Factors Affecting Enzyme Action Flashcards

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1
Q

State 4 main Factors that affect enzyme action

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH levels
  3. Enzyme concentration
  4. Substrate concentration
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2
Q

What is Denaturing?

A

When active site of an enzyme changes shape. Enzyme cannot perform it’s function now as it is non complementary to substrate. Denaturing is permanent.

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3
Q

What is the optimum

A

The preferred/best environment for an enzyme to perform it’s function

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4
Q

Describe shape of graph of enzyme action vs temperature

A

Assymetrical graph that gradually rises to optimum and then steeply drops

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5
Q

Describe enzyme action before optimum temperature

A

As temperature increases, so does enzyme action.
This is because kinetic energy increases, so enzymes and substrate collide more frequently, resulting in more product in a given time. Rate of reaction is increases.

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6
Q

Describe enzyme action at the optimum temperature

A

At optimum temperature there are the most number of collisions per second between enzymes and substrate. Rate of reaction is highest.

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7
Q

Describe enzyme action after optimum temperature

A

When temperature increases past optimum, enzyme action drops.
Kinetic energy is too high, causing enzymes to denature. This means active site changes shape, and so substrate is not complementary to active site. Less/no products formed. Rate of reaction decreases.

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8
Q

Describe how enzymes may be inactivated using temperature

A

By reducing temperature to extremely low points below optimum. Enzymes can be stored this way.

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9
Q

Describe shape of graph of enzyme action vs pH levels

A

Symmetrical graph that steeply drops before and after optimum

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10
Q

What is pH?

A

Measure of Acidity (presence of positive hydrogen ions) and alkalinity (presence of negative Hydroxide)

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11
Q

Describe enzyme action before optimum pH

A

For pH below optimum, enzyme denatures due to increase in H+. This breaks bonds in active site, causing enzyme to denature (change in shape of active site). Substrate is no longer complementary and so rate of reaction slows/stops.

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12
Q

Describe enzyme action after optimum pH

A

For pH above optimum, enzyme denatures due to increase in OH-. This breaks bonds in active site, causing enzyme to denature (change in shape of active site). Substrate is no longer complementary and so rate of reaction slows/stops.

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13
Q

Describe enzyme action during optimum pH level

A

Proportion of H+ and OH- is correct to maintain bonds within active site of enzyme. Active site will be complementary to substrate and rate of reaction will be high.

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14
Q

Describe shape of graph for Enzyme Action vs enzyme/substrate concentration

A

Graph rises towards Vmax, and then plateaus

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15
Q

What is the Vmax?

A

Represents highest rate of reaction, which cannot be surpassed

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16
Q

What does concentration of substrate/enzyme refer to

A

Amount of substrate/enzyme

17
Q

Describe Enzyme Action before Vmax for increase in substrate concentration

A

As we increase substrate concentration, the rate increases because there are increasing number of substrate molecules which are converted into product by enzymes.

18
Q

Describe Enzyme Action after Vmax for increase in substrate concentration

A

At particular [sub], the rate reaches a maximum where increasing [sub] past this point has no effect on rate. All active sites are occupied by substrate at any given time already.

19
Q

Describe Enzyme action before Vmax for increase in enzyme concentration

A

With no, or very few enzymes, very little substrate is converted to product at a given time because there are very few active sites. Rate increases as [enz] rises.

20
Q

Describe Enzyme action after Vmax for increase in enzyme concentration

A

At Vmax, no further increase in rate can be achieved because there is excess enzymes with many unoccupied active sites.