver metabolism of food- other factors influential. elevation does not always mean kidney disease present - elevated BUN level is highly suggestive of kidney dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

creatinine

A

normal range: 0.5 - 1.5 mg/dl- produced with muscle/protein breaks down- constant so good measure of kidney function- No common pathologic condition other than kidney disease increases the serum creatinine level - does not increase until at least 50% of kidney function lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BUN vs creatinine

A

creatinine is more specific reflection of kidney function and renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

waste products in blood reflective of kidney function

A

BUN creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

severe phimosis treatment

A

circumcision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypospadias

A

urethral opening below glans penis (anywhere along ventral surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mild hypospadias

A

meatus just below tip of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

severe hypospadias

A

meatus on perineum (+ chordee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chordee

A

ventral curvature of penis accompanying severe hypospadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • hypospadias care key point
A

thorough assessment important - must inform parents that circumcision cannot happen because foreskin may be used in repair of penisdon’t want to take newborn into surgery - need to allow baby to feed and grow and THEN do surgery (better outcome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epispadias

A

defect on dorsal surface of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

bladder extrophy

A

severe defect with externalization of bladder (males and females)repair in newborns a MUST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

bladder extrophy in males…

A

is almost always seen with epispadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

bladder extrophy/epispadias correction…

A

may require multiple stages of repair depending on severity of defect- first stage: repair bladder- second stage: repair epispadias and create urethral sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GFR + “normal”

A

glomerular filtration rate - 115 to 125 ml/mincontrolled by dilation/constriction of afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

decreased GFR with aging

A
  • decreased ability to regulate water balance- GFR drops about 10% for adults 45+- a concern with chronic comorbidities like DM2, htn, CHF; which further decrease blood flow to kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

problems related to decreased GFR

A
  • dehydration- increased renal blood flow- increase in nephrotoxic potential of many meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nocturia

A

tubular changes lead to decreased ability to concentrate urine resulting in sense of urgency + nocturia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nocturia nursing implications

A
  • encourage nighttime lighting and clutter free environment- encourage fall risk clients to use bedpan, urinal, bedside commode- discourage fluid intake 2-4 hours prior to bedtime
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

decreases in bladder capacity and spincter tone due to…

A

(aging)- changes in detrusor muscle elasticity = decreased capacity- sphincters lose tone and become weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

urinary retention causes (x3)

A

(men) enlarged prostate = narrowing of the prostatic urethra = hesitancy, decreased force of stream, urinary retention(anticholinergic medications)(diseases affecting CNS = neurogenic bladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

urinary retention nursing implications

A
  • assess for bladder distension- monitor for s/s of UTI - provide stimuli to encourage urination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

UTI s/s

A
  • dysuria- confusion- foul smelling urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

top 7 contributing factors of chronic disease

A
  • hypertension- tobacco use- elevated cholesterol- poor dietary choices- obesity- physical inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

polycystic kidney disease - acquired how?

A

genetically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

polycystic kidney disease characteristics

A
  • multiple cysts in nephrons- compromised function- larger than average kidneys- hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

polycystic kidney disease risks

A
  • cyst rupture- bleeding- infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

polycystic kidney disease most common complication

A

chronic UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q
  • polycystic kidney disease most SERIOUS complication
A

end stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

polycystic kidney disease s/s

A

** PAIN ** abdominal or flank. almost always first sign.- distended abdomen, increased abdominal girth** BLOODY ** or cloudy urine- constipation- nocturia- hypertension- kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneysFINDING NOT A DIAGNOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
  • vesicoureteral reflux determination
A

by radiology study: voiding cystouretholgram (VCUG)- *done 3-6 weeks after active infection resolved

46
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomerulus- acute or chronic- caused by variety of diseases - immunologic reaction- third leading cause of ESRD!!

47
Q

glomerulonephritis consequences

A
  • decreased GFR- edema- hypertension- scar tissue, irreversible damage
48
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A
  • most causes infectious or other systemic diseases- renal symptoms 10 days after onset of infection
49
Q
  • acute post-streptococcal GN
A
  • 1 to 3 weeks after strep infection- preschool children most likely (males 3-7yo most likely)- usually completed, rapid recovery- 1 to 2% develop ESRD
50
Q
  • acute post-streptococcal GN - prevention
A

proper medical treatment of strep throat important!!!

51
Q
  • acute glomerulonephritis s/s
A
  • *generalized edema- *decreased UOP- *proteinuria- hematuria- increased SG- hypertension- elevated BUN, creatinine- decreased GFR, serum albumin- elevated ESR-erythrocyte sedimentation rate
52
Q
  • acute glomerulonephritis nursing care
A
  • *monitor for s/s of fluid volume overload - compare VS to baseline- accurate I/O- daily weight- urine color changes: cola, smoky reddish brown, rusty- maybe 24 hour urine collection- meds (abx, immunosupressants, diuretics)- Na restriction if fluid retention, possible fluid restriction, possible K and protein restriction- bedrest- dialysis if fluid volume overload cannot be controlled and presence of uremic symptoms
53
Q
  • system presentation of fluid volume overload
A

increased BP, HR, RR; dyspnea, adventitious lung sounds* significant finding for acute glomerulonephritis *

54
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

NOT A DISEASEincreased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted - renal manifestation of multiple underlying causes- renal biopsy = definitive diagnosis

55
Q

*nephrotic syndrome pathophysiology

A
  • *proteinuria (massive)- *edema- *hypoalbuminemia- increased glomerular permeability- increased aldosterone secretion = decreased GFR- increased Na+ reabsorbption
56
Q

proteinuria

A

massive loss of protein in urine

57
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

decreased plasma albumin level

58
Q

*nephrotic syndrome client presentation

A
  • *generalized edema- *decreased UOP- hypertension- massive proteinuria- lipiduria and hyperlipidemia- hypoalbuminemia- anorexia- malaise
59
Q

nephrotic syndrome medical/nursing management

A

goal: reduce albuminuria, control edema, promote general healthdiagnostic tests: urinalysis, serum tests, renal biopsy = definitive diagnosismeds (corticosteroids, possibly immunosuppresive, diuretics)diet: if GFR normal, more protein. if GFR decreased, less protein.bedrest

60
Q

*nephrotic syndrome nursing care

A
  • daily measure of abdominal girth, especially in kids = evaluates fluid retention!
61
Q

*UTI etiology for females

A
  • shorter urethra, proximity to vagina and rectum- lack of prostatic fluid = protective- elderly: hormonal changes alter vaginal pH/flora- sexual activity: urethral inflammation- pregnancy: spontaneous clearing decreased, 60% asymptomatic
62
Q

*UTI etiology (general)

A
  • instrumentation- *CAUTI (most common!) - UTIs 40% of HAI- 80% due to indwelling vs straight catheter
63
Q

*UTI pathophysiology

A

GRAM NEG #1 CAUSE- E coli 85-90%- Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas- originate in GI tract- vesicoureteral reflux- urinary stasis (incomplete or infrequent voiding; alkaline urine facilitates bacterial growth)- impaired host resistance + break in mucus membrane of urinary tract- erosions caused by indwelling catheter

64
Q

pediatric UTI

A

most are uncomplicated and respond to outpatient abx treatment

65
Q

*pediatric UTI requiring hospitalization

A
  • patient toxic/septic- signs of urinary tract obstruction or significant underlying disease- patient unable to tolerate PO fluids/meds- < 2yo with febrile UTI- all < 3 months
66
Q

*urethritis etiology (adult)

A
  • infection: STI!- inflammation: instrumentation, trauma, postmenopausal tissue changes
67
Q

urethritis risk factors (adult)

A

male 20-35female (reproductive years)- multiple sexual partners- high risk sexual behavior- history of STI

68
Q
  • urethritis adult s/s (male)
A
  • dysuria- discharge- frequency- urgency
69
Q
  • urethritis adult s/s (female)
A
  • dysuria- discharge- frequency- urgency
70
Q
  • urethral strictures
A

scar tissue causing narrowing of the urethra and resulting in decreased force of urination or urinary retention* etiology: complications of STI (especially gonorrhea)

71
Q

urethral strictures s/s

A
  • obstruction of urine- UTI s/t urinary stasis- overflow incontinence- bladder distensionmale client with STI hx and any of the s/s, encourage to see urologist
72
Q

cystitis

A

infection, inflammation, or irritation of the urinary bladder

73
Q

cystitis etiology

A

infectious: UTI, CATUInon infectious: irritation, inflammation

74
Q
  • cystitis s/s
A
  • frequency- urgency- dysuria- fever, chills, cloudy/foul urine, hematuria, hesitancy, low back pain, nocturia, suprapubic tenderness, feeling of incomplete emptying
75
Q
  • cystitis UA & culture results
A

positive leukocyte esterase and nitrateresults take approximately 48 hours- bacteriuria, hematuria, pyuria, positive urine culture and sensitivity (growth of single pathogen, technique of gathering - sterile or clean catch?)

76
Q

cystitis treatment

A
  • abx (cover most pathogens or tailor for culture results)- lower urinary tract analgesics (relief of symptoms only)– pyridium: turns urine orange– uroblue: turns urine blue- urinary bladder antispasmodics- prophylactic abx for clients with freq re-infection– treat for 6-12 months, periodic UA and C&S
77
Q

*cystitis nursing care

A

*early detection of cystitis to prevent ascending infection- adequate treatment (based on C&S)- follow up: culture urine 2 weeks after abx therapy ends (chronic? continued therapy)- client education- relief of symptoms- prevent recurrent infections, CAUTI

78
Q

*cystitis client education

A
  • *increase fluid intake to increase urine volume- urinate with regular frequency: void at first urge- complete emptying- perineal hygiene- void after intercourse- avoid bubble baths (irritant)- cranberry juice (urinary pH)
79
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection, inflammation, or irritation of the kidneys

80
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infectious: ascending originating in urethra or bladder; UTA or CAUTInoninfectious: irritation, inflammation

81
Q

*acute pyelonephritis

A

ACTIVE INFECTION- ascending infection- *E Coli most common

82
Q

chronic pyelonephritis

A

may be associated with structural abnormality of urinary tract such as vesicoureteral reflux

83
Q

*pyelonephritis s/s

A
  • *fever, chills, tachycardia, tachypnea- * CVA/flank tenderness/pain- lower UTI symptoms- malaise, fatigue, n/v, abdominal pain- increased serum WBCs- UA and culture (WBC, bacteria, casts)
84
Q

urosepsis

A

systemic infection originating in the urinary tract

85
Q

urinary incontinence

A

leakage of urine related to bladder or sphincter dysfunction

86
Q
  • stress incontinence
A

leakage of urine related to weakness of urinary sphincter and pelvic floor musculature

87
Q
  • urge incontinence
A

involuntary spasm

88
Q

overflow/reflex incontinence

A

mechanical obstruction

89
Q

functional incontinence

A

CNS disorders leading to neurogenic bladder (damage to nerves innervating the urinary bladder)

90
Q

bladder scan

A

non-invasive method to measure post-voice residual

91
Q

urolithiasis

A

stones in urinary tract

92
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stone

93
Q

ureterolithiasis

A

stone in ureter

94
Q

cystolithiasis

A

stone in bladder

95
Q

urolithiasis assessment

A
  • CVA flank pain radiating to groin- gold standard imaging study: non-contrasted CT scan (abdomen and pelvis)
96
Q

urinary obstruction

A

primary etiology: stones early treatment of causes is critical

97
Q

*urinary obstruction leads to

A

hydronephrosishydroureter

98
Q

*hydronephrosis

A

enlarged kidney as urine collects in renal pelvis, caused by obstruction in upper part of ureter

99
Q

*hydroureter

A

enlarged ureter above level of obstruction, caused by obstruction in lower part of ureter

100
Q

urinary obstruction nursing care

A
  • pain management- constipation
101
Q

prostratitis

A

infection or inflammation of prostrate (acute or chronic)

102
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

benign growth of prostrate with or without obstruction

103
Q

prostratitis risk factors

A

maleunprotected sexual activityhistory of prostratitispelvic traumacompromised immunityrecent prostrate biopsy

104
Q

prostratitis s/s

A

acute: onset often accompanied by flu-like symptoms- dysuria- frequency- urgency- pain (lower back, groin, perineum, upper thighs)

105
Q

BPH risk factors

A

males 41 - 75family historychanges in urination (pattern)

106
Q

BPH assessment

A

H&P, UA & culture, post-void residualPSA blood test: measures prostate specific antigen (non-specific)

107
Q

BPH management

A
  • promote regular urination- prevent urinary obstruction- prevent infection
108
Q

*BPH surgical management

A

*transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - most common- endoscopic procedure (no incision, through the urethra)- removes prostate tissue from around the prostatic urethraholmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)- modern alternative to TURP- particularly indicated for men with >60cc^2 prostate (large!)

109
Q

urothelial cancers

A

arising from lining of urinary tract and defined by location- renal pelvis- ureter- bladder- urethra/prostatic urethra

110
Q

urologic cancer

A

affects structures outside urinary tract but related to GU system- testicular, prostate

Undeleted (79 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions