3 Hematological Responses Flashcards

Question

*anemia in toddlers/young

Answer 1

90% due to iron deficiency (nutritional intake)

Answer 2

typically low nutrition | period of rapid growth

Answer 3

due to decreased blood volume

Answer 4

GI bleeding most common reason | any adult with iron deficiency anemia should be evaluated for abnormal bleeding

Answer 5

chronic disease GI bleeding nutritional

Answer 6

most common anemia worldwide - blood loss (GI, menstrual) - dietary insufficiency - poor GI absorption/malabsorption, post-gastrectomy

Answer 7

increase dietary intake of iron | supplement: ferrous sulfate

Answer 8

for iron deficiency anemia | can cause nausea, constipation (dark, tarry stool)

Answer 9

- lack of iron, B12, folic acid (prevents DNA synthesis, so RBC production goes down) - dysfunctional bone marrow -> aplastic anemia (decrease in circulating RBC) / acquired from exposure to toxins - low levels of erythropoetin, thyroid hormone

Answer 10

condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough new blood cells; leads to pancytopenia

Answer 11

condition with reduction in number of all blood cells - requires bone marrow to diagnose - 50% idiopathic - 50% radiation, chemo, infection, toxin, drug reaction

Answer 12

hemolytic anemia

Answer 13

decreased production increased destruction blood loss genetic disorders

Answer 14

classified according to how hemolysis occurs | acquired vs inherited

Answer 15

autoimmune, malaria, lead poisoning

Answer 16

- defects of RBC membrane production: hereditary spherocytosis (RBC are sphere shaped) - defects in hgb production: sickle cell disease, thalassemia - defective RBC metabolism: G6PD deficiency (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)

Answer 17

RBC = sphere shaped

Answer 18

RBC typically pliable (aged = fragile) - genetic disorder: fragile, easily broken, sickle resulting in chronic anemia (pain, disability, organ damage, increased risk for infection, early death) - autosomal recessive - African American 1:5000 disease, 1:12-15 trait - early diagnosis critical: optimum treatment - newborn screening mandatory in US

Answer 19

abnormal hgb chains with HGB S instead of HGB A - RBC w/ hgb S lives ~12-15 days - hgb S sensitive to changes in O2 leading to sickling, rigidity, clumping - vasoocclusive event (VOE) - sickle cell crisis

Answer 20

hgb s makes cells fragile, sticky, can block blood flow | - characteristic of sickle cell disease

Answer 21

extensive sickling

Answer 22

often asymptomatic, maybe mild symptoms

Answer 23

- hypoxia - dehydration - infection - venous stasis - pregnancy - alcohol consumption - low/high environmental of body temp - strenuous exercise - emotional stress - acidosis - anesthesia - high altitude

Answer 24

low hematocrit (shorter RBC life) reticulolyte count increase WBC high due to chronic inflammation (hypoxia, ischemia)

Answer 25

PAIN - most common problem due to obstructed blood flow from hypoxia (mild to severe, requiring hospitalization) - acute pain episode: sudden onset. chest, back, abdomen, extremities - chronic pain: common, can require high doses of opioids (addiction rare with SCD)

Answer 26

EARLY TREATMENT - oxygen (even if oxygen is normal) - pain: likely IV opioids - hydration: IV - rest: decrease stress, promote venous return - treat infection - close monitoring - possible blood transfusion

Answer 27

- risk for infection higher due to spleen damage during anoxic events (contact provider at first sign!) - genetic counseling - hydration, avoid EtOH, tobacco, temp extremes, strenuous physical activity, high altitudes

Answer 28

genetic defect in hgb synthesis (Asians, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, African) - asymptomatic to incompatible with life

Answer 29

blood smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia with misshapen RBC

Answer 30

only for severe: frequent blood transfusion, possible bone marrow transplant

Answer 31

hereditary spherocytosis: N European ancestry (autosomal dominant) - mild to severe - treatment: severe = frequent transfusions

Answer 32

- inherited (autoimmune disorder) - acquired (viral) - temporarily induced by drugs

Answer 33

- lab test for coagulation: measures ability to clot and time taken - platelet count - prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 34

platelet # below that which is needed for clotting

Answer 35

elevated platelet count | - risk for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism

Answer 36

autoimmune disorder with high platelet destruction by spleen - pre-existing immune disorder such as lupus - can be triggered by viral infection - seen most often in 2-5yo, women 20-40 - prognosis: excellent with 75% spontaneous recovery within 3 months

Answer 37

mucosal bleeding large bruising (ecchymosis) petechial rash

Answer 38

protection from trauma, maintain safe environment | platelet transfusion if < 20k

Answer 39

genetic or acquired from liver damage

Answer 40

hereditary clotting factor disorder - 80% have deficiency in factor VIII - recessive X linked (women are carriers, sons affected)

Answer 41

abnormal bleeding in response to trauma | - excessive, bruise easily, joint pain/edema

Answer 42

replacement of missing factor (EXPENSIVE) prevention with safe environment coordinated care: physical + psychosocial support

Answer 43

cancer (WBC disorder) | uncontrolled production of immature WBC

Answer 44

(WBC disorders)

Answer 45

abnormally few neutrophils in blood leading to increased susceptibility to infection

Answer 46

4.2 - 6.1 million/ul

Answer 47

female: 12 - 16 g/dl male: 14 - 18 g/dl

Answer 48

female: 37 - 47% male: 42 - 52%

Answer 49

5000 - 10000 /mm^3

Answer 50

150k - 400k /mm^3

Answer 51

80 - 95 fL

Answer 52

microcytic

Answer 53

macrocytic

Answer 54

27 - 31 | not as important in real world practice

Answer 55

32 - 36 g/dl it's all about the color!

Answer 56

hypochromic

Answer 57

hyperchromic

Answer 58

0.5% - 2.0% bone marrow functioning

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3 Hematological Responses Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM