Caring For Children and Adolescents Flashcards
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
0 - 2 — sensorimotor
2 - 7 — pre-operational
7 - 11 – concrete operational
11 - 15 - formal operational
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
0 - 1 --- trust vs mistrust 1 - 3 --- autonomy vs shame/doubt 3 - 6 -- initiative vs guilt 6 - 12 - industry vs inferiority 12 - 18- identity vs role confusion
biggest stress until 3 years old
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separation anxiety
play in infancy
solitary, sensorimotor, interaction with others
care of sick infant
encourage attachment!
appropriate stimulation.
meet needs immediately (trust vs mistrust stage!)
age of walking
around 12 months
major cognitive achievement of toddlers
language skills
NO EMPATHY YET (not able to see world from others’ perspectives)
play in toddlerhood
parallel play, imitative
care of the sick toddler
encourage autonomy (offer choices) transitional objects important (lovey, familiar toys) for anxiety stress leads to regression (loss of autonomy)
psychosocial development in toddlers - what leads to x vs y?
positive outcome - autonomy/will power
negative outcome - shame/doubt
major 2 - 3 yo conflict with parents is due to…
potty training!
cognitive development of preschoolers
centration, transduction - “a nurse hurt me, all nurses will hurt me”
psychosocial development of preschoolers
positive outcome - purpose
negative outcome - guilt
play of the preschooler
associative, imagination is real, imitative
working through unresolved fear
care of the sick preschooler
encourage independence
boundaries are important
actively involve child (counters loss of control)
concrete explanation with anticipator values =preschoolers respond well to this
school age development
AGE OF THE LOOSE TOOTH!
6 - 11
cognitive development in school aged children
- decrease in egocentrism (key to moral development)
- can consider things without experiencing them (concrete operational)
- AGE OF REASON (introduce other perspectives without shaming)
major developmental achievements of school aged children
- mobility
2. reading
psychosocial development in school aged children
goal: personal/interpersonal competence
positive outcome = competence
negative outcome = inferiority (can avoid if someone is there for them to negotiate with)
social development in school aged children
hero worship peer approval body image groups/clubs awareness of social norms
play in school aged children
cooperative
teams/rules (suppress individual for team thinking)
increase in physical/intellectual ability
care of sick school aged children
simple causal, concrete explanations
desire sense of accomplishment
fear separation from peers (can become sullen/angry)
fear of unknown
threat to independence (negotiate to give sense of control)
adolescence major achievements
12 - 18 yo!
physical/sexual maturity
educational/occupational decisions
3 stages of adolescence
11 - 14 early (puberty changes)
15 - 17 middle (dominate peer orientation)
18 - 20 late (transition to adulthood - to 25 ok too)
ADOLESCENTS VARIETY HUGE! Different ages, different stages, depends on the teen.
