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AAO > Funda > Flashcards

Funda Flashcards

1
Q

در ساخت کدام دیواره های اربیت lesser wing نقش دارد؟

A

سقف و مدیال

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2
Q

عصب اینفرااربیتال شاخه ی زایگوماتیک است که آن هم شاخه ی ماگزیلاری یا v2است

A

حس پلک تحتانی،گونه،لب فوقانی،دندانها و لثه فوقانی،سقف دهان و کام نرم،سینوس ماگزیلاری

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3
Q

سوراخ ها از جلو به عقب؟

A

SOF,ROS(sof for V1,rotundum for V2,ovale for V3,spinosum for MMA)

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4
Q

شریان اینفرا اربیتال شاخه ی شریان ماگزیلاری از external carotidاست و به IRو IOخون میدهد

A

خونگیری IOو IRمنشا دوگانه دارد و از شاخه موسکولار تحتانی افتالمیک و شاخه ی اینفرااربیتال ماگزیلاری تامین میشود.

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5
Q

بال کوچک اسفنوئید؟

A

دیواره ی مریال،سقف اربیت،کانال اپتیک،منشا عضله ی لواتور

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6
Q

Best surgical approach for optic nerve?

A

Supranasal

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7
Q

Where is the attachment of IO?

A

Inf lat to the macula

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8
Q

طویل ترین تاندون عضله؟

A

SO

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9
Q

کوتاهترین تاندون عضله؟

A

MR

IO has no tendon

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10
Q

طویلترین طول عضله؟

A

SR

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11
Q

کوتاهترین طول عضله؟

A

IO

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12
Q

The most common sinus that cause orbital cellulitis?

A

Ethmoid

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13
Q

Which nerve may be involved in blow out fracture?

A

Infraorbital

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14
Q

عصب اینفرااربیتال از ماگزیلاری

عصب اینفراتروکلئار از نازوسیلیاری

A

عصب سوپرااربیتال و سوپراتروکلئار از فرونتال

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15
Q

عصب short ciliary از nasociliary میاد و حاوی ریشه حسی و پاراسمپاتیک است

A

عصب long ciliary از nasiciliary میاد و حاوی ریشه سمپاتیک است

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16
Q

ضخیم ترین محل تنون؟

A

اکواتور

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17
Q

MQ has MHC2 because it is an APC
MHC2 cause Th activation
MHC1 cause Tcytotoxic activation

A

ماکروفاژ از یک طرف MHC2پرزنت میکند(زمانی که فعال شود) و از یک طرف به واسطه ترشح IL12 باعث تمایز به سمت Th1 می شود

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18
Q

The long ciliary nerve: sensory fibres to the cornea, iris and ciliary body and sympathetic fibres to (is a branch of the nasociliary nerve)

A

The short ciliary nerve arises from the ciliary ganglion and carries sensory (from the nasociliary), sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres

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19
Q

Muscles for mastication from arch1

Trigeminal nerve

A

Muscles for facial expression from arch 2

Facial nerve

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20
Q

Coats?

A

Abnl endothelium in arterioles and venules

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21
Q

همه چیز در پلاسما بیشتر یا مساوی اکوس است به جز؟

A

عسلکی اکوس بیشتره( آسکوربات،لاکتات،کلر،اینوزیتول)

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22
Q

Contact dermatitis?

A

Type4 hypersensitivity

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23
Q

کواگولاز چه نقشی در ویرولانس باکتری ها دارد؟

A

باعث رسوب protective fibrin coatروی باکتری می شود

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24
Q

کلاژناز چه نقشی در ویرولانس باکتری دارد؟

A

با تخریب بافت همبند به پخش شدن باکتری کمک می کند

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25
Q

به طور کلی خونرسانی عصب اپتیک و مسیر بینایی؟

A 
Intraocular:SPcilA
Intraorbital:pial ,OA
Intracanalicular: OA
Intracranial:OA,ICA(ACA)
Chiasma:ACA,ant communicating
Tract ,LGB:ant choroid :O
Optic radiation ,meyers loop:MCA
Occipital tip,calcarian fissure:PCA
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26
Q

حلقه ی زین هالر از SPcilA ایجاد میشود و به پره لامینار و لامینار خون میدهد

A

در خونرسانی لامینار CRAنقشی ندارد.

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27
Q

Impaired accomodation by?

A

آهسته،فنوتیازین،توپیرامات،آلپرازولام،imipramine,flecainade

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28
Q

میبومین هولوکرین

A

مول آپوکرین

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29
Q

Middle temporal
Pursuit
MCA

A

Frontal
Saccade
MCA

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30
Q

کدام قسنتهای عصب اپتیک از recurrent choroidalخون میگیرند؟

A

Prelaminar and retrolaminar

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31
Q

Outer capillary plexus of the retina?

A

INL

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32
Q

Regression coefficient?

A

Estimation of the strength of an association

Zero:no relation and therefore null hypothesis

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33
Q

Goblet cells in tarsal conj:henle crypts

ته

A

Goblet cells in bulbar conj: manz glands

بم

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34
Q

سه درب بهشت به ایوان راه دارد

HlA A1,B8,DR3: autoimmune dis.

A

DR1,4: RA

DR4:IDDM

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35
Q

ترنر باعث افزایش ریسک کانسر نمی شود

A

13q deletion:Rb

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36
Q

Laminin:

Integral to the structure of BM

A

Fibrillin:

Major component of lens capsule and zonules

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37
Q

RCT Cohort study

A

Intention to treat analysis(ITT)
Patients who drop out(due to side effects and ….) should still be included in statistical analysis at the end of the trial

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38
Q

Arterial branches of CRA

A

No internal elastic lamina

Not fenestrated to fluorescein

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39
Q

Optic tract 3.5 mm high and 5 mm long

Most of the fibers which are still the axons of RGC terminate in the LGN,which fibers leave before reaching the LGN?

A

1) The afferent fibers of the pupillomotor reflex leave the optic tract before reaching the LGN( go to pretectal nucleus in midbrain)
2) other fibers project to areas in the hypothalamus
3) others terminate in the sup colliculus

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40
Q

Optic tract wind round the cerebral peduncles and divide into a large lateral root and a smaller medial root

A

Large root terminates in LGB and is concerned with conscious visual sensation
The medial root is connected both to the pretectal area and sup colliculus

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41
Q

Fibronectin:
Bind to surface pro called integrins
Cell growth,differentiatiin,migratiin
Wound healing

A

Fibrillin:

Major pro of the lens capsule

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42
Q

Main GAG of the corneal stroma are keratan sulphate and dermatan sulphate

A

Corneal stroma: NO hyaluronate

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43
Q

Most mediators of acute inflammation are derived from cells except???

A

Complement,kinin,clotting factors,fibrinogen

Derived from plasma

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44
Q

Sensory receptors?

A

A)Free nerve endings:pain(nociceptors)and temperature
B)Encapsulated: 1)pacinian corpuscle(vibration and proprioception and pressure) 2)meissner corpuscle and merkel(light touch)
3)ruffini corpuscle(proprioception)
C)seperate cells(photoreceptors)

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45
Q

Largest cranial nerve:trigeminal

A

Longest cranial nerve:vagus

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46
Q

Lamina fusca: inner layer of sclera

Lamina vitrea:bruchs membrane

A

Anterior Lamina lucida in corneal BM

posterior Lamina densa in corneal BM

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47
Q

Type 1
Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE mediated

A

Urticaria
Asthma
Hay fever
Anaphylaxis

🎈allergic keratoconjunctivitis

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48
Q

Type2
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
IgM,IgG mediated
Ab atracks Ag on cell surfaces

A 
Blood transfusion reaction
Rh incompatibility(rhesus dis.)
Hemolytic anemia
Goodpaschure
RF
pernicious anemia

🎈OCP

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49
Q

Type 5
Non cytotoxic or stimulatory
IgG IgM
Against receptor instead of tissue

A

Graves

MG

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50
Q

Type3
Immune complex
IgG IgM
Circulating Ag Ab complex

A

Arthus reaction
Farmers lung
Serum sickness

🎈scleritis,SJS

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51
Q

Type 4
Delayed type hypersensitivity
Cell mediated
Ab independent

A 
Tuberculin test
Contact dermatitis
Granuloma
Hashimoto
GVHD
MS
AS
TSS
GCA
🎈فلیکتنولوز
🎈درماتیت تماسی
🎈رد پیوند قرنیه
🎈کراتوکونژونکتیویت آتوپیک
🎈درماتیت آتوپیک و VKC هم ۱ هم ۴
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52
Q

Th1:

IL2

A

Th2:

IL3456

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53
Q

Giant cell arteritis

A

Can affect the cerebral A.(OA abd CRA)

But it will not affect retinal arterioles because they dont have an elastic layer

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54
Q

The classical pathway of complement is activated by IC or by Ab bounded to Ag

A

The alternative pathway
LPS
Bacterial cell wall fragments

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55
Q

Dystrophin gene: out of frame mutation cause no dystrophin production at all
دیستروفی دوشن

A

Dystrophin:in frame mutation
C and N terminals are preserved
Milder disease
دیستروفی بکر

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56
Q

Types of RGC?

A

P(80%)small receptive feild, high spatial frequency(spatial resolution),low contrast sensitivity,color
M:movement
IP:extra large receptive feild
سلولهای IPهمانهایی هستند که به sup colliculus(حاوی اطلاعات پوپیلوموتور)و هیپوتالاموس می روند

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57
Q

Where is the maximal spatial resolution

A

Macula

بنابراین در ماکولا تجمع سلولهای پاروو بیشتره

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58
Q

در ماکولا نامOPL?

A

هنله

سلولهای بای پولار ماکولا در جهت رادیال قرار کرفته اند چون دانسیتهرسلولهای گانگلیونی در سنترال بیشتر است

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59
Q

۶۹ درصد سلولهای گانگلیونی در ۳۰ درجه مرکزی هستند

دانسیته سلولهای کانکلیونی در ماکولا ۶۰ برابر پریفری است(cebtral weighting)

A

فیبرهای ماکولا ۸۰_۹۰ درصد حجم عصب اپتیک و کیاسما را می سازند

در کورتکس تعداد سلولهای نربوط به فووه آ ۱۰۰۰ برابر پریفری است

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60
Q

اپیتلیوم قرنیه اکسیژن خود را از اشک می گیرد

A

اپیتلیوم قرنیه گلوکوز خود را از استروما می گیرد

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61
Q

0.4 mm compression error in A Scan biometry cause?

A

1D error in the calculated IOL power

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62
Q

New vessels of the retina?

A

New vessels arise from the venous side of the capillary bed

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63
Q

IgG has the longest half life

Then IgA

A

IgM is the heaviest

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64
Q

EDH??

Laceration of MMA

A

Subdural hematoma?

superior cerebral bridging veins.

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65
Q

چین پلک ۲ ماهگی،فیوژن آن ۳ ماهگی،جدا شدن آن ۵ ماهگی

A

تمایز فوتورسپتور ۳ ماهگی،سگمان داخلی ۵ ماهگی،سگمان خارجی ۷ ماهگی

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66
Q

High sentitivity
TP بالا
FN پایین

A

High specificity
TNبالا
FPپایین

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67
Q

حجم زلالیه در AC

A

۲۵۰ میکرولیتر

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68
Q

PCR is based on the principle that the two strands of DNA denature i.e. separate (and thus unfold) at high temperatures
complementary strands of DNA recombine when cooled These primers need to be specific and bind strongly, therefore the optimal length is 17 - 20 bp.

A

Heating to 95 degrees C pulls the two DNA strands apart. The temperature of the reaction is then dropped to < 50 degrees C, to allow annealing to occur
The temperature is elevated to 70 degrees C, the optima ltemperature for the DNA polymerase.

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69
Q

The sixth nerve exits the brainstem at the junction of the pons and medulla. It runs upward in the pontine cistern.

A

It pierces the dura and at the tip of the petrous temporal bone makes a sharp turn forward to enter the cavernous sinus.

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70
Q

Cyclosporin and tacrolimus both inhibit interleukin-2. They do not cause bone marrow suppression

A

they can cause hypertension, hyperlipidameia, glucose intolerance, hirsutism and gingival
hyperplasia.

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71
Q

HlA B 27?

A

MHC 1

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72
Q

How many ganglion nerve fibres are there in the human eye?

A

1.2 million

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73
Q

Munro connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

A

The aqueduct of Sylvius connects the third and fourth ventricles

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74
Q

bcl-2

A

Block apoptosis

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75
Q

open angle glaucoma

A

temporal nerve fibres are more susceptible than nasal fibres
fibres from the papillomacular bundle tend to be spared
The optic cup is enlarged more vertically than horizontally.

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76
Q

Northern blot

A

is a technique for analysing RNA

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77
Q

The most common cause of corneal ulcer in contact lens wearer is bacterial infection

A

Swimming with contact lenses is a risk factor for acanthamoeba. It can be killed by chemical means such as hydrogen peroxide or by boiling contaminated water for 10 minutes at a temperature of 70-80 degrees centigrade.

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78
Q

What is pretest probability?

A

Disease prevalance

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79
Q

Greater wing of sphenoid?

A

Lat wall of orbit

Foramen ovale

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80
Q

Type 1 error?

A

False positive
Falsely rejecting the null hypothesis
در واقع H0درسته و اختلافی بین دو گروه نیست
همان p value است

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81
Q

Type2 error?

A

False negative
Falsly retaining the null hypothesis
در واقع اختلاف هست و اشتباها H0 درست بوده

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82
Q

Dallen fuchs nodules?

A

Accumulation of MQ in RPE

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83
Q

Corneal wound defects are closed within 1_2 days

A

Full ultrastructural integrity with tbe formation of hemidesmosomes and type7 collagen anchoring fibers take many more months
(Cause recurrent corneal erosion)

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84
Q

Corneal stroma

A

200-250 layers of flattened collagenous lamellae

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85
Q

contact lenses can be used in the management of ptosis

A

Flourescein stains soft contact lenses and therefore is not used to check fit

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86
Q

CRP is an acute phase protein which is synthesised by hepatocytes as a result of the acute inflammatory process.

A

It is secreted in increased amounts within 6 hours of an acute inflammatory stimulus. CRP has a halflife of about 12 hours.
activates the classical complement pathway.
C5a is a complement intermediate which acts as a potent chemokine

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87
Q

Staphylococcus produces numerous virulence factors including ?

A

lipase, proteinase and hyaluronidase but it does not produce exotoxins

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88
Q

rod photoreceptor is 100-120 micrometers long

There are 115 million rods in the human eye

A

a cone is 60-75 micrometers

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89
Q

The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery

A

The accessory meningeal travels through the foramen ovale

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90
Q

The inferior oblique originates behind the orital margin lateral to the nasolacrimal duct.

A

The superior oblique originates superomedial to the optic canal.

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91
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma spreads by the lymphatics

A

sebaceous gland carcinoma has a poorer prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma

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92
Q

Leber’s congenital amaurosis is an autosomal recessive

A

LHON is mitochondrial

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93
Q

Hyalinization of vessel walls occurs when the walls become thickened due to deposition of collagen.

A

It occurs with ageing, diabetes and hypertension. Hyperlipidaemia predisposes to atheroma but it is not a cause of hyalinization.

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94
Q

IFN-alpha is produced primarily by mononuclear phagocytes, INF-beta is produced by fibroblasts and interferon-gamma is produced by T cells and NK cells. The interferons are anti-viral proteins produced by cells in response to viral infection.

A

Indications for alpha-IFN therapy include hairy cell leukemia (90% response rate), renal cell carcinoma, chronic active hepatitis B or C, juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (HPV induced) and Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS.
Gamma-IFN acts as an immune regulator and augments phagocytic activity; it has its own receptor. It is used clinically in patients with chronic granulomatous disease, although its precise mechanism of action is unclear. It may increase production of superoxide ion in neutrophils in these patients. IFN-beta is used in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis.

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95
Q

مردمک میوتیک هورنر به طور نرمال به نور پاسخ میدهد

A

دل تنگ مردمان را آب پرتقال (آپراکلونیدین)باز میکنه ولی کوکا نه(کوکائین)
هر که گره از کار مردمان بگشود سلامتی نورون سوم درود( هیدوکسی آمفتامین اگر مردمک را باز کند یعنی نورون سوم سالم است)

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96
Q

Sorbitol is produced from glucose by the action of:

A

aldose reductase

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97
Q

Sorbitol is produced from glucose by the action of:

A

aldose reductase

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98
Q

The maximal number of axons in the optic nerve is achieved at 14-15 weeks gestation when they number nearly 6 million.

A

The number declines steadily thereafter so that at birth there are approximately 1.3million.

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99
Q

The cornea is more hydrated (80% water) than the sclera (70% water)

A

The sclera is mostly acellular with only sparse numbers of fibroblasts

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100
Q

Which immunoglobulin classes is/are important in antigen reception at the lymphocyte cell surfaces for immune responses?

A

IgE

IgD

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101
Q

اندوتوکسین باکتری ها لیپوپلی ساکارید است نه پروتئین

A

اندوتوکسین از دیواره ی سلولی باکتری گرم منفی لیز شده یا مرده به دست می آید

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102
Q

Which cranial nerve exits the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle?

A

7

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103
Q

Which condition is characterized by cyst formation due to an unstable corneal epithelium?

A

a. Cogan’s dystrophy

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104
Q

lacrimal sac fossa is made up of?

A

Lacrimal and maxillary bone

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105
Q

Thromboxane A2 is produced by platelets. It plays an important role in platelet aggregation and its action is mediated via cAMP. It also causes vasoconstriction.

A

Prostacyclin opposes the action of Thromboxane A2 and inhibits platelet aggregation
پروستوسایکلین توسط اندوتلیوم وسکولار ساخته می شود

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106
Q

True aneurysms contain all three layers of the vessel wall. A false aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm is a haematoma that forms outside the vessel wall, and is contained by surrounding tissues, as a result of a leaking artery.

A

Berry aneurysm is found in the Circle of Willis and is caused by vessel wall deficiency. Saccular aneurysm involves only part of the circumference of the vessel wall whereas fusiform aneurysm involves the entire circumference. Dissecting aneurysm occurs in arterial media deficiency as in Marfan’s syndrome.

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107
Q

Which technique is best for detecting chromosomal gains, losses and translocations?

A

FISH

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108
Q

Typically, the first class of antibody produced against a newly encountered antigen ??

A

IgM

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109
Q

CRALBP?

A

در اپیتلیوم سیلیاری ساخته می شود ولی نقش آن در RPE و محافظت غشا از اثرات توکسیک آلدئید است

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110
Q

فراوانترین پروتئین اکوس؟

A

آلبومین و ترانسفرین

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111
Q

کدام پروتئیناز در اپیتلیوم سیلیاری ترشح می شود و هم چنین مقدار بالایی در csf بیماران آلزایمری دارد؟

A

کاتپسین D

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112
Q

به هم خوردن بالانس بین پروتئازها و مهارکننده های آنها در اکوس فرد را مستعد چه بیماری می کند؟

A

گلوکوم

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113
Q

در مراحل اولیه دیابت بدون وجود رتینوپاتی کدام ماده در اکوس زیاد می شود؟

A

IGFBP

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114
Q

در شرایط هایپوکسی در کدام سلولها بیان VEGF A افزایش می یابد؟

A

اندوتلیوم رتین
پری سیت های رتین
مولرسل و RPE

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115
Q

اکسیژن اکوس از CB و iris تانین میشود و نه قرنیه

A

دی اکسید کربن اکوس به قرنیه انتشار یافته و از اشک دفع می شود

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116
Q

کدام پروستوگلاندین ها باعث افزایش IOPمی شوند؟

A

F2a

E2

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117
Q

عصب ۳ پس از عبور از میان دو شریان SCA و PCA در فضای ساب آراکنوئید موازی با کدام شریان حرکت می کند؟

A

Post communicating artery

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118
Q

محتمل ترین محل درگیری ایزوله ی عصب ۳؟

A

فضای ساب آراکنوئید

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119
Q

فیبرهای پوپیل در کدام قسمت عصب ۳ قرار می گیرند؟

A

Dorsomedial

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120
Q

محل تقاطع فیبرهای عصب ۴؟

A

جلوی inf colliculus و زیر غده ی پینه آل درون anterior medullary vellum

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121
Q

عصب ۴؟

A

تنها عصبی که از سطح خلفی ساقه مغز خارج می شود
طولانی ترین مسیر اینترا کرانیال را دارد
کمترین فیبر عصبی را دارد(۳۴۰۰)
خارج cone عضلانی است و با تزریق رتروبولبار متاثر نمی شود

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122
Q

هسته های عصب ۵ از بالا به پایبن؟

A

مزانسفالیک(حس عمقی وproprioception از عضلات)
اصلی(لمس سطحی) هسته موتور مدیال به هسته اصلی در پونز است
نخاعی(درد و حرارت و حس پوستی اعصاب ۷و۹و۱۰)

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123
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc?

A

بین هسته مزانسفالیک۵ و هسته موتور ۵

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124
Q

compare the prevalence in two groups?

A

the chi square test

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125
Q

nerve supply to the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic innervation travels via the nervus intermedius to the greater petrosal nerve, where it joins with the deep petrosal nerve in the pterygoid canal before synapsing in the pterygopalatine ganglion.

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126
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland travels via the nervus intermedius to the greater petrosal nerve, where it joins with the deep petrosal nerve in the pterygoid canal before synapsing in the pterygopalatine ganglion.

A

The lesser petrosal nerve synapses with the otic ganglion and is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland.

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127
Q

Dry heat sterilization requires a temperature of 160 degrees Celsius for a duration of at least 120 minutes.

A

Steam sterilization can be achieved at 120 degrees Celsius in 15 minutes or at 134 degrees Celsius in 3 minutes.

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128
Q

four levels of protein structure

A
  • Primary structure refers to a simple polypeptide chain in its simple, unfolded state.
  • Secondary structure shows slightly more complex arrangements, such as alphahelixes and beta-sheets.
  • Tertiary structure refers to a folded protein which assumes a three dimensional structure.
  • Quarternary structure involves two or more polypeptide chains interacting to form a dimer.
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129
Q

The fifth cranial nerve provides sensation to the face except ???

A

except for a region around the angle of the mandible which is supplied by C2 and C3 in the form of the great auricular nerve.

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130
Q

در فضای ساب آراکنوئید ریشه ی عصب ۳و ۴ مجاور کدام شریان ها است؟ریشه ی عصب ۵؟ریشه ی عصب ۶؟

A

۳و۴ بین PCA و SCA
۵ مجاور SCA
۶ مجاور AICA

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131
Q

عصب فرونتال شاخه ی V1روی عضله ی لواتور و عصب لاکریمال شاخه ی V1روی عضله ی LRقرار دارند

A

غده ی لاکریمال از عصب لاکریمال شاخه ی V1 و زایگوماتیکو تمپورال از زایگوماتیک شاخه ی v2(حاوی الیاف پند ژاپن ویدئو است از گانگلیون اسفنوپالاتین) و سیستم درناژ لاکریمال از عصب infratrochlear(شاخه ی نازوسیلیاری از V1) عصب می گیرند

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132
Q

The lateral corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary, skilled motor activity.

A

Fibres originate in the motor cortex, descend through the medullary pyramids where over 90% of fibres decussate to form the lateral corticospinal tracts (the remainder form the ventral corticospinal tracts). The lateral corticospinal tracts then synapse with second order motor neurones in the ventral horn of the spinal column which directly innervate skeletal muscle

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133
Q

Which viruse can potentially cause malignancy by binding to p53 and inactivating it?

A

HPV produces a protein

called E6 that binds to and inactivates p53.

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134
Q

Which virus can produce a protein making the cell more resistant to apoptosis?

A

EBV

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135
Q

The rate of production of aqueous humour is approximatel?

A

Between 2and 4 microlitres per minute

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136
Q

لترال کانتوس به گلوب نزدیک تر از مدیال کانتوس است

A

پونکتوم تحتانی به لیمبوس نزدیکتر است

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137
Q

شریان MMAاز شریان ماگزیلاری جدا می شود و از فورامنspinosum عبور می کند

A

عصب MMاز عصب ماگزیلاری قبل از آنکه وارد فورامن rotundum شود جدا می شود

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138
Q

اعصاب پتریگوپالاتین بزرگ و آلوئولار خلفی شاخه های کدام عصب هستند؟

A

ماگزیلاریV2

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139
Q

حس زبان،گوش خارجی و پرده ی صماخ؟

A

ماندیبولار V3

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140
Q

کدام عصب از pontomedullary junction خارج می شود؟

A

6

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141
Q

کدام عصب از زیر لیگامان پتریگوکلینوئید یا گرابر عبور می کند؟

A

6

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142
Q

کدام عصب درون کانال dorreloهمراه با سینوس پتروزال تحتانی حرکت می کند؟

A

6

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143
Q

کدام عصب از درون substanceسینوس کاورنوس عبور می کند؟

A

6

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144
Q

عصب ۶ چند آکسون دارد؟

A

۴۰۰۰ تا ۶۰۰۰

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145
Q

کدام عصب درون ساقه ی مغز مجاور spinal tractعصب ۵ قرار می گیرد و از مسیر corticobulbar tractمی گذرد؟

A

6

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146
Q

بالاترین عصب در خلف سینوس کاورنوس؟

A

3

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147
Q

بالاترین عصب در قدامی ترین قسمت سینوس کاورنوس؟

A

لاکریمال و فرونتال

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148
Q

عصب intermediateریشه ی حسی ۷ که حس چشایی ۲/۳ زبان را تامین می کند(از طریق کوردا تیمپانی)در کدام هسته خاتمه میابد؟

A

Solitory tract nucleous

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149
Q

از internal acoustic meatus چه عناصری عبور میکنند؟

A

عصب ۷ و ریشه ی مجزای intermediate nerve آن
عصب۸
شریان لابیرنتی

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150
Q

الیاف پاراسمپاتیک عصب ۷؟

A

از sup salivatory nucleous می آید
۱)ازطریق ژاپن و گانکلیون اسفنوپالاتین به غده ی لاکریمال می رود
۲) از طریق کوردا تیمپانی و گانگلیون ساب مندیبولار به غدد ساب لینگوئال و ساب مندیبولار می رود

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151
Q

حس مجرای گوش خارجی و پوست رترو اوریکولار از طریق عصب ۷ به هسته نخاعی ۵ می رود

A

حس درد و حرارت صورت و حس پوستی اعصاب ۷ و ۹ و ۱۰ به هسته نخاعی ۵ می رود

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152
Q

سگمان های عصب ۷ در کانال فالوپین؟

A

LTM
لابیرنتی(قبل از گانگلیون ژنیکولیت)
تیمپانیک(خم ۹۰ درجه یا genu)
ماستوئید ( خروج عصب stapediusو کوردا تیمپانی)

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153
Q

توکسیکولوژی و کینتیک کدام فاز تایید دارو در FDA؟

A

فاز اول

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154
Q

بررسی safety و efficacy کدام فاز مطالعه طبق FDA?

A

فاز دوم

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155
Q

M2,M4,beta adrenergic,CGRP??

A

Increase cAMP

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156
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic

A

Decrease cAMP

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157
Q

محرک ترشح غدد میبومین؟

A

سمپاتیک و پاراسمپاتیک

آندروژن

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158
Q

تشخیص مردمک تونیک آدی؟

A

پیلوکارپین ۰/۱۲درصد

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159
Q

در گلوکوم زاویه بسته حاد ممنوع است؟

A

پیلوکارپین ۴ و ۶ درصد

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160
Q

مکانیسم پیلوکارپین برای کاهش IOP؟

A

عضله ی طولی سیلیاری بادی به اسکلرال اسپور اتصال دارد پس داروهای موسکارینی مثل پیلوکارپین با انقباض این عضله باعث افزایش خروج می شوند

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161
Q

پیامد های مصرف پیلوکارپین؟

A 
میوز 
افزایش تطابق (میوپی)
 در رتین break میدهد(RD)
کاتاراکت
کیست آیریس
شر شر
برادی کاردی
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162
Q

عارضه ی پیلوکارپین با دوز بالا؟

A

کیست آیریس

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163
Q

تنها مهارکننده ی کولین استراز که با دوزی به کار می رود که یک آکونیست غیرمستقیم نیکوتینی باشد

A

ادروفونیوم

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164
Q

کدام داروی کولینرژیک در اندازه گیری ارتوپتیک کاربرد دارد؟

A

نئوستیگمین متیل سولفات

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165
Q

What is active site of Ach?

A

Serin hydroxil

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166
Q

بوتیریل کولین استراز یا سودوکولین استراز نیمه عمر ۲۰ دقیقه دارد

A

کولین استراز سیناپسی نیمه عمر طولانی تر دارد(۲۷۰دقیقه)

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167
Q

مصرف کدام بی حس کننده موضعی در مصرف کنندگان DIEDممنوعه؟؟

A

تپه(استری ها) چون توسط کولین استراز پلاسما توسط DIEDبصورت برگشت ناپذیر مهار شده

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168
Q

تجویز کدام داروها در اتاق عمل به مصرف کنندگان DIED ممنوعه؟

A

تپه و SOX

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169
Q

protanopia

A

Absence of red cones

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170
Q

Down’s syndrome include:

A
  • keratoconus
  • cataract
  • myopia
  • Brushfield spots
  • epicanthal folds
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171
Q

Cyclosporin

A

decreases the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2)
It suppresses mainly the cell-mediated immune reactions and the humoral immunity is only little affected.
does not cause bone marrow suppression.

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172
Q

dorsal column of the spine transmits:

A

vibration, touch and proprioception

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173
Q

The central vitreous is more liquid than the cortical zone

A

it has a high viscosity roughly 2-4 times that of water

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174
Q

Nerve of anterior and posterior ethmoidal air cells and sphenoid sinus?

A

Nasociliary

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175
Q

Blood supply of the eyelids?

A

• medial palpebral artery: supplied by the angular artery (branch of facial artery, branch of external carotid) and the dorsalis nasi (branch)of ophthalmic artery,
branch of internal carotid)
• the lateral palpebral artery: supplied by the transverse facial artery (branch of
external carotid) and the lacrimal artery (branch of ophthalmic artery, branch of
internal carotid)

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176
Q

The Snellen letter chart ,LogMAR test, Sheridan-Gardiner and the STYCAR charts use letters

A

The Kay’s is a picture card test where the test-taker matches images; it is useful for pre-school children. The Cardiff test also uses pictures. They are suitable for 18 months to 3 years.
The Catford drum uses oscillating dots on a drum and is used for babies.

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177
Q

In the cloning process:

A
  • restriction endonucleases cleave sections of human DNA
  • DNA ligase incorporates human DNA into a vector
  • the vector transfers the DNA to bacteria
  • bacteria replicate the required segment of DNA.
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178
Q

Tear PH

A

6.5_7.5

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179
Q

Dot hemorrhages are due to rupture of capillaries in which layer?

A

OPL

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180
Q

Chloroquine is more toxic to the retina dose-for-dose than hydroxychloroquine

A

Chloroquine can cause corneal deposition and anterior subcapsular cataract
It is bound to the melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium which is believed to be the reason for its toxicity

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181
Q

MOA of fusidic acid?

A

fusidic acid interferes with protein synthesis

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182
Q

The peak sensitivity of rods

A

at 496nm

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183
Q

The basal lamina of the inner layer of the optic cup becomes the internal limiting membrane.

A

The basal lamina of the outer layer of the optic cup becomes incorporated into Bruch ‘s membrane.

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184
Q

In which process The plasma membrane undergoes blebbing called zeiosis?

A

Apoptosis

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185
Q

Number needed to treat : NNT?

186
Q

Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests are non-parametric tests

A

applied to non normally distributed data.

may be applied to normal data (but give less good results)

187
Q

Which metals can produce a pyogenic response if retained in tissue?

188
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid is a muscle of mastication

189
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

These muscles arise from the first pharyngeal arch and are supplied by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.

190
Q

Sterilisation at 120 degrees Celsius requires at least 15 minutes.

A

At 132 degrees Celsius sterilization can be achieved in 3 minutes.

191
Q

major metabolic pathway for glucose in the endothelium

A

anaerobic glycolysis

192
Q

Hassall-Henle warts refer to the nodular excrescences on the posterior surface of Descemet’s membran

A

Fuchs dystrophy

193
Q

In the rod photoreceptor, discs or lamellae migrate from the base to the tip of the outer segment over?

194
Q

حجم اشک در صورت استفاده از بی حسی ۱/۳ می شود

A

اسمولاریته اشک و سدیم آن مشابه پلاسما است ولی پتاسیم اشک ۵ برابر بیشتره

195
Q

چرا چربی اشک پراکسیده نمی شود؟

A

چون حاوی مقادیر بسیار اندکی از PUFAاست

196
Q

چه عواملی لایه ی آبی اشک را ترشح می کنند؟

A

غدد اشکی اصلی و فرعی
اپیتلیوم قرنیه
اپیتلیوم ملتحمه
پلک فوقانی با Capillary function

197
Q

ترکیبات آنتی میکروبیال اشک؟

A 
لاکتوفرین
لیزوزیم
دسفرین
لیپوکالین
گروه ۲ فسفولیپاز A2
198
Q

عوامل ترشح کننده ی لایه ی موسینی اشک؟

A

گابلت سل های ملتحمه
اپیتلیوم قرنیه
اپیتلیوم ملتحمه
غدد اشکی هنله و مانز

199
Q

ساختار موسین؟

A

گلیکوپروتئین هایی با وزن مولکولی بالا و بار منفی

200
Q

کاهش موسین اشک؟

A

آویتامینوز A

تخریب ملتحمه

201
Q

افزایش موسین؟

A

پرکاری تیروئید

آلرژی و VKC

202
Q

نوروترانسمیترهای محرک مسیر CAMPترشح اشک؟

هورمون های پپتیدی محرک این مسیر؟

A 
VIP
NE(رسپتور بتا)
درغده اشکی اصلی نوراپی نفرین نداریم
Alpha-MSH
ACTH
این هورمونهای پپتیدی باعث تحریک ترشح پروتئین از غده ی لاکریمال اصلی می شوند
203
Q

نوروترانسمیترهای محرک اشک از مسیر وابسته به کلسیم؟

A

ACH(رسپتور موسکارین)
NE(رسپتور آلفا۱)
درغده اشکی اصلی نوراپی نفرین نداریم

204
Q

محرک ترشح sIgA از غده اشکی اصلی؟

A

آندروژن

205
Q

هوای سرد و مرطوب تبخیر اشک را کم می کند

A

بلفاریت وCLوKCSباعث افزایش اسمولاریتی اشک می شوند

206
Q

Labrador keratopathy

A

Corneal stromal dystrophy

207
Q

Meesman’s dystrophy

A

Corneal epithelial dystrophy

208
Q

Metastatic calcification occurs where there is deposition of calcium in normal tissue due to hypercalcaemic states
Hyperpara
Hypervitaminosis

A

Atheroma, where calcium is deposited as a consequence of hyalinised and necrotic tissue, is an example of dystrophic calcification
Phthisis bulbi

209
Q

RP is heterogenous

A

20% AD
20%AR
25%XL
25%isolated

210
Q

دو رشته ی DNA یا parent strandتوسط هلیکاز جدا می شوندو ۲ تک رشته به عنوان الگو ایجاد می شوند.

A

آنزیم DNAپلیمراز نوکلئوتید ها را پشت سر هم قرار می دهد تا leading strand در جهت ۵’ به ۳’تشکیل شود( تنها در این جهت عمل می کند)پس یک رشته اوکی است ولی رشته مقابل lagging strandرا چطور همانندسازی می کند؟okazaki fragnents توسط DNAپلیمرازهای متفاوت ساخته میشوند و سپس توسط لیگاز به هم وصل می شوند.

211
Q

Approximately how many meibomian glands are there on the upper lid

212
Q

The normal rate for CSF production is 400- 500ml per day. The normal volume is 150ml.

A

Normal rete of Acous production 2-3 microliter per day.

The normal volume is 259 microliter

213
Q

در بالغین در چه مواردی نیاز به سیکلوپلژی کامل می باشد؟

A

ایریدوسیکلیت

مکانیسم:این داروها نفوذپذیری BABرا کاهش می دهند

214
Q

What is rate limiting step in NE production?

A

تیروزین هیدروکسیلاز

215
Q

در هر قطره از فنیل افرین ۱۰ درصد چه مقدار فنیل افرین است؟

A

۵ میلی گرم

216
Q

داروهای ممنوع در ACG؟

A

آپراکلونیدین

پیلوکارپین ۴ و ۶ درصد

217
Q

آپراکلونیدین در چه کسانی باید با احتیاط مصرف شود؟

A 
TCA
MAOI
BB
glycosids
Anti hypertensive
218
Q

How thick is the tear film

A

7-9 micrometers

219
Q

A teratoma is a tumour deriving from:

A

Germ cells

220
Q

About foramen??

A

The sytlomastoid foramen is found in the temporal bone between the mastoid process and the styloid.
The carotid canal is on the inferior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
The jugular foramen is formed between the temporal and occipital bones.
The foramen ovale is found in the greater wing of the sphenoid

221
Q

Raised ICP may be reduced by?

A

Hyperventilation

222
Q

The retinal capillary endothelial cells

A

are joined by tight junctions. They are surrounded by a thick (not thin) basal lamina. They are also surrounded by pericytes and astrocyte foot processes, all of which play an important role in the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier.

223
Q

Which of the following diseases does NOT involve abnormal G protein activity?

a. myasthenia gravis
b. cholera
c. pseudohypoparathyroidism
d. pituitary adenomas
e. McCune-Albright syndrome

A

MG targeting post-synaptic ACh receptors.

در سودوهایپوپارا کاهش میابد و در سایر موارد فعالیت آن افزایش میابد

224
Q

10% of fibres travel along the medial root of the optic tract and are responsible for unconscious stimuli. These fibres target:

A
  • the superior colliculus: involved in visual grasp reflex, automatic scanning of images
  • the pretectal nucleus: involved in pupillary light reflex
  • the parvocellular reticular formation: arousal function
  • the retinohypothalamic tract : photoperiod regulation
225
Q

The trigeminal nerve emerges from the brain stem at the junction between

A

pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle

226
Q

Which human tissue has the highest oxygen consumption per weight

227
Q

CMV retinitis demonstrates areas of retinal necrosis usually without/with hemorrhage

A

without hemorrhage

228
Q

The crystalline lens strongly absorbs UV-A

A

UV-B and UV-C are usually absorbed by the cornea and sclera

229
Q

• red-green defects: acquired optic nerve disease (except glaucoma and autosomal dominant optic atrophy)

A

• blue-yellow defects: acquired retinal disease (except cone dystrophy and Stargardt’s)

230
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral root of the optic tract

A

Ant choroidal A

231
Q

The most common corneal dystrophy

A

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

232
Q

glial cells of the central nervous system

A
  • Oligodendrocytes: the myelin-forming cells of the CNS.
  • Astrocytes: perform a variety of structural and functional roles including metabolic, healing, blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers.
  • Microglia: are monocytes and perform phagocytosis
233
Q

Prostaglandins sensitise the nerve endings to pain but do not themselves produce pain

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce prostaglandins production by inhibiting cyclooxygenase

234
Q

endothelium pump mechanism

A
  • At the aqueous interface: Na/HCO3 co-transporter and HCO3/Cl exchanger
  • At the stromal interface: Na/K ATPase and Na/H antiporter
235
Q

If a drug reduces the incidence of heart attacks from 10% to 5%

A

The relative risk reduction (RRR) is 50%.
The absolute risk reduction (ARR) is 5%.
The number needed to treat (NNT) is 100/5 = 20

236
Q

مسیر شریان افتالمیک نسبت به عصب اپتیک؟

A

شریان از پایین و لترال عصب وارد اربیت می شود سپس به بالا و مدیال می آید

237
Q

Which modality of treatment uses infrared light

A

Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) uses infrared light to heat the treated area (up to 40 degrees Celsius). It is used in the treatment of choroidal melanoma.

238
Q

What is Anti-codons?

A

complementary sequences of nucleotides on the tRNA molecules as they attach onto the mRNA molecule at the ribosome.

239
Q

Class II MHC proteins are found on the surface of?

A

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells of the spleen, Langerhans cells of the skin

240
Q

corneal stroma

A

composed of 200-250 layers of flattened collagenous lamellae

241
Q

IFN has non-specific antiviral properties?

A

direct antiproliferative action on tumour and virus infected cells,activation of natural killer cells and macrophages, increased expression of class I HLA antigen on tumour or infected cells.

242
Q

C3 deficiency

A

encapsulated organisms such as pneumococcus

243
Q

suspensory ligament of Lockwood

A

• the sheath of inferior rectus • the medial check ligament • the lateral check ligament • sheath of inferior oblique

244
Q

Phase 0 trials are also known as human microdosing studies.
Phase I trials are designed to assess the safety (pharmacovigilance), tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a drug.
Phase II studies are sometimes divided into Phase IIA and Phase IIB.
• Phase IIA is specifically designed to assess dosing requirements (how much drug should be given).
• Phase IIB is specifically designed to study efficacy (how well the drug works at the prescribed doses).

A

Phase III studies are randomized controlled multicenter trials on large patient groups (300-3,000 or more depending upon the disease/medical condition studied) and are aimed at being the definitive assessment of how effective the drug is, in comparison with current ‘gold standard’ treatment.
Post-marketing surveillance (phase IV study) assesses potential adverse effects of newly marketed drugs.

245
Q

Best disease?AD

A

massive accumulation of lipofuscin in the RPE cells with atrophy of the overlying photoreceptor layer

246
Q

Maximal spectral sensitivity of the rods

247
Q

The zygomaticofacial nerve supplies the lower lid laterally, while the lateral palpebral branch of the lacrimal nerve supplies the upper lid laterally. The infraorbital nerve supplies the medial two-thirds of the lower lids, while the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves supply the medial two-thirds of the upper lid

A

the pretarsal portion derives its arterial supply from the superficial temporal and facial arteries, which are branches of the external carotids, while the post-tarsal portion is supplied by branches of the anterior ciliary arteries which are branches of the ophthalmic artery (internal carotid)

248
Q

Which complement component is present in the highest serum concentrations?

249
Q

corneal epithelium

A

50-60 micrometers thick

250
Q

Which one penetrates the cornea better?پردنیزولون استات یا پردنیزولون فسفات

A

Prednisolone acetate is more lipophilic and therefore penetrates the cornea better than prednisolone phosphate

251
Q

Zonulae adherens are otherwise known as:

A

دسموزوم

252
Q

During accommodation, it is believed that the ciliary body moves ….

A

Forward and inward

253
Q

retinal neuroglial cells

A
  • The Muller cells: are the principle supporting glial cells of the retina and are analogous to central nervous system oligodendrocytes.
  • The astrocytes: form a honeycomb scaffold perpendicular to the Muller cells. They are responsible among other functions for laying down scar tissue in injured or diseased retina.
  • The microglia: are highly specialized mononuclear phagocytic cells
254
Q

The arachnoid villi drain CSF into

A

Sup sagittal sinus

255
Q

غشای دسمه

A

یک غشای پایه واقعی است و از خلف باTMامتداد میابد و غنی از لامینین است

256
Q

کلروکین به ملانین RPEباند شده و باعث توکسیسیتی رتین در طولانی مدت می شود

A 
Efficacy = the effect of something under ideal or laboratory conditions.
Effectiveness = the effect of something in the real world.
257
Q

benign hypertension?

A

Intimal proliferation and hyalinization of the muscular media
especially in the medium-sized renal arteries and renal arterioles

258
Q

malignant hypertension?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries and arterioles

259
Q

diabetes mellitus?

A

Loss of endothelial cells of arterioles occur in

260
Q

circle of Willis?

A

• Anterior cerebral arteries • Anterior communicating artery • Internal carotid arteries • Posterior cerebral arteries • Posterior communicating arteries

261
Q

پیامدهای لیک پروتئین لنز به ACدر اثر کاتاراکت یا تروما؟

A

1) massive giant cell granulomatous reaction
2) low-grade macrophage response that blocks TM(phacolytic glaucoma)
3) blockage of the meshwork by lens matter (called lens particle glaucoma)

262
Q

Retinal capillary endothelial cells are surrounded by:

A

• a thick basal lamina • pericytes • astrocyte foot processes

263
Q

Phase II drug metabolism

A

conjugation reaction

264
Q

Tge oxygen transfer in choroidal capillaries is low

A

Choroidal capillaries are highly fenestrated

265
Q

Coefficient of variation

266
Q

کدام عصب در طول IOF به سمت دیواره ی لترال اربیت حرکت می کند

A

زایگوماتیک

267
Q

The Prentice position of a prism occurs when one surface of the prism is normal to the ray of light so that all deviation occurs at the other surface. The strength of a prism in the Prentice position is greater than the position of minimum deviation
The Prentice position is usually specified for glass ophthalmic prisms

A

position of minimum deviation occurs when the angle of incidence equals the angle of emergence. the position of minimum deviation is specified for plastic ophthalmic prisms.

268
Q

The optic chiasm is situated at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle

A

the mammillary bodies are posterior to the chiasm

269
Q

The eye is situated nearer the roof of the orbit than the floor

A

Short ciliary nerves emerge from the ciliary ganglion to supply the orbit

270
Q

Elastin

A

coil-like tertiary structure
insoluble
integral component of deformable tissues such as arterial walls
It is integral to the structure of the lens zonule

271
Q

Axons from the photoreceptors synapse with bipolar cells and horizontal cells in?

A

in the outer plexiform layer

272
Q

Wegener’s can cause corneascleral ulceration, scleritis and an orbital mass.

A

iritis is not specifically associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis.

273
Q

the most common malignant tumour in clinical ophthalmology

274
Q

Owl-eye inclusion bodies

275
Q

Toxocara laravae do not elicit an inflammatory response

A

but when they die, the immune system becomes activated which can cause one of the following in the eye:
• low grade fibrous retinal involvement • rapid retinal inflammation with eosinophilia • vitritis and pars planitis

276
Q

Haller’s layer lies within the choroid and comprises large arteries and veins.

A

Sattler’s layer, which lies above Haller’s layer, is composed of arterioles and venules which supply the choriocapillaris directly above.

277
Q

Case-control studies are most appropriate for rare outcomes and common exposures

A

cohort studies for rare exposures and common outcomes

278
Q

Two-tailed tests look for a difference in any direction

A

a one tailed test looks only for an increase or only for a decrease (and is consequently rarely used in clinical trials).

279
Q

The medial orbital wall is composed (anterior to posterior)

A

frontal process of the maxilla, the lacrimal bone, the orbital plate of the ethmoid and the body of the sphenoid.

280
Q

The commonest defect of colour vision is deuteranomaly which occurs in 5% of men and 0.3% of women.

A

It is due to a shift in the spectral sensitivity of green cones

281
Q

سیستم ونتریکولر از طریق سقف بطن ۴ با فضای ساب آراکنوئید ارتباط دارد

A

blockage of the arachnoid granulation causes communicating hydrocephalus

282
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

a. loss of pericytes
b. cotton wool spots due to nerve fibre ischemia
c. Thickening and multilayering of the capillary basement membrane
d. degeneration of capillary endothelial cells
e. hyalinization of vessels

283
Q

Which type of necrosis happens in vessel walls in PAN?

284
Q

middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral convexity of the brain while the anterior cerebral artery supplies the medial surface of the hemisphere.

A

frontal eye field lies in the vascular territory of the middle cerebral artery

285
Q

Epithelioid cells carry a poorer prognosis than spindle cells

286
Q

ophthalmic materials are effectively inert EXCEPT:

a. silicone encircling bands
b. PMMA intra-ocular lenses
c. hyaluronic acid
d. silicon oil
e. Molteno drainage tubes

A

Silicon oil produces a low-grade macrophage reaction after it is emulsified

287
Q

Blood group O is the most common and blood group AB is the least common.

288
Q

The angular magnification produced by an image positioned at the focal point F1 of a convex lens is equal to?

A

The angular magnification produced by an image positioned at the focal point F1 of a convex lens is equal to one. This is because the image lies at infinity and therefore the angle subtended by the object and the image are equal

289
Q

rise in intracellular cAMP, which increases the activity of protein kinase A

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline, PTH, TSH, Glucagon, FSH, LH, calcitonin and ADH

290
Q

Which hormones does NOT utilise cAMP as its second messenger?

A

The receptor for insulin is a tyrosine kinase.

291
Q

Translation is controlled by?

A

It is controlled by 2 main enzymes: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (which helps join tRNA to its specific amino acid) and by peptidyl transferase which involves the uncoupling of the tRNA from the amino acid and joining of the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.

292
Q

To test for horizontal muscle imbalance the Maddox rod should be horizontal to give a vertical line

293
Q

تصویر ناشی از آینه ی محدب همیشه کوچکتر،مجازی و مستقیم و در فاصله ی کانونی است

294
Q

Anti-sense oligonucleotides are short sequences of DNA, which are complementary to the target RNA. The sequences also have to be modified to prevent degradation by nucleases.

A

This technique could be used to prevent the processing of activated oncogene products or could be used to target viral RNA.

295
Q

Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides derived from the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. They are heat stable unlike exotoxins. They are non-antigenic as against exotoxin. They cause septicemia and fever and activate the alternative pathway (non-antibody mediated) of the complement system.

A

اگزوتوکسین: حساس به حرارت،توسط گرم مثبت تولید می شود،آنتی ژنیک است

296
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes usually originate and terminate in the same muscle with a very fast response of about 20 milliseconds

A

Knee jerk reflex

297
Q

Ocular involvement with SLE is….?

A

…..rare. When present it can produce:

• retinal microinfarcts • central retinal artery occlusion • central retinal vein occlusion • choroidopathy

298
Q

کلامیدیا یک انگل داخل سلولی اجباری است بنابراین AB های موثر روی دیواره ی اثر کمی دارد مثل سفالوسپورین ها

A 
داروهای موثر روی کلامیدیا؟
تتراسایکلین
ماکرولید(اریترو و آزیترو)
کینولون
ریفامپین
سولفونامید ۳ هفته
299
Q
  • Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

* Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A
  • Zidovudine and Lamivudine are packaged together as combibir
  • T-20 is a fusion inhibitor; it sticks to gp41 to prevent HIV entering the cell
300
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis is most common with…?

A

with topical neomycin

301
Q

پمپ na k atpaseدو کدام سطح اپیتلیوم سیلیاری قرار دارد؟

A

سطح اپیکال NPE

302
Q

مصرف چه داروهایی با استازولامید خطرناکه؟ چرا؟

A

استروئید،ACTH، دیگوکسین، دیورتیک

به دلیل تشدید هایپوکالمی

303
Q

از عوارض خانواده ی سولفا مثل استازولامید میوپی گذرا است

304
Q

داروهایی که میوپی می دهند؟

A

MATTT

استازولامید،آسپیرین،تترا،تیازید،توپیرامات

305
Q

کدامیک از انواع آنالوگ های پروستوگلاندین بصورت پرزرواتیو freeوجود دارد؟

A

تافلوپروست

306
Q

مصرف کدام داروها در فرد مسن ریسک SAHدارد؟

A

مانیتول و اوره

307
Q

ترتیب Potency استروئیدها؟

داف پیر مادر ترزا هیز است

A

دگزا،فلورومتولون،پردنیزولون استات،medryson، تتراهیدروتریامسینولون،هیدروکورتیزون

308
Q

ترتیب افزایش IOPبه دنبال مصرف استروئید؟

دپرس شدن فلورا حتمیه

A

دگزا،پردنیزولون استات،فلورومتولون،هیدروکورتیزون،تتراهیدروتریامسینولون،medryson

309
Q

انواع قطره های استروئیدی؟

A

Base:acetate:suspension:lotemax و precord:بیشترین نفوذپذیری
Base:phosphate:betha,dexa

310
Q

کدامیک از قطره های استروئیدی به دلیل متابولیسم سریع در ACکمتر باعث افزایش IOPمی شوند؟

A

FML

Lotemax

311
Q

استروئیدها می توانند باعث میدریاز شوند

312
Q

در کدامیک از انواع استروئیدها یک گروه کتون در موقعیت ۲۰ حذف شده؟

313
Q

H1 antagonist?عماد و لیلا
Emedastine
Levocabastine

A 
H1 antagonist + mast cell stabilizer?
Bepotastine
Azelastin
Epinastin
Alcaftadine
Olapatadine
Ketotifen
314
Q

Mast cell stabilizer?

A

لوپه کنه

لدوکسامید،پمیرولاست،کدومولین،ندوکرومیل

315
Q

مکانیسم 5fu?

A

بلوک تولید تیمیدیلات سنتتاز

316
Q

مکانیسم MMC?

A

مهار سنتز DNAاز طریق DNA cross linking

317
Q

اثر سیکلوسپورین تاپیکال؟

A

افزایش گابلت سل ها،کاهش لنفوسیت ها،کاهش turn over سلولهای اپیتلیال کونژ

318
Q

عارضه ی سرم اتولوگ ۱۰۰ درصد؟

A

رسوب کمپلکس ایمنی

319
Q

There are two major intracellular organelles to digest damaged or unneeded proteins:

A
  • lysosomes: for extracellular proteins from endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis
  • proteasomes: for endogenous proteins (proteins synthesised within cell) transcription factors, cell cycle cyclins, virus coded proteins, improperly folded proteins due to translation errors and proteins damaged by cytosol molecules.
320
Q

HTLV is implicated in T cell lymphomas including ?

A

mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.

321
Q

anterior portion of the optic radiation is supplied by ?

A

the anterior choroidal artery

322
Q

Lens fibres may measure up to 12mm in length

A

The lens bow, created by the elongation of the lens fibres coupled with the anterior migration of the nuclei as the maturing lens fibres sink deeper into the lens, is anteriorly oriented.

323
Q

COMT is involved in the metabolism of adrenaline intracellularly not at the neuronal synapse

A

several types of necrosis
tuberculosis involves casseous necrosis
enzymatic necrosis occurs in acute pancreatitis
liquefaction necrosis occurs in brain infarction
coagulative necrosis occurs in coronary infarction

324
Q

Which one attaches cells to the extracellular matrix and to ligands on other cell?

A

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that contain alpha and beta subunits. They need magnesium and calcium to work.

325
Q

پوزیشن عصب اکولوموتور نسبت به اپتیک کیاسما؟

A

لترال

326
Q

Stages of trachoma

A
  • Stage I: involvement of the conjunctival stroma
  • Stage II: involvement of the cornea with pannus formation
  • Stage III: fibrous replacement of inflamed tissue
  • Stage IV: contraction with entropion and trichiasis.
327
Q

Which ganglion located immediately below the foramen ovale?

A

Otic ganglion

328
Q

Ganglions??

A

otic ganglion communicates with the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves.
The geniculate ganglion contains the facial nerve.
The trigeminal ganglion contains the fifth cranial nerve.
The ciliary ganglion contains the third cranial nerve.
The pterygopalatine ganglion (or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa. It receives a sensory, a motor, and a sympathetic root. Its sensory root is derived from two sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve. Its motor root is derived from the nervus intermedius through the greater superficial petrosal nerve. Its sympathetic root is derived from the carotid plexus through the deep petrosal nerve.

329
Q

six basic layers of the primary visual cortex. The layers have well established connections including?

A

• Layer IV: receives fibres from the macula
the line of Gennari is formed by myelinated fibres projecting to Layer IV
• Layer II and III: project to the secondary visual cortex
• Layer V: projects to the superior colliculus
• Layer VI: projects to the LGN

330
Q

The hexagonal lobules or divisions of the choriocapillaris are each fed from arterioles arising in Sattler’s layer.

A

Haller’s layer lies beneath Sattler’s layer and contains major arteries and veins.

331
Q

Which antibody class(es) fix(es) complement?

A

IgG and IgM

332
Q

the parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibres supplying the lacrimal gland arise from the ciliary ganglion
این جمله غلط است

A

The parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal gland arise from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

333
Q

همه چیز در CSF کمتره به جز کلر و هیدروژن

A

به همین دلیل Po2 and PH در CSF کمتره

334
Q

The optic canal is narrowest anteriorly

A

it passes anteriorly, inferiorly and laterally from the middle cranial fossa to the orbit

335
Q

Wegener’s

A

is characterized histologically by small vessel vasculitis with necrosis and granulomatous inflammation.

336
Q

Keratocytes

A

keratocytes are flattened cells and occur between lamellae,ovoid in shape,connected to neighbouring cells by gap junctions,modified fibroblasts
Keratocytes are stellate in shape

337
Q

MMP

A

Immunoflourescence study demonstrates linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the basement membrane.

338
Q

The retinal circulation has a low flow rate (25mm/s) and a high oxygen exchange.

A

By contrast, the choroidal circulation has a high flow-rate and a low oxygen exchange.

339
Q

acute inflammation

A

there is vasodilatation, stasis of blood and retraction of the endothelial cells making the blood vessels leaky. Neutrophils are the first cells seen in the extracellular space. Histamine is an important mediator that causes vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability.

340
Q

Amiodarone can commonly cause ….

A

corneal opacification known as vortex keratopathy

341
Q

The diffusion coefficient of a drug is determined by….

A

its lipid solubility, ionization and molecular size. The thickness of the cell membrane will affect the rate of diffusion as per Fick’s law, but it has no influence on an individual drug’s diffusion coefficient.

342
Q

SOF

A

comma-shaped, being wider at its medial end than laterally.

343
Q

Local acidosis such as caused by wound infection greatly reduces the action of local anesthetics.

A

Sodium bicarbonate on the other hand makes local anaesthetic more hydrophobic thereby increasing its cellular penetration. This increases its potency. The use of adrenaline causes vasoconstriction and decreases the rate of removal of LA by the blood.

344
Q

دیستروفی میوتونیک ADروی کروموزوم ۱۹

A

cataracts, an expressionless face, frontal balding and gonadal atrophy.

345
Q

Polyene antifungal drugs (Amphotericin, nystatin, and pimaricin) interact with sterols in the cell membrane to form channels through which small molecules leak from the inside of the fungal cell to the outside.

A

Azole antifungal drugs (Fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole) inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.

346
Q
  • anti fungal Grisan (Griseofluvin) binds to tubulin, preventing microtubule assembly.
  • Glutaramide (Cycloheximide) inhibits protein synthesis at ribosomal level.
A

• Antimetabolite antifungal drugs (5-Fluorocytosine) acts as an inhibitor of both DNA and RNA synthesis via the intracytoplasmic conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil.

347
Q

IgA?

A

activates the alternative complement pathway (unlike many antibodies that activate the classical pathway). It is ineffective against gonococcus, which produces a protease against IgA. IgM is the first antibody to appear in infection.

348
Q

Vergence movement

A

is a tracking movement which is slower than pursuit movement. It is voluntary but can be stimulated by blurred images on the retina. It is required for binocular single vision and stereopsis and is limited by the near point and the far point of accommodation

349
Q

Thrombus??

A

A thrombus is a solid mass of blood constituents forming within the vascular system, i.e. both arteries and veins. Unlike simple clotting in which the clotting cascade plays an important role, thrombus is formed by the interaction between the platelets and the blood constituents. Fragments of the thrombus may break off into circulation causing embolism.

350
Q

The rods are responsible for:

• contrast • brightness • spatial resolution

A

The cones are responsible for:

• fine resolution • spatial resolution • colour vision

351
Q

Cataract progression is enhanced by

A

diabetes, hypocalcaemia, ionizing radiation and mechanical trauma.

352
Q

corneal nerve supply is mainly …

A

from the long ciliary nerves.

353
Q

Actinomyces is a Gram-positive filament which

A

common cause of canaliculitis and dacrocystitis

354
Q

The great cerebral vein of Galen drains the deep cerebral veins into …?

A

the straight sinus

355
Q

IOP fluctuation?

A

IOP is higher in winter, higher in the morning, higher when the eye is moved away from primary position, and higher with increased body fluid.

356
Q

Blot hemorrhages are bigger than dot hemorrhages

A

due to bleeding from capillaries tracking between the photoreceptors and the RPE.

357
Q

Flame hemorrhages

A

rupture of a small arteriole with blood tracking into the nerve fibre layer. The shape and direction of a flame hemorrhage is due to the direction of passage of the nerve fibres.

358
Q

the palatine bone forms part of the posterior orbital wall

359
Q

Lymph node?

A

B lymphocytes predominate in the follicles of the cortex
T lymphocytes predominate in the paracortex
plasma cells are found chiefly in the medulla

360
Q

چند درصد cross sensitivity بین پنی سیلین و سفالوسپورین وجود دارد؟

A

۱۰ درصد

361
Q

مزایای تجویز همزمان پروبنیسید با پنی سیلین؟

A

کاهش دفع پنیسیلین توسط کلیه و لذا افزایش نیمه عمر آن

افزایش عبور از BOB و BBB

362
Q

نسل ۲ پنی سیلین مقاوم به پنی سیلیناز؟

A

متی سیلین،نفسیلین،اگزاسیلین،کلوگزاسیلین

363
Q

مونا انتر پایه کارش تیک زدنه

A

کاربنیسیلین و تیکارسیلین نسل ۴ اند و روی سودومونای،انتروباکتر و پروتئوس ایندول مثبت اثر دارند

364
Q

مکانیسم عمل فلوروکینولون ها؟

A

مهارتوپوایزومراز ۲(جیراز) و ۴

365
Q

سفا لژیونر کون لیس رو نمی تواند بکنه میرزا

A

هیچ سفالوسپورینی روی لژیونلا،انتروکوک،لیستریاو mrsa اثر ندارد

366
Q

کمترین ph بین فلوروکینولون ها: سیپروفلوکساسین

A

نزدیکترین ph به چشم بین فلوروکینولون ها:افلوکساسین

367
Q

ایجاد رسوبات سفید کریستالین در قرنیه از بین فلوروکینولون ها

A

سیپروفلوکساسین و نورفلوکساسین

368
Q 
باکترواستاتیک:
سولفونامیدها
تتراسایکلین
کلرآمفنیکل
اریترو
A 
باکتریسید:
پنی سیلین PVC
آمینوگلیکوزید
ونکومایسینPVC
اریترو
369
Q

سولفونامید آنتی بیوتیکی باعث واکنش های ازدیاد حساسیتی می شود

A

بنابراین cross sensitivity بین آنتی بیوتیک های سولفونامیدی و سولفونامیهای آنتی بیوتیکی حداقل است و اگر دیده شود ناشی از پاسخ ایمنی وابسته به t cellاست

370
Q

کدامیک از آنتی بیوتیک ها می توانند باعث مهار فسفولیپاز A2شوند؟

A

تتراسایکلین

371
Q

عوارض برگشت پذیر کلرآمنیکل؟BM suppression

A

عوارض برگشت ناپذیر کلرآمنیکل؟ آپلازی

372
Q

مقاوم ترین آمینوگلیکوزید در مقابل آنزیمهای غیر فعال کننده؟ آمیکاسین

A

کمترین اثر روی گرم منفی ها در بین آمینوگلیکوزیدها؟ کانامایسین

373
Q

استرپتومایسین؟

A

استرپ ویریدنس
طاعون
بروسلوز

374
Q

دو داروی باکتریسید را با هم می توان داد ولی یک باکتیسید را با یک باکترواستاتیک نمیشه

375
Q

عارضه ی افزودن ونکومایسین به irrigation fluidحین جراحی؟

376
Q

کدام آنتی بیوتیک هم باکتریسید است هم باکتریواستاتیک؟

A

اریترومایسین

377
Q

کدام آنتی بیوتیک هم باکتریسید است هم باکتریواستاتیک؟

A

اریترومایسین

378
Q

درمان choice لژیونلا و مایکوپلاسما پنومونیه؟

A

اریترومایسین

379
Q

مکانیسم پلی میکسین؟

A

به عنوان دترژانت باعث حل کردن غشای فسفولیپیدی باکتری می شود

380
Q

آلرژی به سولفونامید مانعی برای استفاده از TMPیا گروه سولفات مثل پلی میکسین بتا سولفات نمی باشد

381
Q

حساسیت به ید کنترا اندیکاسیون مصرف povidone iodine نیست

382
Q

Polyene?

A

آمفوتریسین Bو ناتامایسین
چسبیدن به استرول دیواره ی قارچ
به سختی از قرنیه عبور می کنند

383
Q

۲ ماهگی تکامل جنین؟

A 
شروع تمایز رتین و شروع مهاجرت سلولهای رتین م گو مهاجرت آکسون سلولهای گانگلیونی به عصب
چین پلک ظاهر می شود
تشکیلglial lamina cribrosa 
غشای بروک
ویتره ثانویه
سلولهای CNCموج اول(اندوتلیوم) و موج سوم(کراتوسیتها) را تشکیل می دهند
سیستم وسکولار کوروئید
پیگمان RPE
384
Q

Restriction endonucleases act by breaking the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA.

A

they cut double-stranded DNA molecules

385
Q

Addition of polyvinyl alcohol will tend to increase the viscosity of a drop

A

preservatives can enhance drug delivery

386
Q

استرپ پنومونیه کپسول پلی ساکاریدی دارد که آن را در مقابل فاگوسیتوز مقاوم می کند

A

هوازی و غیرمتحرک است

387
Q

Basal tear production

A

1.2 microlitres per minute

388
Q

The iris capillaries form the major site of the blood-aqueous barrier and are structurally specialized for this purpose.

A

The iris capillaries are non-fenestrated, they are connected by numerous tight junctions, and they have a thickened basal lamina strengthened by perivascular collagenous hyalinised layers.

389
Q

• clinical : anatomical

A
  • posterior pole: area centralis (the area between the vascular arcades)
  • macula lutea: fovea (1.5 mm diameter area, yellow from xanthophyll) • fovea centralis: foveola (0.35mm central depression with thickened margins)
390
Q

Where does RNA splicing occur?

391
Q

۲ جا را نام ببر که پمپ Na K ATPase روس سطح اپیکال است؟

A

RPE

NPE of CB

392
Q

Lacrimal gland? SE.CNC
Vit?SE.M
sclara,fat?CNC.M

A

اپیتلیوم قرنیه از SEو اندوتلیوم و استروما از CNC
تمام بافت های پیگمانته از CNCمی آیند به جز RPE
اپیتلیوم پیگمانته آیریس از CNCمی آید ولی اسفنگتر،دیلاتور و استرومای آیریس از M

393
Q

۷ ماهگی تکامل؟

A 
سگمان خارجی فوتورسپتورها
تشکیل fibrous lamina cribrosa
تولید پیگمان در کوروئید
عضله ی سیرکولار CB
فیوژن استخوان های اربیت در ۶ تا ۷ ماهگی
394
Q

پیگمان RPEدر ۲ ماهگی

A

پیگمان کوروئید در ۷ ماهگی

395
Q

تکامل سیستم وسکولار کوروئید در ۲ ماهگی

A

وسکولاریزه شدن استرومای آیریس در ۵ ماهگی

396
Q

در چه زمانی اسکرا فشرده میشود و Vortex veins آن را سوراخ می کنند؟

A

۳ماهگی

397
Q

در چه زمانی عروق رتین به داخل RNFL نزدیک عصب رشد می کنند؟

A

۴ماهگی

398
Q

تشکیل پلک فوقانی از کدام قسمت آغاز می شود؟

A

لترال کانتوس

399
Q

تشکیل غدد و مژه ها در ۴ ماهگی

A

جدا شدن پلکها و شروع ترشح سبوم از غدد سباسه ۵ ماهگی

400
Q

تمام استخوان های اربیت ممبرانوس هستند به جز؟

A

اسفنوئید که در ابتدا غضروفی است

401
Q

استخوان های اربیت در چه زمانی استخوانی می شوند؟

A

۳ ماهگی

402
Q

مهاجرت سلولهای CNCبرای تشکیل اندوتلیوم و استرومای قرنیه؟

A

۲ ماهگی

403
Q

گانگلیون سل ماکولا در ۶ ماهگی ضخیم می شود

A

وسط فووه آ در ۷ ماهگی نازک می شود

404
Q

در چه زمانی استخوان های اربیت شروع به تکامل از CNC می کنند؟

A

۱ماهگی

405
Q

ژن های HOXاغلب در تکامل اولیه نقش دارند

A

ژن های PAX در تکامل دیرتر ارگان ها نقش دارند

406
Q

برای اینکه یک قارچ بتواند با فلوسیتوزین درمان شود لازمه…. ؟چه قارچ هایی به آن حساسند؟

A

هم پرمئاز داشته باشد تا فلوسیتوزین را وارد کند هم سیتوزین دآمیناز داشته باشد تا آن را به 5FUبشکند.5FUبا مهار تیمیدیلات سنتتاز باعث مهار سنتز DNA می شود
کاندیدا و کریپتوکوک

407
Q

آسیکلوویر آنالوگ گوانین :مهار DNA پلیمراز

A

بیشترین توزیع آسیکلوویر در شیر مادر و کمترین آن در بزاق است

408
Q

GLUT1?

A

Pro that found in all cell membranes
نقش اول آن انتقال گلوکز از غشای سلولی است که passiveبوده و لذا bidirectional است همچنین باعث تسهیل انتقال AAو آسکوربات از BRBهم در عروق رتین و هم در RPE می شود
با افزایش گلوکز مقدار آن کاهش میابد
بیشترین مقدار آن در اریتروسیت ها و عروق کوچک مغز است و مقدار آن در کبد به نسبت اندک است

409
Q

Apoptosis?

A

Active process usually affecting ibdividaul cells not groups of cells
با مکانیسم های داخل سلولی(مثل کاهش GFها) و یا فاکتورهای خارج سلولی ممکن است شروع شود.در فاز اولیه پروتئین ها توسط آنزیمهای capsase شکسته می شوند.این آنزیمها سپس DNAase را فعال کرده و باعث شکسته شدن DNAهسته می شوند

410
Q

کانال شلم؟

A

دارای ۲۵ تا ۳۵ کانال درناژ کننده و ۲ تا۸ تاAqueous veinsمی باشدکه به شبکه ی وریدی اپی اسکرال و اینترااسکلرال تخلیه میشود ولی قسمتی از آنها نیز به طور مستقیم به وریدهای superficialکونژ میریزند

411
Q

Color detection?

A

به بیش از یک فوتورسپتور نیاز دارد چرا که تمایز طول موجهابه تعدادی فوتورسپتور نیاز داردکه پیک پاسخ هر کدام به یک طول موج خاص است

412
Q

Under scotopic conditions peak luminosity is?

A

at 500nm ie the blue-green part of the spectrum.

413
Q

what is The photochromatic interval?

A

The photochromatic interval is the difference in brightness between just detecting a certain wavelength of light and seeing its colour. It is very small at the red end of the spectrum and maximal at about 570nm

414
Q

Gram positive organisms stain purple because of uptake of stain by the thick layer of peptidoglycan which makes up 90% of their cell wall.
Almost all organisms can be detected by gram staining except those that are predominantly intracellular such as chlamydia or those without a cell wall such as mycoplasma.

A

The first step in performing a gram stain is the use of crystal violet which stains all organisms blue/purple. It is the decolourisation process using acetone or ethanol which determines whether an organism is gram positive or gram negative as it strips the dye from the thin walled gram negative organisms leaving them colourless. A third stain (safranin) is then used to stain these colourless organisms red/pink.

415
Q

Hering’s law of equal innervation states that when a muscle contracts, it’s yoke muscle receives equal stimulus to contract. So on looking left, the 2 muscles which need to contract to produce a conjugate movement and prevent diplopia, are the left lateral rectus and right medial rectus. Yoke muscles are acting on different eyes.

A

The left lateral rectus and left medial rectus are antagonistic muscles, in other words they cause movement in opposite directions in the same eye, so in order for the eyes to look left the medial rectus on the same side must relax at the same time as lateral rectus contracts. This law of reciprocal innervation was described by Sherrington.

Synergistic muscles are those on one side which move the eye in the same direction e.g lateral rectus and the 2 oblique muscles.

416
Q

Homer Wright rosettes are a collection of dark tumour cells surrounding a central collection of pale neurofibrils of neural crest origin. Unlike Flexner Wintersteiner rosettes which do have a central empty lumen. they are not true rosettes. Because of this cellular density they are basophilic on staining with H & E.

As well as being typically seen in retinoblastoma, they are also seen in neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma

A

Electron microscopy of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, also typically seen in retinoblastoma as well pineomas and medulloepitheliomas, reveals changes suggestive of early photoreceptor differentiation
The correct answer is: They are a histological feature of neuroblastoma.

417
Q

Mitochondria are considered the power house of the body as they are the site of ATP production but also have a role in its oxidative breakdown. They also have a role in the mediation of cell death through cytochrome c.

A

Although the endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of storage of calcium, storage in the mitochondria is thought to contribute to cellular homeostasis of calcium.
They store calcium in the form of calcium phosphate.

418
Q

Benzalkonium is most effective at a pH of approximately 8 but is inactivated by the presence of soaps and salts particularly calcium and magnesium.

A

Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) is included in contact lens solutions
because benzalkonium chloride is inactivated by calcium.

419
Q

There is an outer and inner blood-retina barrier, which are essential to the maintenance of retinal homeostasis. The outer blood retinal barrier is at the pigment epithelium and in part regulates the transmission of molecules and solutes into the sub-retinal space. The inner blood retina barrier is the endothelium of the retinal microvasculature.

A

It is impermeable to molecules greater than 20-30,000 daltons.

Small molecules (glucose, amino acids etc.) are able to pass through both the inner and outer blood retina barrier by facilitated diffusion.

420
Q

The hyaloid artery contributes a series of capillaries to the tunica vasculosa lentis forming a network around the lens equator.

A

he hyaloid artery is a branch of the already formed ophthalmic artery

421
Q

X and gamma rays cause the release of high speed electrons

Beta rays transfer energy as they pass through cells disrupting chemical bonds which results in radical formation

A

Single strand DNA breaks are usually repaired normally as the second DNA strand acts as a template. Double strand breaks are therefore more biologically important
The predominant damage in surviving cells is deletion of DNA segments.

422
Q

Azathiprine actis by inhibiting purine synthesis blocking the synthesis of RNA and DNA.

Ciclosporin inhibits calcineurin causing the inhibition of inter-leukin-2 production.

A

Corticosteroids block transcription of cytokine genes.

Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and suppresses DNA synthesis.

423
Q

The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries. The posterior communicating artery connects the middle cerebral with the posterior cerebral arteries.

The superior part of the parietal lobe is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery.

A

MCA is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery

424
Q

A reduced glycosaminoglycan coating of collagen compared with the cornea contributes to scleral opacity.

A

Collagen fibrils in the outer sclera are arranged in loops and whorls whereas the inner surface has collagen arranged in a rhombic pattern.

425
Q

The more peripheral retina is represented anteriorly in the occipital cortex deep within the calcarine fissure

A

Macular representation extends onto the lateral surface of the occipital lobe

426
Q

The gel structure of vitreous is dependent on the collagenous components not hyaluronan.

A

The vitreous is mainly acellular but hyalocytes, which are morphologically and functionally similar to macrophages, are found in small numbers in the cortex particularly at the vitreous base and near blood vessels.

427
Q

Oxybutinin is an anticholinergic drug and very rarely has caused angle closure due to mydriasis

428
Q

A codon is three nucleotide bases

A

insertion or deletion of a repeated codon interrupts the coding sequence

429
Q

Ethambutol is known to cause a toxic optic neuropathy presenting with reduced central vision, a central or caeco -central scotoma and abnormal colour vision.

A

Hydroxychloroquine can cause a toxic maculopathy presenting with a central or paracentral scotoma. There may be abnormalities of colour vision identified but not usually as the presentation.

430
Q

pharyngeal pouch?

A

1 TM
3 thymus
4 superior parathyroid gland
5 parafollicular gland

431
Q

Which Ab can be demonstrated on the surface of virgin B-lymphocytes and are involved with binding antige

A

IgM, IgG, and IgD

432
Q

Prism

A

The angle of deviation is smallest when the angle of incidence equals the angle of emergence, at which point it is called the angle of minimum deviation.

433
Q

Blood agar is best for aerobic microbes. Chocolate agar is a nutrient medium used in culturing fastidious organisms such as Haemophilus species and Neisseria.

A

McConkey agar is used in identification of lactose fermenting, Gram-negative enteric pathogens and for inhibiting growth of Gram-positive organisms. Nutrient poor agar with E. coli overlay provides nutrient for the growth of acanthamoeba. Lowenstein-Jensen medium is used primarily for mycobacteria culture.

434
Q

All of the following insert into the lateral tubercle of Whitnall EXCEPT:

a. suspensory ligament of eyeball
b. Whitnall’s ligament
c. lateral canthal tendon
d. check ligament of eyeball

A

b

Whitnall’s ligament inserts 10 mm above the tubercle of Whitnall.

435
Q

A missense mutation is a single nucleotide change resulting in a different amino acid.

A

A nonsense mutation is a single nucleotide change resulting in a stop codon

436
Q

A lacrimal gland acinus is composed of a single layer of columnar cells whose apices are directed towards the central lumen. Surrounding the columnar cells are myoepithelial cells.

A

The secretion is primarily proteinaceous but it also contains lysozymes, lactoferrin and IgA, which are important in ocular defense. The lacrimal gland receives sensory innervation from the trigeminal nerve and also parasympathetic innervation originating from the lacrimatory nucleus via the nervus intermedius and greater petrosal nerve synapsing in the pterygopalatine ganglion.

437
Q

The mnemonic MALE is useful for remembering the structures that pass through the foramen ovale:

A

Mandibular nerve, Accessory meningeal artery, Lesser petrosal nerve and Emissary vein.

438
Q

در DNAمیتوکندری اینترون وجود ندارد

A

موتاسیون در DNAمیتوکندری ۱۰ برابر شایعتر از DNAهسته است.DNA میتوکندری به هیستون اتصال ندارد و بیشتر مستعد آسیب است

439
Q

گابلت میبومین زایس: هولوکرین

A

مول:اکرین

440
Q

آیا والاسیکلوویر را می توان به بیمار HIVداد؟

A

خیر خطر HUS/TTPدارد

441
Q

از عوارض کدام داروها RD است؟

A

کینولونها

پیلوکارپین

442
Q

کدام دارو باعث Steepening قرنیه می شود؟

A

استرادیول

443
Q

کدام یک از کینولون ها با ریسک بالاتر دیس گلیسمی همراه اند؟
کدامیک فلج اسفنگتر می دهد؟
Iris transillumination?

444
Q

کدام AB باعث افزایش QT می شود؟

A

ماکرولیدها(آزیترو)

445
Q

کدام داروها باعث Opacity قرنیه می شوند؟

A

تاموکسیفن
آمیودارون
ناپروکسن
ایزوترتینوئین

446
Q

سیلدنافیل RVOو کاهش دید رنگ و تغییر ERG

A

کلومیفن میدریاز و دیپلوپی

447
Q

آمیودارون

A

رسوبات اپیتلیوم قرنیه،PSC، رنگ آبی خاکستری پوست دور چشم،ON

448
Q

هاله ی رنگی اطراف نورها؟

A

آمیودارون،Dig

449
Q

هذیان بینایی unformed?

Cortical blindness

A

هذیان بینایی formed?
Dig
توهم بینایی با مصرف BBدیده می شود

450
Q

ریفامپین؟اشک صورتی

A

ریفابوتین؟یووئیت و هایپوتونی

451
Q

کدامیک از تکنیکهای DNA sequencing از فلورسئین استفاده می کند؟

452
Q

کدامیک از ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدان رتین در کاهش chromatic ab نقش دارد؟

A

کاروتنوئیدها

این ترکیبات منحصرا در رتین وجود دارند و در RPE یافت نمی شوند.

453
Q

چه پروتئین هایی مسئول واکنش بین کلاژن های کورتیکال ویتره و ILM هستند؟

A

فیبرونکتین و لامینین

454
Q

کدامیک از پروتئین های محلول ویتره در نئووسکولاریزاسیون مقاوم نقش دارد؟

A

مهارکننده الاستاز نوتروفیلی

455
Q

فوسکارنت

مهار DNA پلیمراز و RNAپلیمراز و RT

A

آسیکلوویر و گان سیکلوویر

مهار DNAپلیمراز

456
Q

داون

A

انحراف ET
اکتروپیون سیکاتریسیل
نیستاگموس افقی
میوپی

457
Q

پروتئین های قرنیه که در خصوصیات اپتیکی قرنیه نقش دارند را نام ببرید؟

A

۱)آلدئید دهیدروژناز
۲)ترانس کتولاز
این دو نصف پروتئین های محلول قرنیه را تشکیل می دهند و در جذب UVB نقش دارند
۳)شبیه کریستالین لنز

458
Q

PAX2

A

کلوبوم عصب

هایپوپلازی رنال

459
Q

PAX3

A

واردنبرگ

دیستوپی کانتوم

460
Q

PAX6

A

آنیریدیا
پیترز
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AAO (45 decks)

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