2 Endocrine: Non-glucose Flashcards
1
Q
posterior pituitary hormones
A
- oxytocin
- antidiuretic hormone
2
Q
anterior pituitary hormones
A
- growth hormone
- acth
- tsh
- fsh
- lh
- prolactin
3
Q
endocrine glands
A
- pineal
- hypothalamus
- pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- pancreas
- ovaries / testes
4
Q
T4
A
thyroxine
5
Q
T3
A
triiodothyronine
6
Q
normal range: thyroid stimulating hormone
A
0.4 - 4.0 mIU/L
7
Q
normal range: T3
A
100 -200 ng/dL
8
Q
normal range: total T4
A
4.5 - 11.2 mcg/dL
9
Q
normal range: free T4
A
0.7 - 1.5 ng/dL
10
Q
myxedema
A
- severe thyroid deficiency
- exaggerated presentation of hypothyroidism
- coma –> death
11
Q
cretinism
A
- hypothyroidism in infants
- stunted growth
- dwarfism
- puffy face
- potbelly
- macroglossia
- mental deficiency
- hearing impairment
12
Q
macroglossia
A
unusually large tongue
13
Q
thyrotoxicosis symptoms
A
- tachycardia
- angina
- tremors
- insomnia
- hyperthermia
- diaphoresis
14
Q
primary/secondary hypothyroidism treatment
A
lifelong therapy, thyroid regaining normal function is rare
15
Q
cretinism treatment
A
PEDS PATIENTS!!
typically treat for 3 years, then delay therapy for 3-4 weeks to see if symptoms return. treat child based on symptoms.
16
Q
hypothyroidism looks like…
A
- cretinism
- myxedema
- primary, secondary
- resulting from hyperthyroidism tx
17
Q
hyperthyroidism looks like…
A
- grave’s disease
- plummer’s disease (toxic nodular goiter)
- thyroid carcinoma
- thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
- overtreatment of hypothyroidism
- pituitary adenoma
18
Q
grave’s disease
A
- excess T4 and T3
- exopthalmos
19
Q
exopthalmos
A
bulging eye(s)
20
Q
toxic nodular goiter
A
aka plummer’s disease
- caused by thyroid adenoma
- NO exopthalmos
21
Q
thyrotoxic crisis
A
- severe thyrotoxicosis
- excessive levels of thyroid hormones
22
Q
adenoma
A
- benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, characteristics, or both
- over time may transform to become malignant (adenocarcinoma)
23
Q
hyperthyroidism caused by
A
- overtreatment of hypothyroidism (rapid titration, “overshooting” starting dose)
- pituitary adenoma (benign OR neoplastic)
24
Q
hyperthyroidism treatments (x3)
A
- treat the cause!
- tapazole (methimazole)
- PTU (propylthiouracil)
- Iodine-131
25
growth hormone
- growth
- protein synthesis
- carbohydrate metabolism
26
growth hormone deficiency (peds) treatment
- proportionate short stature
| - replace with synthetic GH supplement
27
growth hormone deficiency (adults) treatment
- reduced muscle mass/exercise capacity
| - replacement with synthetic GH
28
growth hormone replacements
- Humatrope (somatropin)
- Increlex (mecasermin)
- Somavert (pegvisomant)
29
growth hormone excess (peds)
- gigantism
| - surgical removal of the pituitary
30
growth hormone excess (adults)
- acromegaly
| - surgery, radiation, pharmacologic therapy
31
ADH
anti-diuretic hormone
- promotes conservation of H20 in nephron collecting ducts
- vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasopressin)
ARTERIES not veins
32
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
33
addison's disease
adrenal hormone hyposecretion
rare, chronic
symptoms develop insidiously and may take time to be recognised
34
cushing's syndrome is/causes
hypersecretion of ACTH
adrenal adenoma/carcinoma
high dose administration of glucocorticoids
35
adrenal hormone excess treatment
treat the cuase!
- surgical resection
- bilateral adrenalectomy with replacement therapy
- aldosterone antagonism (spironolactone)
36
spironolactone
aldosterone antagonist
37
sex hormones are produced by...
- ovaries
| - adrenal cortices
38
estrogen is for
tissue development related to reproduction and female sexual characteristics
39
progesterone is for
contributes to uterine preparation for ovum implantation
40
androgen is for
- expression of male sex characteristics
- libido maintenance
- skeletal muscle growth
41
erectile dysfunction causes
psychogenic, physiologic, medication induced
42
nitrates
vasodilator, mostly used for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris
PDE-5 inhibitor/nitrate interaction !!
43
hormones from adrenal glands & gonads...
STEROIDS!
44
steroids are produced by...
adrenal glands and gonads
45
HP & POA
hormones, pituitary & posterior: oxytocin ADH
46
azkaban loves voldemort
ADH = vasopressin
47
anterior pituitary gland
master gland! stimulates x6
48
anterior pituitary regulation
negative feedback system; increased hormone at target organ = decrease of release from anterior pituitary gland
49
hypothalamus
secretes releasing and inhibiting factors (APG's hype girl)
| creates hormones to be stored by PPG (merch girl)
50
glucocorticoid hormone
cortisol
51
mineralocorticoid hormone
aldosterone
52
ADH regulation
increased osmolality
53
effect of T3, T4 (thyroid hormones)
- increased cardiac output
- increased oxygen consumption
- increased carb use
- increased protein synthesis
- lipolysis
also heat regulation and menstrual cycle
54
pancreas creates what and where?
alpha cells = glucogen
| beta = insulin
55
parathyroid hormone regulates
increases calcium in blood
| calcitonin = opposite effect
56
adrenal glands produce...
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, small amounts of androgens, estrogen, and progestin
57
androgen
male sex hormones
58
adrenal medulla
inner section of adrenal glands
59
adrenal medulla secretes...
norepinephrine, epinephrine
| linked with sympathetic nervous system
60
adrenal cortex
outer section of adrenal glands
61
adrenal cortex secretes...
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, some androgens
62
glucocorticoid effects
electrolyte balance, anti-inflammatory, metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats, some effect on mineralocorticoids
63
hypothalamus secretes...
GH-IH, GH-RH, TRH, CRF
64
hypothyroidism primary cause
thyroid gland disorder
65
hypothyroidism secondary cause
decrease in TSH secretion
66
corticosteroids
glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgens
67
aldosterone regulation
RAAS system
