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Undeleted > 2 Endocrine: Non-glucose > Flashcards

2 Endocrine: Non-glucose Flashcards

1
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone

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2
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • growth hormone
  • acth
  • tsh
  • fsh
  • lh
  • prolactin
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3
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • pineal
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • thymus
  • adrenal
  • pancreas
  • ovaries / testes
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4
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

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5
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

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6
Q

normal range: thyroid stimulating hormone

A

0.4 - 4.0 mIU/L

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7
Q

normal range: T3

A

100 -200 ng/dL

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8
Q

normal range: total T4

A

4.5 - 11.2 mcg/dL

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9
Q

normal range: free T4

A

0.7 - 1.5 ng/dL

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10
Q

myxedema

A
  • severe thyroid deficiency
  • exaggerated presentation of hypothyroidism
  • coma –> death
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11
Q

cretinism

A
  • hypothyroidism in infants
  • stunted growth
  • dwarfism
  • puffy face
  • potbelly
  • macroglossia
  • mental deficiency
  • hearing impairment
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12
Q

macroglossia

A

unusually large tongue

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13
Q

thyrotoxicosis symptoms

A
  • tachycardia
  • angina
  • tremors
  • insomnia
  • hyperthermia
  • diaphoresis
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14
Q

primary/secondary hypothyroidism treatment

A

lifelong therapy, thyroid regaining normal function is rare

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15
Q

cretinism treatment

A

PEDS PATIENTS!!

typically treat for 3 years, then delay therapy for 3-4 weeks to see if symptoms return. treat child based on symptoms.

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16
Q

hypothyroidism looks like…

A
  • cretinism
  • myxedema
  • primary, secondary
  • resulting from hyperthyroidism tx
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17
Q

hyperthyroidism looks like…

A
  • grave’s disease
  • plummer’s disease (toxic nodular goiter)
    • thyroid carcinoma
  • thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
  • overtreatment of hypothyroidism
  • pituitary adenoma
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18
Q

grave’s disease

A
  • excess T4 and T3

- exopthalmos

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19
Q

exopthalmos

A

bulging eye(s)

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20
Q

toxic nodular goiter

A

aka plummer’s disease

  • caused by thyroid adenoma
  • NO exopthalmos
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21
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A
  • severe thyrotoxicosis

- excessive levels of thyroid hormones

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22
Q

adenoma

A
  • benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, characteristics, or both
  • over time may transform to become malignant (adenocarcinoma)
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23
Q

hyperthyroidism caused by

A
  • overtreatment of hypothyroidism (rapid titration, “overshooting” starting dose)
  • pituitary adenoma (benign OR neoplastic)
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24
Q

hyperthyroidism treatments (x3)

A
  • treat the cause!
  • tapazole (methimazole)
  • PTU (propylthiouracil)
  • Iodine-131
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25
Q

growth hormone

A
  • growth
  • protein synthesis
  • carbohydrate metabolism
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26
Q

growth hormone deficiency (peds) treatment

A
  • proportionate short stature

- replace with synthetic GH supplement

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27
Q

growth hormone deficiency (adults) treatment

A
  • reduced muscle mass/exercise capacity

- replacement with synthetic GH

28
Q

growth hormone replacements

A
  • Humatrope (somatropin)
  • Increlex (mecasermin)
  • Somavert (pegvisomant)
29
Q

growth hormone excess (peds)

A
  • gigantism

- surgical removal of the pituitary

30
Q

growth hormone excess (adults)

A
  • acromegaly

- surgery, radiation, pharmacologic therapy

31
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone

  • promotes conservation of H20 in nephron collecting ducts
  • vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasopressin)

ARTERIES not veins

32
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

33
Q

addison’s disease

A

adrenal hormone hyposecretion

rare, chronic

symptoms develop insidiously and may take time to be recognised

34
Q

cushing’s syndrome is/causes

A

hypersecretion of ACTH
adrenal adenoma/carcinoma
high dose administration of glucocorticoids

35
Q

adrenal hormone excess treatment

A

treat the cuase!

  • surgical resection
  • bilateral adrenalectomy with replacement therapy
  • aldosterone antagonism (spironolactone)
36
Q

spironolactone

A

aldosterone antagonist

37
Q

sex hormones are produced by…

A
  • ovaries

- adrenal cortices

38
Q

estrogen is for

A

tissue development related to reproduction and female sexual characteristics

39
Q

progesterone is for

A

contributes to uterine preparation for ovum implantation

40
Q

androgen is for

A
  • expression of male sex characteristics
  • libido maintenance
  • skeletal muscle growth
41
Q

erectile dysfunction causes

A

psychogenic, physiologic, medication induced

42
Q

nitrates

A

vasodilator, mostly used for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris

PDE-5 inhibitor/nitrate interaction !!

43
Q

hormones from adrenal glands & gonads…

A

STEROIDS!

44
Q

steroids are produced by…

A

adrenal glands and gonads

45
Q

HP & POA

A

hormones, pituitary & posterior: oxytocin ADH

46
Q

azkaban loves voldemort

A

ADH = vasopressin

47
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

master gland! stimulates x6

48
Q

anterior pituitary regulation

A

negative feedback system; increased hormone at target organ = decrease of release from anterior pituitary gland

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes releasing and inhibiting factors (APG’s hype girl)

creates hormones to be stored by PPG (merch girl)

50
Q

glucocorticoid hormone

A

cortisol

51
Q

mineralocorticoid hormone

A

aldosterone

52
Q

ADH regulation

A

increased osmolality

53
Q

effect of T3, T4 (thyroid hormones)

A
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased oxygen consumption
  • increased carb use
  • increased protein synthesis
  • lipolysis
    also heat regulation and menstrual cycle
54
Q

pancreas creates what and where?

A

alpha cells = glucogen

beta = insulin

55
Q

parathyroid hormone regulates

A

increases calcium in blood

calcitonin = opposite effect

56
Q

adrenal glands produce…

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, small amounts of androgens, estrogen, and progestin

57
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormones

58
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner section of adrenal glands

59
Q

adrenal medulla secretes…

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine

linked with sympathetic nervous system

60
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer section of adrenal glands

61
Q

adrenal cortex secretes…

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, some androgens

62
Q

glucocorticoid effects

A

electrolyte balance, anti-inflammatory, metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats, some effect on mineralocorticoids

63
Q

hypothalamus secretes…

A

GH-IH, GH-RH, TRH, CRF

64
Q

hypothyroidism primary cause

A

thyroid gland disorder

65
Q

hypothyroidism secondary cause

A

decrease in TSH secretion

66
Q

corticosteroids

A

glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgens

67
Q

aldosterone regulation

A

RAAS system

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