Caring For Children and Adolescents

Question 1

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 1

0 - 2 — sensorimotor
2 - 7 — pre-operational
7 - 11 – concrete operational
11 - 15 - formal operational

Question 2

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 2

0 - 1 --- trust vs mistrust
1 - 3 --- autonomy vs shame/doubt
3 - 6 -- initiative vs guilt
6 - 12 - industry vs inferiority
12 - 18- identity vs role confusion

Question 3

biggest stress until 3 years old

***

Answer 3

separation anxiety

Question 4

play in infancy

Answer 4

solitary, sensorimotor, interaction with others

Question 5

care of sick infant

Answer 5

encourage attachment!
appropriate stimulation.
meet needs immediately (trust vs mistrust stage!)

Question 6

age of walking

Answer 6

around 12 months

Question 7

major cognitive achievement of toddlers

Answer 7

language skills

NO EMPATHY YET (not able to see world from others’ perspectives)

Question 8

play in toddlerhood

Answer 8

parallel play, imitative

Question 9

care of the sick toddler

Answer 9

encourage autonomy (offer choices)
transitional objects important (lovey, familiar toys) for anxiety
stress leads to regression (loss of autonomy)

Question 10

psychosocial development in toddlers - what leads to x vs y?

Answer 10

positive outcome - autonomy/will power

negative outcome - shame/doubt

Question 11

major 2 - 3 yo conflict with parents is due to…

Answer 11

potty training!

Question 12

cognitive development of preschoolers

Answer 12

centration, transduction - “a nurse hurt me, all nurses will hurt me”

Question 13

psychosocial development of preschoolers

Answer 13

positive outcome - purpose

negative outcome - guilt

Question 14

play of the preschooler

Answer 14

associative, imagination is real, imitative

working through unresolved fear

Question 15

care of the sick preschooler

Answer 15

encourage independence
boundaries are important
actively involve child (counters loss of control)
concrete explanation with anticipator values =preschoolers respond well to this

Question 16

school age development

Answer 16

AGE OF THE LOOSE TOOTH!

6 - 11

Question 17

cognitive development in school aged children

Answer 17

• decrease in egocentrism (key to moral development)
• can consider things without experiencing them (concrete operational)
• AGE OF REASON (introduce other perspectives without shaming)

Question 18

major developmental achievements of school aged children

Answer 18

1. mobility

2. reading

Question 19

psychosocial development in school aged children

Answer 19

goal: personal/interpersonal competence
positive outcome = competence
negative outcome = inferiority (can avoid if someone is there for them to negotiate with)

Question 20

social development in school aged children

Answer 20

hero worship
peer approval
body image
groups/clubs
awareness of social norms

Question 21

play in school aged children

Answer 21

cooperative
teams/rules (suppress individual for team thinking)
increase in physical/intellectual ability

Question 22

care of sick school aged children

Answer 22

simple causal, concrete explanations
desire sense of accomplishment
fear separation from peers (can become sullen/angry)
fear of unknown
threat to independence (negotiate to give sense of control)

Question 23

adolescence major achievements

Answer 23

12 - 18 yo!
physical/sexual maturity
educational/occupational decisions

Question 24

3 stages of adolescence

Answer 24

11 - 14 early (puberty changes)
15 - 17 middle (dominate peer orientation)
18 - 20 late (transition to adulthood - to 25 ok too)

ADOLESCENTS VARIETY HUGE! Different ages, different stages, depends on the teen.

Question 25

cognitive development in adolescence

Answer 25

formal operational! (ponder abstracts)
egocentrism typical
personal fable - imaginary audience

Question 26

psychosocial development of adolescence

Answer 26

positive outcome: stable picture of self

negative outcome: confusion

Question 27

play in adolescence

Answer 27

group sports, video games, music

Question 28

care of the sick adolescent

Answer 28

fear of appearance alteration!

let them be actively involved - participation in decisions